COA 372185 KARRIE KAHL V BUDDY KASTEN Opinion - Per Curiam - Unpublished 1/15/2026

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N
C O U R T O F A P P E A L S
KARRIE KAHL,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
UNPUBLISHED
January 15, 2026
1:38 PM
v No. 372185
Livingston Circuit Court
Family Division
BUDDY KASTEN, LC No. 2020-055000-DM
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: SWARTZLE, P.J., and GARRETT and WALLACE, JJ.
PER CURIAM
Plaintiff and defendant entered into a consent judgment of divorce that contained a
provision concerning their shared children. Specifically, the provision stated that a change in
defendant’s residence would be considered a “change of circumstances” and “proper cause” to
revisit parenting time. When defendant moved to modify the parenting time after changing
residences, a Friend of the Court referee recommended that his motion be denied. The trial court
denied defendant’s objections to the referee’s recommendation. Because parties may not stipulate
to conditions that are required for a trial court’s determination regarding a child’s best interests,
we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
The parties are the biological parents to four children. The consent judgment of divorce
(CJOD) awarded joint legal custody of the children to both parties, and there was no explicit
determination regarding physical custody. At issue in this appeal, the CJOD provided the
following:
2. Parenting Time. The parenting time schedule for the parties is set forth
below:
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[Defendant] is currently living with his father and overnight parenting time is not
occurring with the younger children, [SK] and [EK]. Overnight parenting is
occurring with [LK]. Until such time as [defendant] obtains his own living
accommodations, independent of his father, the parenting time schedule between
[defendant] and the children shall occur as it has during the pendency of this action.
At such time as [defendant] vacates his father’s home and obtains his own
living accommodations, the issue of parenting time shall be reviewed, the parties
agreeing that [defendant] vacating his father’s home constitutes a “change of
circumstances” and “proper cause” to revisit the issue of [defendant’s] parenting
time. If the parties are unable to agree on a parenting time schedule, either party
may file an appropriate petition with the Court.
Defendant subsequently moved out of his father’s house and thereafter filed a motion for
a modification of parenting time and support. Plaintiff argued that defendant was essentially
requesting a change in custody because she had been the primary-physical custodian of the children
for the last three years. Relatedly, she asserted that the children’s established custodial
environment existed with her and that defendant’s request for equal parenting time would modify
that environment.
The referee held a hearing and recommended that defendant’s motion be denied. While
noting that the parties were free to agree to a “condition precedent warranting a review of parenting
time” among themselves, the referee determined that “[t]o the extent that the Judgment of Divorce
provides that the parties agreed that a move from the paternal grandfather’s home would constitute
proper cause or a change of circumstances to satisfy the required threshold finding by the Court,
the parties may not stipulate to waive the courts authority and obligation to make an independent
finding.” Because “an independent finding by the Court must be made by the Court at the time
that the issue is brought before the Court anew,” the referee found the provision to be “nugatory.”
Further, the referee concluded that defendant’s motion was properly construed as a request
to change custody because he requested an “approximately twofold” increase in his parenting time
with SK and EK. Accordingly, the referee applied the more stringent standard of review to
defendant’s request, as established by Vodvarka v Grasmeyer, 259 Mich App 499, 511, 513-514;
675 NW2d 847 (2003).
The referee also held that the children had an established custodial environment with
plaintiff, and that defendant had failed to show proper cause or change of circumstances because
the only evidence that he offered in support of his motion was the fact that he no longer lived with
his father and that he had been exercising more parenting time by agreement of both parties. The
referee recommended denial of defendant’s motion.
Defendant objected to the referee’s recommendation in the trial court, and the parties
reiterated their previous arguments. The trial court agreed with the referee that defendant’s motion
was properly considered a change of custody rather than a request to modify parenting time, and
it referred to defendant’s change of residence as an event that happens in “the normal course of
life.” The trial court further rejected the notion that parties could stipulate to a proper cause or

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change of circumstances and affirmed the referee’s recommendation regarding that issue. The trial
court disagreed with defendant, essentially stating that people cannot simply stipulate that “there
shall be a review at this time because there’s been a change of circumstances because he changed
housing.” The trial court stated that if such a provision was put in every judgment, such provisions
would cause “chaos.” The trial court found that defendant had failed to show proper cause or a
change of circumstances.
The trial court subsequently entered a written order denying defendant’s objections.
Defendant now appeals, arguing that the trial court erred in its determination that parties cannot
stipulate to which events constitute a change of circumstances.
II. ANALYSIS
“In matters involving child custody, all orders and judgments of the circuit court shall be
affirmed on appeal unless the trial judge made findings of fact against the great weight of evidence
or committed a palpable abuse of discretion or a clear legal error on a major issue.” Kuebler v
Kuebler, 346 Mich App 633, 652-653; 13 NW3d 339 (2023) (quotation marks and citation
omitted). Furthermore, this Court has explained that it
will not interfere with the trial court’s factual findings unless the facts clearly
preponderate in the opposite direction. Discretionary rulings, including a trial
court’s decision to change custody, are reviewed for an abuse of discretion. In child
custody cases specifically, an abuse of discretion retains the historic standard under
which the trial court’s decision must be palpably and grossly violative of fact and
logic. Clear legal error occurs when the trial court incorrectly chooses, interprets,
or applies the law. . . . This Court gives deference to the trial court’s factual
judgments and special deference to the trial court’s credibility assessments. [Id. at
653 (quotation marks and citation omitted).]
“As set forth in MCL 722.27(1)(c), when seeking to modify a custody or a parenting-time
order, the moving party must first establish proper cause or a change of circumstances before the
court may proceed to an analysis of whether the requested modification is in the child’s best
interests.” Id. at 668 (quotation marks and citation omitted). The standard for making this
threshold showing with respect to a request to change custody was set in Vodvarka, 259 Mich App
at 509-514. The Vodvarka standard has been summarized as follows:
To establish a change of circumstances sufficient for a court to consider
modifying a custody order, the movant must prove by a preponderance of the
evidence that since the entry of the last custody order, the conditions surrounding
custody of the child, which have or could have a significant effect on the child’s
well-being, have materially changed. The evidence must demonstrate something
more than the normal life changes (both good and bad) that occur during the life of
a child, and there must be at least some evidence that the material changes have had
or will almost certainly have an effect on the child. To establish proper cause
necessary to revisit a custody order, a movant must prove by a preponderance of
the evidence the existence of an appropriate ground for legal action to be taken by

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the trial court. As is the case with a change of circumstances, the appropriate
ground(s) should be relevant to at least one of the twelve statutory best interest
factors, and must be of such magnitude to have a significant effect on the child’s
well-being. [Kuebler, 346 Mich App at 668-669 (quotation marks, brackets, and
citation omitted).]
“Whereas the primary concern in child custody determinations is the stability of the child’s
environment and avoidance of unwarranted and disruptive custody changes, the focus of parenting
time is to foster a strong relationship between the child and the child’s parents.” Shade v Wright,
291 Mich App 17, 28-29; 805 NW2d 1 (2010). “Therefore, although normal life changes typically
are insufficient to establish the proper cause or change of circumstances required to proceed to
consideration of a child custody order, such changes may be sufficient for a court to consider
modification of a parenting-time order unless the requested change would alter the established
custodial environment.” Lieberman v Orr, 319 Mich App 68, 83; 900 NW2d 130 (2017).
A. CONSENT JUDGMENT OF DIVORCE
Defendant first argues that the trial court erred in denying his objections because it was
bound by the CJOD to consider his change of residence as a “change of circumstances” and “proper
cause” to revisit parenting time since this Court in Koron v Melendy, 207 Mich App 188, 191-192;
523 NW2d 870 (1994), held that “the court is not precluded from accepting the parties’ agreement
and including it in the orders of the court,” and “in cases where the parties are in agreement
regarding custody and visitation and present the court with such an agreement, the trial court need
not expressly articulate each of the best interest factors.”
Defendant’s argument is misplaced, however, because while parties are encouraged to
work with each other to settle custody and parenting-time issues, they cannot through stipulation
or agreement deprive the trial court of its statutorily-mandated duty to determine the best interests
of a child. See Harvey v Harvey, 470 Mich 186, 192-194; 680 NW2d 835 (2004); Stoudemire v
Thomas, 344 Mich App 34, 47; 999 NW2d 43 (2022); and Phillips v Jordan, 241 Mich App 17,
21; 614 NW2d 183 (2000). Furthermore, defendant ignores that this Court in Koron also held that,
“[i]mplicit in the trial court’s acceptance of the parties’ custody and visitation arrangement is the
court’s determination that the arrangement struck by the parties is in the child’s best interest.”
Koron, 207 Mich App at 191-192. Therefore, consistent with Koron, the trial court may include
the parties’ agreement in a custody or visitation order after making findings that such agreement
is consistent with the best interests of the child or children at issue.
Defendant also argues that the trial court erred because the CJOD was signed by a judge,
and therefore, defendant’s change of residence was already considered by a trial court to be a
change of circumstances or proper cause. In support of his proposition, defendant relies on our
Supreme Court’s holding, in Harvey, 470 Mich at 193, that a “judge signs an order only after
profound deliberation and in the exercise of the judge’s traditional broad discretion.” Our Supreme
Court in Harvey explained further that its “holding should not be interpreted, where the parties
have agreed to a custody arrangement, to require the court to conduct a hearing or otherwise engage
in intensive fact-finding” because all that is required “is that the court satisfy itself concerning the
best interests of the children.” Id. at 192-193.

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Defendant ignores, however, that our Supreme Court in Harvey also went on to hold that
“the deference due [to] parties’ negotiated agreements does not diminish the court’s obligation to
examine the best interest factors and make the child’s best interests paramount.” Id.
at 193. “Permitting the parties, by stipulation, to limit the trial court’s authority to review custody
determinations would nullify the protections of the Child Custody Act and relieve the circuit court
of its statutorily imposed responsibilities.” Id. at 194.
Even though a trial court accepted the stipulation of the parties in the CJOD, that stipulation
did not relieve the trial court of its obligation to determine whether the conditions precedent to a
change in custody were present and satisfied the best-interests of the children three years later.
Moreover, our Supreme Court and this Court have repeatedly held that “[p]arties to a divorce
judgment cannot by agreement usurp the court’s authority to determine suitable provisions for the
child’s best interest.” Lombardo v Lombardo, 202 Mich App 151, 160; 507 NW2d 788 (1993).
See also Wiersma v Wiersma, 241 Mich 565, 566; 217 NW 767 (1928) (holding that the “law of
this state is settled that the parents may not bargain away the children’s welfare, the children’s
rights, that the court may always do what seems reasonable and necessary to protect the children’s
rights . . . . ”); Sayre v Sayre, 129 Mich App 249, 252; 341 NW2d 491 (1983) (holding that a
“stipulation order entered in the Hawaii court [was] devoid of any findings of fact or information
relative to the circumstances of the parties or their children” because “all the factors relevant to
the parties’ circumstances and the needs of the children must be considered when determining to
grant a request for an increase in child support, it was error for the trial court to find that the 1980
stipulation and order precluded the granting of plaintiff’s petition for modification.”); Napora v
Napora, 159 Mich App 241, 246; 406 NW2d 197 (1986) (holding that “[a]lthough stipulations are
favored by the judicial system and are generally upheld, . . . a parent may not bargain away a
child’s right by agreement with a former spouse.”); and Phillips, 241 Mich App at 23 (setting aside
a stipulated order regarding a change in the custody of children because the trial court erroneously
“entered the stipulated order to change custody without making any independent determination
regarding the best interests of the child pursuant to the Child Custody Act.”).1
In light of the foregoing cases, we hold that the trial court did not err in declining to follow
the provision of the CJOD that considered defendant’s change in residence to be a change of
circumstance or proper cause necessary to revisit the custody of the children.
B. PROPER CAUSE OR CHANGE OF CIRCUMSTANCES
Defendant next argues that the trial court erred by agreeing with the referee that defendant
had failed to show that there was a proper cause or change of circumstances to warrant further
analysis of whether the requested modification was in the child’s best interests. Kuebler, 346 Mich
App at 668-669.
1 In Napora, 159 Mich App at 246, this Court found that “the trial court erred by believing that it
was required to uphold the stipulation of the parties,” as it pertained to the parties’ stipulation to a
change of custody regarding their minor son.

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In this case, the trial court determined that the substance of defendant’s motion was
requesting a change of custody despite the fact that his motion was titled as a motion regarding
parenting time and support.2 Here, the referee found that the children had an established custodial
environment with plaintiff because she had primary physical custody of the children and continued
to have such custody at the time his motion was proceeding through the lower court.3 The record
supports this conclusion because the substance of defendant’s request sought equal parenting time
as well as a division of holidays and extended summer parenting time. Equal parenting time along
with dividing holidays and extended summer parenting time would constitute a significant
decrease in the children’s time spent with mother, thereby altering their established custodial
environment. Moreover, while deciding defendant’s motion, the referee operated under the
assumption that defendant was seeking a parenting-time schedule for SK and EK that was identical
with the one he had for LK because the CJOD itself provided little, if any, detail about an
established parenting-schedule and there was no prior order addressing parenting time. Modifying
the unspecified amount of overnight parenting time with LK provided by the CJOD to equal
parenting time with all the children, along with a division of holidays and extended summer
parenting time was significant enough to in effect constitute a change of custody. Therefore, the
referee, and subsequently the trial court through its affirmation of the referee’s recommendation,
correctly found that the higher Vodvarka standard applied to defendant’s request. Kuebler, 346
Mich App at 668-669.
The trial court found that defendant’s move did not meet this standard, and we do not find
that this determination was against the great weight of the evidence. Id. at 676. Defendant
primarily relied upon the stipulated provision from the CJOD in support of his motion but, for the
reasons already discussed, this provision was not binding upon the trial court. As for defendant’s
change in residence, defendant stated that his new residence was merely “[d]own the road” from
where he previously resided with his father. Additionally, his counsel stated that while defendant
had been living with his father, defendant exercised parenting time with SK and EK without
overnights, and had overnight parenting time with LK. In other words, even prior to the move,
defendant was exercising parenting time with the children.
It is true that defendant has his own residence and can now exercise overnights with SK,
EK and LK, and the record suggests that he had been doing so for a period of years without issue.
2 “Courts are not bound by the labels that parties attach to their claims . . . because this would exalt
form over substance.” Brendel v Morris, 345 Mich App 138, 149; 4 NW3d 776 (2023) (quotation
marks and citations omitted). Instead, courts considers the gravamen of a motion as a whole. Id.
Additionally, if a request to modify parenting time would alter the established custodial
environment, such a motion is essentially for a change of custody. Lieberman, 319 Mich App
at 84.
3 “The custodial environment of a child is established if over an appreciable time the child naturally
looks to the custodian in that environment for guidance, discipline, the necessities of life, and
parental comfort.” MCL 722.27(1)(c). “An established custodial environment is both a physical
and a psychological environment that fosters a relationship between custodian and child and is
marked by security, stability, and permanence.” Kuebler, 346 Mich App at 669 (quotation marks
and citation omitted).

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However, in recognition of the proper deference afforded to the trial court’s determinations, we
are not persuaded that such facts clearly preponderate in the opposite direction of the trial court’s
finding. MCL 722.28; Kuebler, 346 Mich App at 653. Such a small move was, as the trial court
aptly put, an event that happens in “the normal course of life” under the circumstances of this case.
See id. at 668-669.
Moreover, defendant appears to misunderstand the nature of child-custody proceedings.
To modify any custody or parenting-time order, a party must first establish as a threshold matter
proper cause or change of circumstances. Id. at 668. The issue presented to the referee, and, later,
the trial court, was the threshold matter of whether he established proper cause or change of
circumstances to merit the modification. Defendant had a hearing with the referee, and trial court,
that constituted a re-visitation of the parenting-time issue, in which he argued why his request to
modify parenting time (which was actually a request to alter custody) was warranted. He failed to
establish this result was warranted because his request for equal parenting time with all the
children, along with a division of holidays and extended summer parenting time, was significant
enough to amount to a request for change of custody that must meet the higher Vodvarka standard.
We disagree with defendant’s argument that the trial court’s finding that he failed to establish
proper cause or a change of circumstances was against the great weight of the evidence. Kuebler,
346 Mich App at 673.
Affirmed.
/s/ Kristina Robinson Garrett
/s/ Randy J. Wallace

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