COA 374793 ALGENA BOWERS V JACOBSON BROTHERS LLC Opinion - Per Curiam - Unpublished 6/9/2026

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
-1-
S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N
C O U R T O F A P P E A L S
ALGENA BOWERS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
UNPUBLISHED
June 09, 2026
9:56 AM
v No. 374793
Wayne Circuit Court
JACOBSON BROTHERS, LLC, MEADOWOOD
TOWNHOMES, CANTON ONE LIMITED
PARTNERSHIP, and DHS MANAGEMENT
COMPANY, LLC,
LC No. 22-014505-NO
Defendants-Appellees.
Before: BAZZI, P.J., and RICK and MALDONADO, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court’s opinion and order granting defendants’ motion
for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) (no genuine issue of material fact). We affirm.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
This action arises from injuries plaintiff sustained in January 2020 when she slipped and
fell on ice in the parking lot of the townhome complex where she resided. Plaintiff had lived at
the complex for several years and was familiar with winter conditions. On the morning of
January 19, 2020, at approximately 9:00 a.m., she was walking from her residence to her vehicle
when she slipped on a patch of ice located near the driver’s side of her car.
Plaintiff testified that when she parked her vehicle on the evening of January 18, 2020, the
weather was clear and the parking lot conditions were acceptable. Weather records likewise
showed that temperatures were above freezing during the afternoon and evening hours that day.
Defendants’ maintenance staff monitored conditions and applied salt throughout the parking lot,
sidewalks, and other common areas on January 18, 2020. Overnight, temperatures dropped below
freezing into the early morning hours of January 19, 2020, although there was no precipitation
during that time. Plaintiff testified that she believed the ice formed overnight but acknowledged
that she did not know how long it had been present. She agreed that it could have formed shortly
before her fall. The following morning, plaintiff slipped and fell, sustaining injuries.

-- 1 of 5 --

-2-
Plaintiff initiated this action in December 2022, alleging that defendants negligently failed
to maintain the premises and that the parking lot was not fit for its intended use under
MCL 554.139. Defendants denied liability and asserted, among other defenses, that they lacked
actual or constructive notice of any hazardous condition. Defendants later moved for summary
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10), arguing that plaintiff could not establish notice, causation,
or a statutory violation.
Plaintiff opposed the motion, contending that defendants maintained an inadequate snow-
removal system and that their practices created hazardous conditions through runoff and
refreezing. She also asserted that defendants failed to remedy the issues in a reasonable amount
of time. At the same time, plaintiff moved to amend her complaint to add a nuisance claim based
on defendants’ snow-removal practices. Defendants responded that the proposed claim was futile
because it merely repackaged plaintiff’s premises-liability claim.
Following a hearing, the trial court determined that plaintiff’s motion to amend was not
properly before the court because it had not been scheduled for a hearing. The court subsequently
issued a written opinion granting defendants’ motion for summary disposition. The court
concluded that plaintiff failed to present evidence establishing that defendants had notice of the
condition, that their conduct caused the ice to form, or that the premises were unfit for their
intended use. The court also dismissed plaintiff’s nuisance claim.1 Plaintiff moved for
reconsideration, arguing that the trial court applied the wrong legal standards and improperly
weighed the evidence. The trial court denied reconsideration, and this appeal followed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“This Court reviews de novo motions for summary disposition.” Reese v James, 348 Mich
App 454, 459; 19 NW3d 386 (2023). “A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual
sufficiency of the complaint.” Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 120; 597 NW2d 817 (1999).
The court considers all of the evidence “in the light most favorable to the party opposing the
motion.” El-Khalil v Oakwood Healthcare, Inc, 504 Mich 152, 160; 934 NW2d 665 (2019).
Summary disposition is appropriate if “there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving
party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Lowrey v LMPS & LMPJ, Inc, 500 Mich 1, 5;
890 NW2d 344 (2016).
III. ANALYSIS
A. COMMON-LAW PREMISES LIABILITY
Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred by granting summary disposition because genuine
issues of material fact existed regarding whether defendants had constructive notice of the icy
1 The lower court record does not reflect that the trial court granted plaintiff leave to amend the
complaint. Plaintiff nevertheless filed an amended complaint on October 4, 2024. As noted, the
trial court dismissed the nuisance claim in its opinion and order granting summary disposition to
defendants. Plaintiff has not challenged on appeal any procedural defect related to the filing or
consideration of the amended complaint.

-- 2 of 5 --

-3-
condition and whether their snow-removal practices created or exacerbated the hazard. We
disagree.
To establish a claim of premises liability, a plaintiff must prove “that the premises owner
breached its duty to the invitee and that the breach constituted the proximate cause of damages
suffered by the invitee.” Lowrey, 500 Mich at 8. A premises possessor owes invitees a duty to
exercise reasonable care to protect them from unreasonable risks of harm caused by dangerous
conditions on the land. Kandil-Elsayed v F & E Oil, Inc, 512 Mich 95, 112; 1 NW3d 44 (2023).
Our Supreme Court has eliminated the open-and-obvious doctrine as a complete bar to liability.
See Lugo v Ameritech Corp, Inc, 464 Mich 512; 629 NW2d 384 (2001), overruled by Kandil-
Elsayed, 512 Mich at 95. However, a plaintiff must still establish breach, causation, and actual or
constructive notice of the condition, as well as a reasonable opportunity to remedy it. Kandil-
Elsayed, 512 Mich at 131-132, 144-145.
Constructive notice exists when a defect is “of such a character or has existed a sufficient
length of time that he should have knowledge of it.” Lowrey, 500 Mich at 10 (citation omitted).
However, to establish constructive notice, a plaintiff must present evidence from which a factfinder
could infer that the condition existed for a sufficient period of time to permit the defendant to
discover and remedy it. Id. at 11-12. Without such evidence, any conclusion regarding notice
would be impermissibly speculative, and summary disposition would be appropriate. Id.
Applying these principles, plaintiff failed to establish a genuine issue of material fact
regarding notice. Plaintiff testified that she believed the weather was clear when she parked her
car the night before she fell and that the icy condition must have formed sometime overnight.
However, she acknowledged that she did not know how long the ice had been present and agreed
that it could have formed shortly before she fell. This testimony does not establish that defendants
had constructive notice of the ice in the parking lot. Without evidence concerning how long the
specific icy condition existed, a jury would be left to speculate as to whether defendants had a
reasonable opportunity to discover and remedy it. General awareness that freezing temperatures
were possible is not the same as notice of the particular patch of ice on which plaintiff fell. Because
plaintiff could not establish the duration of the hazard, she necessarily could not establish that
defendants had constructive notice or a reasonable opportunity to remedy it. Plaintiff’s reliance
on general winter conditions is likewise insufficient to create a question of fact. The mere
existence of ice, snow, or frost on a walkway does not, in itself, give rise to an inference of
negligence. Altairi v Alhaj, 235 Mich App 626, 637-638; 599 NW2d 537 (1999). Instead, there
must be evidence linking the defendant’s conduct to the specific hazard. See Lowrey, 500 Mich
at 11. On this record, no reasonable juror could determine when the condition formed without
engaging in speculation.
Plaintiff alternatively argues that defendants’ snow-removal practices created hazardous
conditions through runoff and refreezing. A premises possessor may be liable where its affirmative
conduct creates a new hazard or increases the risk of harm. See Derbabian v S & C Snowplowing,
Inc, 249 Mich App 695, 706-707; 644 NW2d 779 (2002); Fultz v Union-Commerce Assoc, 470
Mich 460, 467; 683 NW2d 587 (2004). But that theory still requires evidence that defendants’
conduct more likely than not caused the specific condition at issue. Skinner v Square D Co, 445
Mich 153, 164-165; 516 NW2d 475 (1994). Plaintiff did not make that showing. Although she
asserted that snowbanks caused runoff and refreezing in areas of the complex, she did not present

-- 3 of 5 --

-4-
evidence connecting those alleged runoff patterns to the precise location where she fell. Nor did
she identify evidence that defendants piled snow in a manner that caused water to drain to the
driver’s side of her vehicle and refreeze there before 9:00 a.m. on January 19, 2020. At most, the
record permits speculation that the ice could have resulted from defendants’ snow-removal
practices. Again, speculation is insufficient to establish causation. Powell-Murphy v Revitalizing
Auto Communities Environmental Response Trust, 333 Mich App 234, 246; 964 NW2d 50 (2020).
Where the evidence is equally consistent with a non-negligent cause, such as natural overnight
refreezing, plaintiff cannot meet her burden of proof. See Skinner, 445 Mich at 164-165. Because
plaintiff failed to establish notice or causation, the trial court properly granted summary disposition
on her common-law premises liability claim.
B. MCL 554.139
Plaintiff also argues that the trial court erred by dismissing her statutory claim under
MCL 554.139(1)(a) because the parking lot was not fit for its intended use as a common area
providing pedestrian access. We disagree.
MCL 554.139(1)(a) imposes a duty on lessors to ensure that common areas are “fit for the
use intended by the parties.” This duty is distinct from, but narrower than, the common-law duty
of reasonable care. Allison v AEW Capital Mgt, LLP, 481 Mich 419, 425; 751 NW2d 8 (2008).
The statute requires that common areas be maintained in a condition that allows tenants to use
them for their intended purpose, but it does not require that they be maintained in an ideal or
perfectly safe condition. Id. at 430.
In Allison, our Supreme Court held that a parking lot covered with snow and ice remained
fit for its intended use because it could still be used for parking vehicles. Id. at 429-430. Similarly,
in Hadden v McDermitt Apartments, LLC, 287 Mich App 124, 130; 782 NW2d 800 (2010), this
Court explained that the presence of ice does not render a common area unfit for its intended use
unless it effectively prevents that intended use. Here, the record does not support plaintiff’s claim
that the parking lot was unfit for its intended use. Plaintiff was able to traverse the parking lot and
reach her vehicle, and there is no evidence that the lot was rendered unusable for parking or
ordinary access. The condition at issue was a localized patch of ice, not a pervasive condition that
precluded use of the lot as a whole.
The distinction between a hazardous condition and an unfit common area is important.
MCL 554.139(1)(a) does not require a lessor to maintain common areas in a condition free from
all snow or ice. Rather, the question is whether the condition prevented the common area from
being used for its intended purpose. Plaintiff’s evidence showed only that she encountered a
localized patch of ice while walking to her vehicle. It did not show that the parking lot, as a whole,
was unusable for parking, vehicle access, or ordinary ingress and egress. Therefore, even viewing
the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the condition did not rise to the level of
statutory unfitness.
Plaintiff attempts to redefine the “intended use” of the parking lot to include safe pedestrian
travel. But this does not alter our analysis. While pedestrian movement is incidental to the use of
a parking lot, our Supreme Court has declined to expand the statutory duty beyond ensuring that
the area remains usable for its primary purpose. See Allison, 481 Mich at 430-431. Accepting

-- 4 of 5 --

-5-
plaintiff’s position would effectively impose a heightened duty inconsistent with the limited scope
of MCL 554.139. Further, even assuming pedestrian travel to and from parked vehicles is part of
the lot’s intended use, plaintiff still had to show that the condition rendered that use unavailable or
effectively impossible, not merely that it made the route less safe. See id. Accordingly, the trial
court properly concluded that plaintiff failed to establish a violation of MCL 554.139(1)(a).
Affirmed.
/s/ Mariam S. Bazzi
/s/ Michelle M. Rick
/s/ Allie Greenleaf Maldonado

-- 5 of 5 --