Michael Greene v. State of Mississippi

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2018-KA-00122-COA

MICHAEL GREENE A/K/A MICHAEL APPELLANT
JAVONNE GREENE

v.

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI APPELLEE

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 12/21/2017
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. JEFF WEILL SR.
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT,
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: OFFICE OF STATE PUBLIC DEFENDER
BY: W. DANIEL HINCHCLIFF
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: LAURA HOGAN TEDDER
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: ROBERT SHULER SMITH
NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 07/23/2019
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

BEFORE BARNES, C.J., TINDELL AND McCARTY, JJ.

McCARTY, J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1. Michael Greene was convicted of possession of a firearm by a felon after a traffic

checkpoint that led to the discovery of a gun on the floorboard of the car he was driving. At

trial, the State firmly tied the weapon to Greene through the testimony of the officer on the

scene, who saw it pinned beneath the defendant’s left foot. The State also attempted to

connect the weapon to the defendant through the use of a photograph and a video found on

Facebook.

¶2. On appeal, Greene argues that the trial court should have suppressed the internet-
based evidence presented against him, as it was not properly authenticated. While the

evidence should have been excluded under our rules of evidence, its admission was harmless

error in light of the properly admitted eyewitness testimony presented at trial. As a result,

we affirm.

FACTS

¶3. Greene was driving a Pontiac when he was stopped at an administrative checkpoint.

Officer Brandon Caston, a patrolman for the Jackson Police Department, was in charge of

the checkpoint. According to the officer, “[t]he purpose of the check point was to check

driver’s licenses and proof of insurance.”

¶4. When Greene drove up, Officer Caston asked for his driver’s license and proof of

insurance. Greene did not have either and could not produce any form of photo

identification. Officer Caston noticed Greene’s left foot perched on top of a gun featuring

an extended clip.

¶5. Officer Caston asked Greene to turn the Pontiac off and step out of the vehicle.

Officer Caston retrieved the handgun, a 9 mm, and cleared a round from the chamber before

securing the weapon in the back of the patrol car. He told Greene that he was going to run

the gun through the system. Greene asked, “[O]nce you run my gun and it comes back clear,

are you gone let me go?”

¶6. No record of the gun was found, but the Pontiac’s tag connected the car and its

contents to Greene. Office Caston asked Greene for his MDOC1 number—and Greene

1
MDOC stands for the Mississippi Department of Corrections.

2
immediately answered. Armed with knowledge that the driver, who had no identification and

no insurance, was likely a felon in possession of a weapon, Officer Caston reached for his

handcuffs.

¶7. Greene made a break for it and hopped out of the Pontiac on the passenger’s side.

Officer Caston tried in vain to snag the suspect, but Greene eluded capture.

¶8. Greene was later arrested and brought to trial in the Hinds County Circuit Court. At

trial, Officer Caston positively identified Greene in the courtroom. He also gave a specific

description of Greene as he appeared on the day of the traffic stop—“brown skin, slim male,

[with] reddish color twist hair . . . and tattoos.”

¶9. At trial, the State attempted to link the gun found in the Pontiac to Greene through a

photograph taken from a Facebook account. The State also wanted to introduce into

evidence a video allegedly taken of Greene shortly after the checkpoint stop. Neither piece

of evidence was from Michael Greene’s account; instead, the account belonged to “Mike

King.”

¶10. The murky photograph, uploaded almost a month prior to the traffic checkpoint, was

a close-up of a face; the photograph was dark, and the face was obscured by a box of 9 mm

ammunition. The video was clearer, and it included a rambling discourse by the

speaker—alleged to be Greene—about how he felt having his car and gun taken from him.

¶11. The photo and video were not produced in discovery. Instead, the State informed the

trial court the morning of trial that it wished to offer both into evidence. Greene’s trial

counsel argued that the untimely submission should automatically result in the exclusion of

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evidence and that it should be suppressed for lack of authenticity. Defense counsel

emphasized that the Facebook page from which the photograph and video were obtained

listed “Mike King” as the profile, not Michael Greene.

¶12. The State’s rebuttal was that the evidence was only discovered at 1:00 a.m. the

morning before trial. The State further noted that the evidence had been publicly posted for

over a year, and was therefore accessible to Greene. Regarding authenticity, the State

asserted that it would be able to authenticate the internet evidence through the testimony of

Jackson Police Department Detective Jerry Shoulders, the detective in charge of the case.

¶13. The trial court determined that the Facebook evidence was admissible, and denied

Greene’s motion to suppress. The jury found Greene guilty of possession of a firearm by a

felon. Because Greene had prior felony convictions, the trial court sentenced him to ten

years as a habitual offender without the possibility of reduction, suspension, or parole.

DISCUSSION

¶14. On appeal, Greene raises only one issue—that the trial court erred in admitting the

Facebook evidence, as it was unauthenticated.

¶15. Admission of the evidence is reviewed using an abuse-of-discretion standard. Young

v. Guild (Guild), 7 So. 3d 251, 262 (¶34) (Miss. 2009). Further, a conviction will not be

reversed on appeal unless the trial court abused its discretion in such a manner that resulted

in prejudice to the defendant. Sewell v. State, 721 So. 2d 129, 138 (¶50) (Miss. 1998).

Prejudice is determined using a harmless-error analysis. Young v. State (Young), 99 So. 3d

159, 165 (¶20) (Miss. 2012). “Thus, where it is ‘clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the

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error did not contribute to the verdict,’ we need not reverse the conviction.’” Smith v. State,

136 So. 3d 424 (¶27) (Miss. 2014).

¶16. Before evidence can be submitted to the jury, a party must present a prima facie case

of authenticity. Guild, 7 So. 3d at 262 (¶36). Authenticity of the evidence is governed by

Rule 901 of the Mississippi Rules of Evidence. Id. Rule 901(a) states that authenticity is

satisfied by “the proponent . . . produc[ing] evidence sufficient to support a finding that the

item is what the proponent claims it is.” M.R.E. 901(a). The rule further provides a non-

exhaustive list of authentication methods, including nine core methods, and a tenth “catch-

all” method. 4 Jeffrey Jackson & Mary Miller, Encyclopedia of Mississippi Law § 33:123,

at 776 (2016).

¶17. The nine core methods of authentication are: (1) testimony of a witness with

knowledge; (2) nonexpert opinion about handwriting; (3) comparison by an expert witness

or the trier of fact; (4) distinctive characteristics and the like; (5) opinion about a vice; (6)

evidence about a telephone conversation; (7) evidence about public records; (8) evidence

about ancient documents or data compilations; and (9) evidence about a process or system.

M.R.E. 901(b). The tenth is any method provided by our Constitution or Supreme Court.

Id.

¶18. In regard to more modern forms of electronic evidence, such as email and social

media posts, the Supreme Court has taken into consideration that “electronic evidence may

be authenticated by the traditional means, and is adequately covered by the current rules of

evidence.” Smith, 136 So. 3d at 432 (¶18). “However, the circumstantial evidence that tends

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to authenticate a communication is somewhat unique to each medium.” Id.

¶19. “The authentication of social media poses unique issues regarding what is required

to make a prima facie showing that the matter is what the proponent claims.” Id. at (¶19).

Since “[c]reating a Facebook account is easy,” the proponent of certain internet-based

evidence must provide “something more” in order “to adequately present a prima facie case

of authentication.” Id. at (¶¶18, 21). “Because of the special concerns regarding fabrication,

the fact that an electronic communication on its face purports to originate from a certain

person’s social networking account is generally insufficient standing alone to authenticate

that person as the author of the communications.” Id. at 433 (¶20). A heightened level of

authentication is required for electronic evidence in order to satisfy the trial court that the

factfinders will receive reliable evidence. Id. at (¶21).

¶20. There are several factors that can support authentication. Some of these are through

admission or eyewitness testimony, as when “the purported sender admits authorship [or] the

purported sender is seen composing the communication . . . . ” Id. Others are through the

admission of records, like when “business records of an internet service provider or cell

phone company show that the communication originated from the purported sender’s

personal computer or cell phone under circumstances in which it is reasonable to believe that

only the purported sender would have access to the computer or cell phone . . . .” Id. The

Court also acknowledged that pattern or circumstantial evidence could provide identifying

markers, such as when “the communication contains information that only the purported

sender could be expected to know, the purported sender responds to an exchange in such a

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way as to indicate circumstantially that he was in fact the author of the communication, or

other circumstances peculiar to the particular case.” Id.

¶21. The Court rejected the proffer of evidence in Smith, finding that “the State failed to

provide evidence sufficient to support a finding that the Facebook messages from Smith were

what the State claimed.” Id. at 434 (¶24). “The State failed to make a prima facie case that

the Facebook profile from which the messages came belonged to Smith because the only

information tying the Facebook account to Smith was that the messages purported to be from

a ‘Scott Smith’ and were accompanied by a very small, grainy, low-quality photograph that

we can only assume purported to be Smith.” Id. “No other identifying information from the

Facebook profile, such as date of birth, interests, hometown, or the like, was provided.” Id.

As a result, the Court held that the evidence should have been excluded. Id. at 435 (¶26).

¶22. We are faced with a similar situation today. Greene argues that admission of the

Facebook evidence was improper due to the State’s failure to properly authenticate through

either traditional or modern means of authentication.

¶23. Through the testimony of a detective, the State attempted to authenticate the two

pieces of evidence under traditional means by simply saying that the person was who it was

claimed to be. The State did not use Officer Caston, who conducted the checkpoint stop, to

identify the defendant in the Facebook posts or to authenticate the evidence.

¶24. Instead, the State used Detective Jerry Shoulders of the Jackson Police Department

in order to authenticate the internet evidence. Detective Shoulders admitted that he did not

know Greene, and he was not a witness to the traffic stop. Further, the record does not

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indicate that Detective Shoulders ever physically saw Greene prior to the court proceeding

to identify him through “distinctive characteristics and the like” as he purported to do during

trial.

¶25. The detective testified that he became involved with Greene’s case when he received

Officer Caston’s reports. After reviewing these reports, Detective Shoulders filed an

affidavit and requested the court to issue a bench warrant for Greene’s arrest. He explained

that on the day of trial he was “called to the district attorney’s office . . . to, basically, look

at this Facebook incident.” He admitted the Facebook page was under the name of “Mike

King,” but he believed this could be an alias for Greene. When asked how he knew that the

page and subsequent picture and video belonged to Greene, Detective Shoulders stated that

“[h]is face is on it” (referring to Greene).

¶26. The State’s argument both at trial and before this Court relies heavily on the avenue

of authentication using traditional methods. More specifically, the State looked to Rule

901(b)(1) and (4): “[T]estimony of a Witness with Knowledge,” and “Distinctive

Characteristics and the Like.” While the State is correct that this could be applicable, it

failed to use a “witness with knowledge.” The State failed to properly authenticate the

internet evidence using traditional means.

¶27. Greene urges that the traditional means were not applicable in any event, and the

Supreme Court’s modern means of authentication set out in Smith should be used because

the evidence was from an internet source and was not found under Greene’s name. Under

this method the authentication of the evidence fails as well. At trial, Detective Shoulders

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proffered that he was very familiar with Facebook, which supported his claim that he knew

the photograph and video were probative due to their time stamps. Likewise, he based his

in-court identification of Greene on the content of the page belonging to “Mike King.” Yet

as the Supreme Court held in Smith, electronic evidence presents an authentication concern

“because anyone can establish a fictitious profile under any name . . . ” and “a person may

gain access to another person’s account . . . .” Smith, 136 So. 3d at 433 (¶19) (citation

omitted). During cross examination, Detective Shoulders was questioned about whether he

had applied any of the methods to authenticate under Smith. The detective admitted that he

did not consult any “other independent information” outside of the Facebook page, observe

Greene personally making or posting the Facebook posts, or talk to anyone who may have

observed Greene doing so. Likewise, the State did not produce phone or computer records

connecting Greene to the posts on the “Mike King” account, or a computer expert or any

Facebook employee to verify the posts’ origins.

¶28. Although Detective Shoulders noted that the Facebook live video contained a date and

time stamp consistent with the day after the traffic stop, as well as a black male with similar

tattoos to Greene, this is not enough under Smith. Old photos and videos can be posted at

any time on Facebook and given different dates and times. While it could have importance,

absolute reliance upon a timestamp is not sufficient to establish the authenticity of materials

from the internet. Because “something more” than this is needed under Smith, the evidence

should have been excluded. Since the State failed to authenticate the evidence using either

traditional means or the modern Smith path, the trial court abused its discretion in admitting

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the Facebook posts.

¶29. Yet the legal reality that the evidence should not have been admitted does not end our

analysis. A conviction will not be set aside unless it is “clear beyond a reasonable doubt that

the error did not contribute to the verdict.” Id. at 435 (¶27). In Smith, the wrongful

admission of the evidence did not change the result because there was “overwhelming

evidence of guilt . . . .” Id. at 436 (¶28). The evidence of Greene’s guilt of possession of a

firearm by a felon is likewise glaring. The testimony of Officer Caston, the officer

conducting the stop, revealed the 9 mm gun’s close proximity to Greene, which was slid

carefully beneath his left foot. The officer further testified that Greene asked for the gun to

be given back, since the defendant “asked if the gun came back . . . clean, I would let him

go.” It is likewise undisputed that Greene was a felon during this entire incident.

¶30. The jury was also instructed with definitions for both constructive and actual

possession—either of which would have been satisfied with the officer’s testimony.

Furthermore, the record notes inconsistencies in the testimony of Greene’s witnesses, his

mother and girlfriend. A reasonable jury could have found that Greene was in fact guilty of

possession of a firearm despite the Facebook evidence. Despite the presence of the improper

internet evidence, its admission did not prejudice the defendant, and it is clear beyond a

reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the verdict.

CONCLUSION

¶31. The trial court improperly admitted the Facebook evidence. The State failed to

properly authenticate the Facebook evidence through modern or traditional means, as it did

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not have an authenticating witness. Despite this incorrect admission of evidence, Greene was

not prejudiced due to the overwhelming evidence arrayed against him at trial.

¶32. AFFIRMED.

BARNES, C.J., WESTBROOKS, TINDELL, McDONALD AND LAWRENCE,
JJ., CONCUR. GREENLEE, J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY WITHOUT
SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. J. WILSON, P.J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY
WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION, JOINED BY CARLTON, P.J., GREENLEE
AND C. WILSON, JJ.

J. WILSON, P.J., CONCURRING IN RESULT ONLY:

¶33. It is now common for parties to seek to introduce evidence found on Facebook or

other social media, and we should try to make the law governing the authentication of such

evidence as clear as possible. Depending on what the evidence purports to be and what it is

offered to prove, the authentication of this type of evidence can raise unique and challenging

issues. However, the issues in this case require only a straightforward application of basic

principles of authentication. There was sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that

the video and photo were what they purported to be. Therefore, the trial judge committed

no abuse of discretion by admitting them into evidence. Greene’s conviction should be

affirmed for that reason.

¶34. Under Rule 901(a) of the Mississippi Rules of Evidence, “[t]o satisfy the requirement

of authenticating or identifying an item of evidence, the proponent must produce evidence

sufficient to support a finding that the item is what the proponent claims it is.” M.R.E. 901(a)

(emphasis added). Thus, “it is the jury who will ultimately determine the authenticity of the

evidence, not the court.” Young v. Guild, 7 So. 3d 251, 262 (¶36) (Miss. 2009) (emphasis

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added). For evidence to be admissible, its proponent need only produce some “substantial

evidence from which [the jury] could infer [authenticity].” Id.

¶35. Authenticity is a preliminary question of admissibility under Rule 104. See M.R.E.

104; Ragin v. State, 724 So. 3d 901, 903 (¶7) (Miss. 1998); Stromas v. State, 618 So. 2d 116,

119 (Miss. 1993). Under Rule 104, the trial judge “must decide any preliminary question

about whether . . . evidence is admissible.” M.R.E. 104(a). Similar to Rule 901(a), Rule

104(b) provides that if “the relevance of evidence depends on whether a fact exists,” the

proponent need only provide evidence “sufficient to support a finding that the fact does

exist.” M.R.E. 104(b) (emphasis added). Under Rule 104, the trial judge is not required to

“find[] that the Government has proved the conditional fact by a preponderance of the

evidence.” Roberson v. State, 199 So. 3d 660, 668 (¶34) (Miss. 2016) (quoting Huddleston

v. United States, 485 U.S. 681, 690-91 (1988)). Rather, the trial judge “simply examines all

the evidence and decides whether the jury could reasonably find the conditional fact—here,

[that the evidence is what it purports to be]—by a preponderance of the evidence.” Id.

(emphasis added) (quoting Huddleston, 485 U.S. at 690-91)).2 As one federal appellate court

has observed, Rule 901(a)’s requirement of authenticity “does not erect a particularly high

2
See also Lomax v. State, 192 So. 3d 975, 987 (¶¶63-64) (Miss. 2016) (Kitchens, J.,
concurring in part and in result) (“[U]nder Rule 104(b) the trial court is not permitted to
make the preliminary fact finding. On the contrary, the trial court’s role is limited to
determining whether there is sufficient evidence to enable the jury to find that the fact
existed.”); Parham Williams, Mississippi Evidence § 9.02, at 9-4 (2015 ed.) (“The trial judge
is not permitted or required to determine authenticity by the preponderance of the evidence
standard; rather, her empowerment is limited. She may determine only that the foundation
evidence is sufficient to support the required finding by the jury. . . . Ultimately, the jury
must make the final determination that the item is authentic.”).

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hurdle. If in the court’s judgment it seems reasonably probable that the evidence is what it

purports to be, the command of Rule 901(a) is satisfied, and the evidence’s persuasive force

is left to the jury.” United States v. Ortiz, 966 F.2d 707, 716 (1st Cir. 1992).

¶36. Moreover, evidence may be authenticated under Rule 901 in a variety of ways. The

proponent need only “produce evidence” of some nature that is “sufficient to support a

finding that the item is what the proponent claims it is.” M.R.E. 901(a). Rule 901 gives ten

“examples” of accepted ways to authenticate evidence, but the rule also makes clear that

these are “examples only” and “not a complete list” of the permissible methods of

authentication. M.R.E. 901(b). As examples, the rule states that evidence may be

authenticated through the testimony of a witness with knowledge that the evidence is what

it purports to be. M.R.E. 901(b)(1). An item of evidence may also be authenticated based

on its “distinctive characteristics,” such as its “appearance” and “substance,” “taken together

with all the circumstances.” M.R.E. 901(b)(4); see also Boyd v. State, 175 So. 3d 1, 6-7

(¶¶20-22) (Miss. 2015) (holding that “peculiar circumstances” may provide sufficient

circumstantial evidence of authenticity).

¶37. Appellate review of a trial judge’s ruling on an authenticity objection is highly

deferential. “Whether the evidence presented satisfies [the authenticity requirement of]

Rule[] 901 of the Mississippi Rules of Evidence is a matter left to the discretion of the trial

judge. His decision will be upheld unless it can be shown that he abused his discretion.”

Ragin, 724 So. 3d at 903 (¶7) (citing M.R.E. 104(a); Stromas, 618 So. 2d at 119). Thus, as

an appellate court, we give deference to the trial judge’s finding that there was evidence

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minimally “sufficient to support a finding that the item is what the proponent claims it is.”

M.R.E. 901(a).

¶38. In addressing the authenticity of the video and photo at issue in this appeal, it is

important to be clear about what the evidence purports to be and why it is relevant. The

video purports to show Greene making incriminating statements the day after his alleged

offense. In a “Facebook Live” video from October 16, 2016, Greene complains bitterly

about “the police” and “Jackson” and eventually states, “They took everything I got, my car,

my gun with the extendo . . . .” Detective Jerry Shoulders explained that an “extendo” is an

“extended magazine for a gun.” Shoulders also testified that he was familiar with Facebook

and Facebook Live and how they work. He testified that a Facebook Live video is streamed

live on the date shown on Facebook—here, October 16, 2016. Finally, Shoulders testified

that the man in the video was Greene. Shoulders’s identification was probably unnecessary

because the video is clear and focuses closely on the subject’s face for over twenty minutes,

so the trial judge and the jurors could decide for themselves whether the man was Greene.

The statements that Greene made on the video are highly relevant and incriminating because

he was charged with possessing a gun—specifically, a nine millimeter handgun with an

extended magazine—on October 15, 2016. In addition, the evidence showed that the police

took possession of the gun and Greene’s car on that date—i.e., the day before the video was

live-streamed on Facebook. Based on the video itself and Detective Shoulders’s testimony,

there was sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that the video is what it purports

to be: a video of Greene on October 16, 2016. Therefore, the trial judge did not abuse his

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discretion by overruling Greene’s authenticity objection.

¶39. Detective Shoulders testified that the purported photo of Greene with a box of nine

millimeter ammunition was also posted to Facebook. The images that were introduced into

evidence at trial—a printout of the Facebook page and a larger blow-up of the photo—are

not professional quality, and Greene’s face is partially obscured by the box of ammunition.

However, the images are of sufficient quality for reasonable jurors to find that Greene is the

man shown. The photo was posted to Facebook on September 19, 2016—i.e., about a month

before the offense. We do not know the date that the photo was taken—only that it was taken

on or before September 19, 2016. Nonetheless, there was sufficient evidence for the jury to

reasonably find that the photo is all that it purports to be: a photo of Greene holding a box

of nine millimeter ammunition on or before September 19, 2016. The fact that Greene had

bullets for the gun he was charged with possessing is at least marginally relevant, even if

there was no evidence of the exact date on which the photo was taken.3 Therefore, the trial

judge did not abuse his discretion by overruling Greene’s objection.

¶40. In finding an abuse of discretion, the majority opinion relies exclusively on Smith v.

State, 136 So. 3d 424 (Miss. 2014). However, Smith addressed the authenticity of “Facebook

messages,” which raise issues significantly different than the photo and video in this case.

In Smith, the defendant (Scott Smith) argued “that the trial court erred in admitting several

Facebook messages into evidence” without proper authentication. Id. at 426 (¶1). In

3
See M.R.E. 401 (“Evidence is relevant if: (a) it has any tendency to make a fact more
or less probable than it would be without the evidence; and (b) the fact is of consequence in
determining the case.”); Ross v. State, 954 So. 2d 968, 993 (¶44) (Miss. 2007) (“Rule 401 is
construed broadly in favor of admitting evidence with even slight probative value.”).

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addressing that claim, the Supreme Court emphasized that “anyone can create a fictitious

account and masquerade under another person’s name or can gain access to another’s account

by obtaining the user’s username and password.” Id. at 432 (¶19) (quoting Griffin v. State,

19 A.3d 415, 421 (Md. 2011)). The Court ultimately held that “the State failed to provide

evidence sufficient to support a finding that the Facebook messages . . . were what the State

claimed” because it not only “failed to make a prima facie case that the Facebook profile

from which the messages came belonged to Smith” but also “failed to make a prima facie

case that the messages were actually sent by Smith.” Id. at 434 (¶¶24-25). The Facebook

profile purported to belong to a “Scott Smith,” but it included “[n]o other identifying

information . . . , such as date of birth, interests, hometown, or the like.” Id. at 434 (¶24).

Moreover, the profile included only “a very small, grainy, low-quality photograph,” and there

was no testimony or other evidence that the man in the photo was Smith. Id. at (¶24) & n.14.

Finally, although a witness testified that the profile belonged to Smith and that Smith sent

the messages at issue, “the State utterly failed to provide any information as to the basis of

her purported knowledge.” Id. at (¶25). Thus, the Supreme Court held that the trial court

“abused its discretion by admitting the Facebook messages purporting to be from Smith’s

account, because these messages were not properly authenticated.” Id. at 435 (¶26).

¶41. The issues in this case are quite different from the issue in Smith. In the present case,

it is unimportant whether the Facebook profile belonged to Greene or whether Greene

personally posted the evidence to Facebook.4 The video is relevant simply because there is

4
The fact that the video was streamed live indicates that Greene at least had access
to the account.

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sufficient evidence for the jury to find that it is a video of Greene—and that is true regardless

of whether the Facebook profile was Greene’s. Likewise, the photo of Greene is relevant

simply because the jury could reasonably find that it is a photo of Greene—and, again, that

is true regardless of who owned the Facebook profile or posted the photo.

¶42. When he overruled Greene’s authenticity objection, the trial judge cited this Court’s

decision in Jordan v. State, 212 So. 3d 836, 845 (¶¶38-39) (Miss. Ct. App. 2015), aff’d by

an equally divided Court, 212 So. 3d 817 (Miss. 2016), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 151 (2017).

In Jordan, this Court held that a video posted on YouTube was sufficiently authenticated by

a law enforcement officer’s testimony that he recognized the defendant in the video and then

downloaded a copy of the video onto a disc. Id. at (¶38). We held that the officer “had

sufficient knowledge to authenticate that the video was what the State claimed it to be—a

video published on YouTube featuring [the defendant and a co-defendant].” Id. The

defendant argued that the officer’s testimony “was insufficient because he did not know

when the video was made, who produced it, or when it was published on the internet,” but

we held that such “challenges went to the issues of the reliability and weight of the video, not

its authentication.” Id. at (¶39).5 The trial judge in this case properly relied on Jordan, as

it raised a similar issue of authentication that did not depend on the person responsible for

posting the evidence on the internet.

5
See also Henderson v. State, 211 So. 3d 761, 765 n.5 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016) (noting
the same in the co-defendant’s appeal), cert. denied, 209 So. 3d 432 (Miss. 2017); State v.
Gray, No. 2016-KA-1195, 2017 WL 3426021, at *15-*16 (La. Ct. June 28, 2017), writ
denied, 257 So. 3d 688 (La. 2018) (following Jordan and holding that there was “sufficient
support for the [trial] court’s finding that . . . YouTube videos were what the State claimed
them to be—videos posted on YouTube depicting [the defendant and others]”).

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¶43. In summary, there was sufficient evidence to support a finding that the evidence was

what it purported to be: a live-streamed video of Greene and a photo of Greene. That is all

that Rule 901 requires. Moreover, short of Greene getting on the stand and admitting to the

authenticity of the video and photo, I am not sure what else the State could have done to

authenticate them. The trial judge did not abuse his discretion in admitting the evidence. I

would affirm Greene’s conviction for that reason.

CARLTON, P.J., GREENLEE AND C. WILSON, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION.

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