Vicki L. Currie, Individually and as of the Estate of Charles Michael "Mike" Currie, and Currie Family Holdings v. Curtis Edward "Eddie" McNeal, Carrie Beth Randall, McNeal & Randall, a Private Wealth Advisory Practice of Ameriprise Financial Services, Inc., Ameriprise Financial Services, Inc. and RiverSource Life Insurance Company

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2019-CA-01045-COA

VICKI L. CURRIE, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS APPELLANTS
EXECUTRIX OF THE ESTATE OF CHARLES
MICHAEL “MIKE” CURRIE, AND CURRIE
FAMILY HOLDINGS

v.

CURTIS EDWARD “EDDIE” McNEAL, CARRIE APPELLEES
BETH RANDALL, McNEAL & RANDALL, A
PRIVATE WEALTH ADVISORY PRACTICE OF
AMERIPRISE FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.,
AMERIPRISE FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.
AND RIVERSOURCE LIFE INSURANCE
COMPANY

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 05/22/2019
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. PAUL S. FUNDERBURK
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: LEE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS: ROBERT M. FREY
PHIL B. ABERNETHY
WILLIAM C. MURPHREE
CAROLINE BAKER SMITH
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES: WILLIAM F. RAY
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - CONTRACT
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 03/09/2021
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

EN BANC.

GREENLEE, J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1. Vicki L. Currie, individually and as executrix of the estate of Charles Michael “Mike”

Currie, and Currie Family Holdings (hereinafter “Vicki”) appeal from the Lee County Circuit

Court’s order granting a motion to compel arbitration filed by Curtis Edward “Eddie”
McNeal, Carrie Beth Randall, McNeal & Randall, a private wealth advisory practice of

Ameriprise Financial Services Inc., Ameriprise Financial Services Inc., and RiverSource Life

Insurance Company (collectively referred to as “the Defendants”). The motion was based on

an arbitration clause contained in the insurance contract between the Curries and the

Defendants. Finding that the circuit court did not err in granting the motion to compel

arbitration, we affirm the court’s judgment.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2. In late January or early February 2014, Mike and Vicki Currie contacted Eddie

McNeal, an insurance salesman for RiverSource Insurance Company (a subsidiary of

Ameriprise Financial), inquiring into his service as a financial advisor. Based on this

communication, McNeal met with the Curries to discuss financial planning.

¶3. In July 2014, McNeal received confirmation from the Curries that they intended to

employ his financial planning services. On July 22, 2014, McNeal sent an engagement letter

memorializing their prior communication and explaining the steps he would take to assess

their financial-planning needs. On October 28, 2014, McNeal met with the Curries at Mike’s

office and informed them of the results of the assessment. Finding McNeal’s proposal

acceptable, the Curries executed the Ameriprise Financial Planning Service Agreement

(AFPSA). Ameriprise, in the two page contract, agreed “to perform financial planning

services based on the terms and conditions outlined in the Client Disclosure Brochure,”

which incorporated by reference the disputed arbitration agreement.

¶4. Prior to engaging McNeal as their financial advisor, the Curries had three life

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insurance policies collectively with Massachusetts Mutual and American United Life,

totaling six million dollars. Based on McNeal’s assessment, he suggested the Curries replace

their existing life insurance policies with policies issued by RiverSource. The Curries

complied with McNeal’s recommendation.

¶5. Shortly after signing the AFPSA, Mike committed suicide. Under their new

RiverSource policy, if an insured committed suicide within two years of the policy being

issued, the beneficiary would be excluded from collecting proceeds under the life insurance

policy. Vicki Currie1 would have been covered and received payment had she and Mike not

switched their policy from Massachusetts Mutual and American United Life to

Ameriprise/RiverSource because their original policies had been issued more than two years

before Mike’s death.

¶6. Based on the nonpayment of their Ameriprise/RiverSource insurance policy, Vicki

Currie claimed that the advice given by McNeal and the actions that followed constituted a

breach of McNeal’s fiduciary duty. Rather than initiating an arbitration proceeding as

provided in the agreement, Vicki Currie filed suit in the Lee County Circuit Court against the

following defendants: McNeal; McNeal’s daughter and business partner, Carrie Beth

Randall; McNeal & Randall; Ameriprise Financial Services Inc.; and RiverSource Life

Insurance Company. The complaint alleged several claims, particularly, negligence, breach

of fiduciary duty, and breach of contract. According to Vicki Currie, McNeal failed to inform

the Curries prior to the canceling of their original policies that he would receive a $68,000

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When speaking of Vicki as an individual, we address her as Vicki Currie.

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commission. On December 10, 2015, the Defendants filed a motion to compel arbitration and

requested the circuit court to stay the proceedings pending arbitration.

¶7. The circuit court granted the motion to compel arbitration, holding (1) a valid

arbitration agreement existed, (2) all claims fell within the scope of that agreement, and (3)

no legal constraints existed to invalidate the arbitration agreement. Vicki appeals and argues

that the circuit court erred by enforcing the arbitration agreement set forth in the AFPSA.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶8. “In reviewing an appeal of an order compelling arbitration, we review the [circuit

court’s] factual findings under an abuse-of-discretion standard, and we conduct a de novo

review of all legal conclusions.” Virgil v. Sw. Miss. Elec. Power Ass’n, 296 So. 3d 53, 59

(¶11) (Miss. 2020). Our “sole function is to determine whether the claim is referable to

arbitration.” Terminix Int’l Inc. v. Rice, 904 So. 2d 1051, 1054-55 (¶7) (Miss. 2004). The

merits of the dispute itself will not be considered or weighed. IP Timberlands Operating Co.

v. Denmiss Corp., 726 So. 2d 96, 108 (¶48) (Miss. 1998). The burden of proving a defense

to arbitration is placed on the party resisting arbitration. Virgil, 296 So. 3d at 59 (¶12) (citing

Nw. Fin. Miss. Inc. v. McDonald, 905 So. 2d 1187, 1193 (¶11) (Miss. 2005)).

DISCUSSION

¶9. Congress, by means of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), established a national

policy favoring arbitration. Smith v. Express Check Advance of Miss. LLC, 153 So. 3d 601,

606 (¶9) (Miss. 2014). “Arbitration agreements ‘shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable

save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.’” Id.

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(quoting 9 U.S.C. § 2). Therefore, if the parties validly agreed to arbitrate the dispute at issue,

the courts must compel arbitration. Id. at (¶10).

¶10. Courts generally implement a two-prong analysis to determine whether parties agreed

to arbitrate their disputes. Id. at (¶10). The first prong consists of two considerations: “(1)

whether there is a valid arbitration agreement and (2) whether the parties’ dispute is within

the scope of the arbitration agreement.” Virgil, 296 So. 3d at 59 (¶13) (quoting E. Ford Inc.

v. Taylor, 826 So. 2d 709, 713 (¶9) (Miss. 2002)). Under the second prong, discussed in Part

III below, the court asks “whether legal constraints external to the parties’ agreement

foreclosed arbitration of those claims.” Id. In other words, an arbitration agreement may be

invalidated by state contract defenses as they would any other contractual provision.

Covenant Health & Rehab. LP v. Estate of Moulds, 14 So. 3d 695, 699 (¶9) (Miss. 2009).

Here, Vicki disputes the existence of an arbitration agreement.

I. Whether the circuit court erred by finding that the parties entered
into a valid arbitration agreement.

¶11. The Curries and McNeal entered into an AFPSA, which incorporated by reference the

Ameriprise Client Disclosure Brochure. The AFPSA stated:

Ameriprise Financial Services, Inc. (the “Company”) agrees to perform
financial planning services based on the terms and conditions outlined in the
Client Disclosure Brochure (the “brochure”).

¶12. Directly above the signature line, a provision of the AFPSA reads, “Part 4 Client

Acknowledgment, Arbitration Provision and Signature Information.” This provision states

in relevant part:

By signing below, you acknowledge you have read this Agreement and

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received and read the brochure. You agree to the terms and conditions in the
brochure that are fully incorporated by reference into this Agreement (“terms
and conditions”).

Part 4 of the AFPSA requires “that all claims arising out of this Agreement shall be settled

solely by arbitration, as more particularly described in the brochure.” In reviewing the

brochure, page thirty-nine contained the “Terms and Conditions of [the] AFPS Agreement”

and page forty-one, Part 4, is bolded and labeled “About Arbitration.”

¶13. Our supreme court, in Woodruff v. Thames, 143 So. 3d 546, 554-55 (¶20) (Miss.

2014), addressed contracts that reference or incorporate other documents:

For an incorporation by reference to be effective, it must be clear that the
parties to the agreement had knowledge of and assented to the incorporated
terms. A reference to another document must be clear and unequivocal, and the
terms of the incorporated document must be known or easily available to the
parties. A document is considered incorporated by reference where the
incorporating document specifically provides that it is subject to the
incorporated one. However, a mere reference to another document is not
sufficient to incorporate that other document into a contract; the writing to
which reference is made must be descried in such terms that its identity may
be ascertained beyond reasonable doubt.

Id. (quoting 17A C.J.S. Contracts § 402 (2011)). The AFPSA specified that the parties would

be governed by the terms and conditions found in the brochure. By signing the AFPSA, the

Curries affirmed that they had reviewed and agreed to all of the terms and conditions of the

Agreement including those incorporated by reference. See Terminix Int’l Inc. v. Rice, 904 So.

2d 1051, 1056 (¶18) (Miss. 2004) (holding that under Mississippi law, there is a presumption

that a party has read the document he signed and, therefore, is aware of the provisions it

contains).

¶14. It is apparent that the AFPSA gave the Curries notice that the brochure must be read

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because it contained the exact terms and conditions of the parties’ agreement, including the

terms requiring arbitration of disputes. The arbitration agreement found in the brochure,

referenced by and incorporated in the AFPSA, is valid against Vicki Currie.

II. Whether the circuit court erred by finding that this dispute fell
within the scope of the arbitration provision.

¶15. Vicki Currie claims that McNeal owed her and Mike a fiduciary duty. This claim arose

from McNeal’s alleged breach of his fiduciary duty based on his role as the Curries’ financial

advisor. Vicki Currie specifically argues that since McNeal had a fiduciary duty, it was his

duty to explain the arbitration agreement to her and Mike. Therefore, Vicki Currie claims all

“duty to read” cases are inapplicable and that McNeal’s failure constituted fraud, invalidating

any arbitration agreement.

¶16. “Courts often characterize arbitration language as either broad or narrow.” MS Credit

Ctr. Inc. v. Horton, 926 So. 2d 167, 175 (¶24) (Miss. 2006). “Broad arbitration language

governs disputes ‘related to’ or ‘connected with’ a contract, and narrow arbitration language

requires arbitration of disputes that directly ‘arise out of’ a contract.” Id. at 176 (¶24)

(quoting Pennzoil Exploration & Prod. Co. v. Ramco Energy Ltd., 139 F.3d 1061, 1067 (5th

Cir. 1998)). “Because broad arbitration language is capable of expansive reach, courts have

held that ‘it is only necessary that the dispute “touch” matters covered by [the contract] to be

arbitrable.’” Id. at (¶25) (quoting Pennzoil, 139 F.3d at 1068). The language in Part 4 of the

incorporated brochure reads:

Any controversy or claim arising out of or related to this contract or breach
thereof shall be settled solely by arbitration in accordance with the Rules of the
American Arbitration Association, and judgment upon the award rendered by

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the arbitrator(s) may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof. Unless
otherwise agreed to by all the parties to the arbitration (including without
limitation Ameriprise Financial Services and you), the American Arbitration
Association shall be the sole venue for resolving claims arising out of or
relating to the Agreement, and all the parties to the arbitration (including
without limitation Ameriprise Financial Services and you) irrevocably waive
trial by jury in any action, proceeding or counterclaim, whether at law or in
equity . . . .

¶17. The terms “arising out of” and “related to” as used in the above arbitration agreement

are classified as broad provisions. Pennzoil, 139 F.3d at 1067. Each of Vicki’s claims against

the Defendants either arise out of or relate to the actions or conduct of McNeal. The

arbitration provision in Part 4 requires that all claims arising out of or relating to “this

contract or breach thereof” are subject to arbitration. Vicki’s claims are the exact type of

dispute anticipated by the Agreement. Accordingly, the circuit court did not err by finding

that Vicki’s dispute fell within the scope of the arbitration provision.

III. Whether the circuit court erred by finding that no external factors
precluded arbitration.

¶18. Vicki claims even if an agreement to arbitrate exists, the agreement is unenforceable

based on the doctrine of fraud.

¶19. The second prong of the test is “whether legal constraints external to the parties’

agreement foreclosed arbitration of those claims.” Blakeney, 950 So. 2d at 173 (¶12) (citing

Taylor, 826 So. 2d at 713 (¶10)). “[S]tate contract defenses may invalidate the agreement to

arbitrate as they would any other contractual provision.” Smith, 153 So. 3d at 606 (¶11).

Specifically, under state contract law, an arbitration agreement may be invalidated, without

offending federal arbitration laws, if applicable contract defenses such as fraud, duress, and

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unconscionability are available. Taylor, 826 So. 2d at 713 (¶10) (citing Dr.’s Assocs. Inc. v.

Casarotto, 517 U.S. 681, 686 (1996)). However, the burden of proving that a contract

defense is applicable rests with the party resisting arbitration. McDonald, 905 So. 2d at 1193

(¶11).

¶20. Our supreme court has made it clear that “when . . . consider[ing] whether legal

constraints exist external to the agreement, which might invalidate the arbitration provisions,

the existence of fraud in the formation of the contract may be considered.” Rogers-Dabbs

Chevrolet-Hummer Inc. v. Blakeney, 950 So. 2d 170, 177 (¶17) (Miss. 2007) (quoting

Cleveland v. Mann, 942 So. 2d 108, 112 (¶9) (Miss. 2006)).

¶21. Vicki Currie submitted an affidavit claiming that McNeal never expressed the need

to read any of the documents that she and her husband signed, nor did he provide any

explanation regarding any of the documents. However, a self-serving affidavit does not

equate to the type of evidence required to call the “making of the arbitration agreement” into

question. Bhatia v. Johnston, 818 F.2d 418, 421-22 (5th Cir. 1987). Additionally, Vicki

Currie neither alleged fraud in the complaint with the specificity our law requires nor has she

brought to the court’s attention any false representation made by the Defendants.

¶22. Furthermore, under Mississippi law, “a contracting party is under a legal obligation

to read a contract before signing it.” McKenzie Check Advance v. Hardy, 866 So. 2d 446, 455

(¶30) (Miss. 2004). Under this legal obligation, if the Curries had read the AFPSA, they

would have read all the terms and conditions of their agreement, including the bolded

arbitration agreement. “[A] person is charged with knowing the contents of any document

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that he executes.” Terminix, 904 So. 2d at 1056 (¶18). Therefore, Vicki Currie cannot

circumvent a written contract they made based on the argument that they did not read it. Id.

¶23. The AFPSA’s arbitration provision was not hidden or concealed. The reference to the

arbitration agreement was clearly located above the Curries’ signatures, and the heading of

the arbitration agreement itself was bolded.

¶24. For the above reasons, the circuit court did not err by finding that no external factors

precluded arbitration.

CONCLUSION

¶25. We find that the circuit court did not err by compelling the Curries to arbitrate their

claims against the Defendants. A valid arbitration agreement existed, the disputes fell within

the scope of that agreement, and no legal constraints were present that would prohibit

arbitration. Therefore, we affirm.

¶26. AFFIRMED.

CARLTON, P.J., WESTBROOKS, LAWRENCE AND SMITH, JJ., CONCUR.
McCARTY, J., CONCURS IN PART AND IN THE RESULT WITHOUT SEPARATE
WRITTEN OPINION. WILSON, P.J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY WITHOUT
SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. McDONALD, J., CONCURS IN PART AND
DISSENTS IN PART WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. BARNES, C.J.,
AND EMFINGER, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.

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