Christopher J. Caiazzo v. Secretary of State

MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2021 ME 42
Docket: Cum-21-212
Argued: July 21, 2021
Decided: July 29, 2021

Panel: STANFILL, C.J., and GORMAN, JABAR, HUMPHREY, and HORTON, JJ.

CHRISTOPHER J. CAIAZZO

v.

SECRETARY OF STATE

HUMPHREY, J.

[¶1] Christopher J. Caiazzo1 appeals from a judgment of the Superior

Court (Cumberland County, O’Neil, J.) affirming the Secretary of State’s decision

to draft a single ballot question for the direct initiative proposing “An Act To

Require Legislative Approval of Certain Transmission Lines, Require

Legislative Approval of Certain Transmission Lines and Facilities and Other

Projects on Public Reserved Lands and Prohibit the Construction of Certain

Transmission Lines in the Upper Kennebec Region.” Caiazzo argues that the

Secretary of State is required by statute to prepare a separate question for each

of three separate issues addressed by the direct initiative and that the Superior

1 Although Christopher J. Caiazzo is a member of the Maine House of Representatives, he is
participating in this matter as a registered voter in the State of Maine.
2

Court erred in affirming the Secretary of State’s decision to write a single ballot

question. We affirm the judgment.

I. BACKGROUND

[¶2] Thomas B. Saviello,2 an intervenor in this matter, submitted a

petition for direct initiative of legislation to the Secretary of State on

September 16, 2020. See Me. Const. art. IV, pt. 3, § 18; 21-A M.R.S. § 901 (2021).

The Secretary of State made changes to the proposed legislation to conform

with legislative drafting standards, and Saviello agreed to those changes.

21-A M.R.S. § 901(3-A). The Secretary of State prepared a petition form to be

printed and circulated for voter signatures by Saviello. See id. § 901(3-A), (3-B).

[¶3] The circulated petition described a single Act proposing multiple

statutory amendments. The Act, presented in six sections, would amend

12 M.R.S. § 1852(4) (2021) and 35-A M.R.S. §§ 3131-3132 (2021) to require the

approval of the Legislature, by a two-thirds vote, for the Bureau of Parks and

Lands to approve leases of public reserved lands for certain uses including the

placement of electrical transmission lines, retroactive to September 16, 2014;

require legislative approval for the construction of “high-impact electric

2 Although Thomas B. Saviello was once a Maine legislator, he appears in this matter as the
applicant for the direct initiative at issue.
3

transmission lines” and require that certain such lines be approved by a

two-thirds vote if they substantially alter public land, retroactive to

September 16, 2020; and ban the construction of high-impact electric

transmission lines in the “Upper Kennebec Region” as defined in the Act,

retroactive to September 16, 2020.

[¶4] The circulated petition with signatures was submitted for review on

January 21, 2021. See Me. Const. art. IV, pt. 3, § 18(1); 21-A M.R.S. § 905(1)

(2021). On February 22, 2021, the Secretary of State determined that the

petition was valid and had garnered enough valid signatures. See Me. Const.

art. IV, pt. 3, § 18(2); 21-A M.R.S. § 905(1). No appeal was taken from this

determination. See 21-A M.R.S. § 905(2) (2021).

[¶5] The initiated bill was presented to the 130th Legislature during its

first regular session, and the Legislature adjourned sine die on March 30, 2021,

without enacting the measure. See Me. Const. art. IV, pt. 3, § 18(2). The

Governor issued a proclamation requiring that a referendum on the initiated

bill be submitted to the voters on November 2, 2021. See Me. Const. art. IV, pt. 3,

§ 18(3).
4

[¶6] On April 13, 2021, the Secretary of State released the following

proposed language for the ballot question on the initiated bill and sought public

comment:

Do you want to ban the construction of high-impact electric
transmission lines in the Upper Kennebec Region and to require the
Legislature to vote on other such projects in Maine retroactive to
2014, with a two-thirds vote required if a project uses public lands?

21-A M.R.S. § 905-A (2021). More than one hundred comments were received,

including from Caiazzo, who suggested that the initiative be split into three

separate questions:

Do you want to require retroactive to 2014 that the Legislat[ure]
approve by a two-thirds vote any lease or conveyance of public
reserved lands to be used for transmission lines and facilities, landing
strips, pipelines, or railroad tracks?

Do you want to require retroactive to 2020 the Legislature to
approve the construction of any high impact transmission lines in
Maine, with a two-thirds vote required if a project crosses public
lands?

Do you want to ban retroactive to 2020 the construction of
high-impact electric transmission lines in the Upper Kennebec
Region?

He argued that any one of these questions, if passed, would satisfy the

underlying goal of the initiated bill to impede the construction of the New

England Clean Energy Connect project.
5

[¶7] The Secretary of State released the final wording for the question

on May 24, 2021:

Do you want to ban the construction of high-impact electric
transmission lines in the Upper Kennebec Region and to require
the Legislature to approve all other such projects anywhere in
Maine, both retroactively to 2020, and to require the Legislature,
retroactively to 2014, to approve by a two-thirds vote such projects
using public land?

(Quotation marks omitted.) See id.

[¶8] Caiazzo filed an action in the Superior Court, citing 21-A M.R.S. § 905

(2021), 5 M.R.S. § 11001 (2021), and M.R. Civ. P. 80C as the sources of authority

for his appeal. He alleged that the Secretary of State erred by failing to draft

three separate questions as he had suggested in his public comment. The

Superior Court accepted briefs from the parties and from Saviello, who urged

the court to affirm the Secretary of State’s decision. The court held that, because

Caiazzo was not challenging “whether the description of the subject matter is

understandable to a reasonable voter reading the question for the first time and

will not mislead a reasonable voter who understands the proposed legislation

into voting contrary to that voter’s wishes,” 21-A M.R.S. § 905(2), the court

would “proceed under a M.R. Civ. P. 80C standard, as provided by § 905(2).”

[¶9] The court then concluded that, based on the plain language of

21-A M.R.S. § 906(6)(A) (2021), read in context, the Secretary of State was
6

required only to “advise petitioners” of “the proper suggested format for an

initiative question,” id., including the presentation of separate questions for

separate issues, and was not required to reframe the amendments proposed in

the initiated bill as separate questions for submission to the voters. Caiazzo

appeals to us from this judgment. We issued an order establishing the course

of the appeal based on the timing requisites of 21-A M.R.S. § 905(3). Having

received briefs and held oral argument, we now decide the appeal.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Statutory Authority to Consider the Appeal

[¶10] We begin by addressing the source of our authority to consider this

appeal. The Superior Court treated the appeal to it as an appeal brought in part

pursuant to 21-A M.R.S. § 905—the statute governing “[r]eview of initiative and

referendum petitions.” That statute requires a determination of “the validity of

the petition” by the Secretary of State, and allows review by the Superior Court,

and appeal to us:

1. Secretary of State. The Secretary of State shall review all
petitions filed in the Department of the Secretary of State for a
people’s veto referendum under the Constitution of Maine, Article
IV, Part Third, Section 17, or for a direct initiative under the
Constitution of Maine, Article IV, Part Third, Section 18.

The Secretary of State shall determine the validity of the petition
and issue a written decision stating the reasons for the decision
7

within 30 days from the date of filing of a written petition in the
Department of the Secretary of State under the Constitution of
Maine, Article IV, Part Third, Section 17 or 18.

The Secretary of State may invalidate a petition if the Secretary of
State is unable to verify the notarization of that petition.

2. Superior Court. Any voter named in the application
under section 901, or any person who has validly signed the
petitions, if these petitions are determined to be invalid, or any
other voter, if these petitions are determined to be valid, may
appeal the decision of the Secretary of State by commencing an
action in the Superior Court. This action must be conducted in
accordance with the Maine Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 80C,
except as modified by this section. In reviewing the decision of the
Secretary of State, the court shall determine whether the
description of the subject matter is understandable to a reasonable
voter reading the question for the first time and will not mislead a
reasonable voter who understands the proposed legislation into
voting contrary to that voter’s wishes. This action must be
commenced within 10 days of the date of the decision of the
Secretary of State. Upon timely application, anyone may intervene
in this action when the applicant claims an interest relating to the
subject matter of the petitions, unless the applicant’s interest is
adequately represented by existing parties. The court shall issue
its written decision containing its findings of fact and stating the
reasons for its decision within 40 days of the date of the decision of
the Secretary of State.

3. Supreme Judicial Court. Any aggrieved party may
appeal the decision of the Superior Court, on questions of law, by
filing a notice of appeal within 3 days of that decision. The
appellant must file the required number of copies of the record
with the clerk within 3 days after filing notice of appeal. After a
notice of appeal is filed, the parties have 10 days to file briefs with
the clerk of courts. As soon as the record and briefs have been filed,
the court shall immediately consider the case. The standard of
review shall be the same as for the Superior Court. The court shall
8

issue its decision within 30 days of the date of the decision of the
Superior Court.

21-A M.R.S. § 905.

[¶11] Before 2007, the ballot question drafted by the Secretary of State

was part of the petition and was therefore subject to the Superior Court’s and

our review pursuant to section 905. See P.L. 1983, ch. 410 (effective Sept. 23,

1983) (enacting the predecessor to 21-A M.R.S. § 901(4): “The ballot question

for initiative and people’s veto referenda shall be drafted by the Secretary of

State . . . . The question shall be conspicuously displayed on the face of the

petition.”); see, e.g., Olson v. Sec’y of State, 1997 ME 30, ¶ 4, 689 A.2d 605

(holding that we would “independently determine whether the ballot question

is understandable and not misleading” pursuant to section 905 when, under the

law in place at that time, the question was part of the petition); Wagner v. Sec’y

of State, 663 A.2d 564, 568 (Me. 1995) (reviewing whether an initiative

question’s language was materially misleading when, under the law in place at

that time, the question was part of the petition). Because the question was

present on the face of a circulating petition during that time, section 906(6) was

implicated in the review that the courts undertook pursuant to section 905.

See Olson, 1997 ME 30, ¶ 6, 689 A.2d 605. When the ballot question was part of

the circulating petition, the review authorized by section 905 allowed any voter
9

other than the applicant and valid signers of the petition to challenge the

validity of the petition itself and, beginning in 1987, to ask for court review of

“whether the description of the subject matter is understandable to a

reasonable voter reading the question for the first time and will not mislead a

reasonable voter who understands the proposed legislation into voting

contrary to that voter’s wishes.” 21-A M.R.S. § 905(2); see P.L. 1987, ch. 119,

§ 1 (effective Sept. 29, 1987).

[¶12] Since 2007, however, the ballot question is not included in a

circulating petition. See P.L. 2007, ch. 234, §§ 2, 6 (effective Sept. 20, 2007)

(codified at 21-A M.R.S. §§ 901(4), 905-A). The Secretary of State drafts the

ballot question only after the petition has been validated, the initiated bill has

been presented to the Legislature, and the Legislature has adjourned sine die

without adopting the legislation. See 21-A M.R.S. §§ 901(4), 905-A.

[¶13] Here, in accordance with this statutory procedure, the Secretary of

State determined only the validity of the petition—with no review of the ballot

question—in February 2021, see 21-A M.R.S. § 905(1), and that decision was

not appealed to the Superior Court or to us, see id. § 905(2), (3).

[¶14] The current version of these statutes permits only the petition’s

applicants to seek judicial review of the Secretary of State’s drafting of the ballot
10

question—an event that now occurs well after the petition and signatures have

been determined to be valid under section 905(1). Cf. 21-A M.R.S. § 901(7)

(authorizing a “voter named in the application” to “appeal any decision made

by the Secretary of State under . . . section [901] using the procedures for court

review provided for in section 905, subsections 2 and 3”); id. § 901(4)

(summarizing the process for the Secretary of State to write a ballot question

in accordance with section 906 and submit it for public comment pursuant to

section 905-A). Because Caiazzo is not a “voter named in the application,”

section 905 does not apply to this appeal. 21-A M.R.S. § 901(7).

[¶15] Rather, Caiazzo’s is an ordinary appeal from the final action of a

state agent, brought to us pursuant to 5 M.R.S. § 11008 (2021) and M.R.

Civ. P. 80C. This appeal is not, therefore, subject to the standard of review or to

the expedited schedule for court decision-making set forth in section 905(2)

and (3). Cf. Olson, 1997 ME 30, ¶ 4, 689 A.2d 605 (applying section 905 in

reviewing a question that appeared on the face of a petition). We nonetheless

decide the appeal on an expedited basis because all parties have briefed the

issues, we have heard oral arguments, the matter is ready for our consideration,

and the issuance of a timely opinion is appropriate given the need for the
11

question to be printed and presented to the voters on the November 2021

ballot.

B. Review of the Secretary of State’s Decision

[¶16] When the Superior Court acts in its appellate capacity in reviewing

the Secretary of State’s final action, “we review directly the Secretary of State’s

decision for errors of law, findings not supported by the evidence, or an abuse

of discretion.” Reed v. Sec’y of State, 2020 ME 57, ¶ 12, 232 A.3d 202. To

determine whether the Secretary of State satisfied the dictates of 21-A M.R.S.

§ 906(6)(A), we interpret the statute “de novo as a matter of law to give effect

to the intent of the Legislature, first by examining its plain language.”

Reed, 2020 ME 57, ¶ 14, 232 A.3d 202 (quotation marks omitted). We interpret

the statute according to its unambiguous meaning if the plain language is not

“reasonably susceptible to different interpretations.” Id. (quotation marks

omitted). In interpreting the plain language of a statute, we view the statute in

the context of the entire statutory scheme to achieve a harmonious result.

Me. Green Party v. Sec’y of State, 1997 ME 175, ¶ 6, 698 A.2d 516.

[¶17] “The Secretary of State is the constitutional officer entrusted with

administering—and having expertise in—the laws pertaining to the direct

initiative process.” Reed, 2020 ME 57, ¶ 18, 232 A.3d 202 (citing Me. Const.
12

art. IV, pt. 3, § 18). Thus, if there is any ambiguity, we will defer to the Secretary

of State’s reasonable interpretation of the statute. See id.

[¶18] As it applies here, the statute that we must interpret requires the

Secretary of State to (A) advise petitioners for a direct initiative of the proper

suggested format for submitting initiative questions—a format that calls for

dividing separate issues into separate questions and (B) write the question in a

clear, concise, and direct manner:

Wording of ballots for people’s veto and direct initiative
referenda. Ballots for a statewide vote on a people’s veto
referendum or a direct initiative must set out the question or
questions to be voted on as set forth in this subsection.

A. The Secretary of State shall advise petitioners that the
proper suggested format for an initiative question is a
separate question for each issue. In determining whether
there is more than one issue, each requiring a separate
question, considerations include whether:

(1) A voter would reasonably have different opinions
on the different issues;

(2) Having more than one question would help voters
to better understand the subject matter; and

(3) The questions are severable and can be enacted or
rejected separately without negating the intent of the
petitioners.

B. The Secretary of State shall write the question in a clear,
concise and direct manner that describes the subject matter
13

of the people’s veto or direct initiative as simply as is
possible.

21-A M.R.S. § 906(6) (2021); see also Me. Const. art. IV, pt. 3, § 20 (“[T]he

Secretary of State shall prepare the ballots in such form as to present the

question or questions concisely and intelligibly.”).

[¶19] These requirements of subsection 6 were enacted in 1993, see P.L.

1993, ch. 352, § 3 (effective Oct. 13, 1993), at a time when, unlike now, the ballot

question itself circulated as part of the petition form that voters were invited to

sign, see 21-A M.R.S.A. § 901(4) (Supp. 1993) (“The question must be

conspicuously displayed on the face of the petition.”). As discussed, in 2007,

the Legislature omitted the requirement that the question be included in the

circulating petition and provided for the question to be finalized by the

Secretary of State after the circulation and validation of the petition and a

period of public comment. See P.L. 2007, ch. 234, §§ 2, 6 (effective Sept. 20,

2007) (codified at 21-A M.R.S. § 905-A). Section 906(6)(A) was not amended

at that time.

[¶20] Subsection 6(A) contains no mandatory language requiring the

Secretary of State to formulate multiple, separate questions if a petition that

has been circulated and validated proposes amendments addressing multiple

issues. The language providing that the Secretary of State “shall advise
14

petitioners” of the “proper suggested format” does not similarly mandate action

by the Secretary of State if “there is more than one issue.” 21-A M.R.S.

§ 906(6)(A) (emphasis added). Rather, the statute provides a nonexclusive list

of “considerations” for “determining whether there is more than one issue, each

requiring a separate question,” without indicating who makes the

determination. Id.

[¶21] From the language of section 906(6)(A) itself, it is unclear whether

the drafter of the petition or its signatories (the petitioners) or the drafter of

the question (the Secretary of State) is responsible for determining whether

multiple questions must be presented to the voters. It is also unclear when the

advice is to be given. Thus, to interpret the plain meaning of subsection 6(A),

we examine the context in which it appears. See Me. Green Party, 1997 ME 175,

¶ 6, 698 A.2d 516.

[¶22] Subsection 6(A) is followed directly by a provision that imposes a

mandate on the Legislature when it drafts a question for a statutory referendum

that it enacted:

6-A. Wording of referendum questions enacted by the
Legislature. The proper format for a statutory referendum
enacted by the Legislature is a separate question for each issue. In
determining whether there is more than one issue, each requiring
a separate question, considerations include whether:
15

A. A voter would reasonably have different opinions on the
different issues;

B. Having more than one question would help voters to
better understand the subject matter; and

C. The Legislature determines the questions are severable
and can be enacted or rejected separately without negating
the intent of the Legislature.

21-A M.R.S. § 906 (2021). In subsection 6-A, the Legislature establishes that

there is a “proper format,” 21-A M.R.S. § 906(6-A)—not a “proper suggested

format,” id. § 906(6)(A)—for the Legislature’s question and explicitly makes

the Legislature responsible for determining whether “questions are severable

and can be enacted or rejected separately without negating the intent of the

Legislature,” id. § 906(6-A)(C). This subsection was adopted simultaneously

with subsection 6(A) and demonstrates that the Legislature understood how to

draft mandatory language but chose not to do so for purposes of people’s vetoes

and direct initiatives. See P.L. 1993, ch. 352, §§ 3-4 (effective Oct. 13, 1993).

[¶23] Although there is no express indication of why the Legislature

mandated that separate ballot questions be written for separate issues when it

enacts a statutory referendum, but did not impose a similar direct mandate on

the Secretary of State for a direct initiative or people’s veto, the statutory

scheme suggests that the difference lies in the distinct roles of the question
16

drafters. For a referendum enacted by the Legislature, the Legislature is the

drafter of both the proposed bill and the ballot question, whereas for a direct

initiative, the petitioner is the primary drafter of the petition and initiated bill

and the Secretary of State is the drafter of the ballot question. See id. §§ 901(4),

906(6)(B), 906(6-A). The process for a direct initiative also requires that the

ballot question be written by the Secretary of State only after a petition has

been circulated, validated, and presented to the Legislature, making it difficult

for the Secretary of State to conclude at the point of drafting that issues

addressed in a single initiated bill “are severable and can be enacted or rejected

separately without negating the intent of the petitioners.” Id. § 906(6)(A)(3).

[¶24] Requiring the Secretary of State to separate provisions of an

initiative into multiple questions could infringe on the electors’ right of direct

initiative because splintering a single bill that was proposed to be presented for

a yes-or-no vote into multiple pieces of legislation might be inconsistent with

the intent of those who drafted or signed the petition. The Maine Constitution

provides that, with certain exceptions not applicable here, “[t]he electors may

propose to the Legislature for its consideration any bill, resolve or resolution.”

Me. Const. art. IV, pt. 3, § 18(1) (emphasis added). The Legislature has been

understandably cautious in limiting the Secretary of State’s authority to
17

interfere with the intent of the petitioners. Cf. 21-A M.R.S. § 906(6)(A)(3)

(listing as a consideration whether “questions are severable and can be enacted

or rejected separately without negating the intent of the petitioners”).

[¶25] In sum, because subsections 6(A) and (6-A) are worded differently

and we construe them to avoid surplusage, we regard as meaningful the

Legislature’s distinction between the Secretary of State’s role in drafting a

ballot question for citizen-initiated legislation and the Legislature’s own role in

drafting a ballot question for a referendum enacted by the Legislature.

See Thornton Acad. v. Reg’l Sch. Unit 21, 2019 ME 115, ¶ 14, 212 A.3d 340.

Reviewing the plain language of subsection 6 in the context of the entire

statutory scheme, the Secretary of State’s mandates are limited to (A) providing

advice to the petitioners about the proper suggested format of the question or

questions, and (B) writing “the question in a clear, concise and direct manner

that describes the subject matter of the . . . direct initiative as simply as is

possible.” Id. § 906(6)(A), (B).

[¶26] Although the advice that subsection 6(A) requires might seem

irrelevant when, as here, the Secretary of State drafts a single question for a

single petition and the petitioner agrees with that approach, the advice

required by section 906(6)(A) would be of consequence if the Secretary of State
18

were to draft multiple questions based on a single circulated petition in

carrying out her obligations under sections 901(4) and 906.3 In that

circumstance, the Secretary of State’s advice would place the petitioners on

notice of the criteria set forth in section 906(6)(A) so that the petitioners could,

during the period for public comment, offer meaningful opposition to the

Secretary of State’s draft based on established statutory criteria. See id. § 905-A.

Here, however, there is no argument that any error arises from a failure to give

advice, and the question that remains is whether the Secretary of State, by

drafting a single question, failed to present the question in a “clear, concise and

direct manner.” Id. § 906(6)(B); see also Me. Const. art. IV, pt. 3, § 20 (requiring

that the Secretary of State present ballot questions “concisely and intelligibly”).

[¶27] As drafted, Saviello’s initiated bill presents a set of amendments

aimed at the stated, but compound, purpose to “Require Legislative Approval

of Certain Transmission Lines, Require Legislative Approval of Certain

Transmission Lines and Facilities and Other Projects on Public Reserved Lands

3Caiazzo suggests that the Secretary must advise the petitioner about the format for the ballot
question before the petition is approved to circulate. Although the statutes impose no such timing
requirement, this timing would provide the petitioner the best opportunity to consider whether to
redraft or restructure the proposed petition. Compare 21-A M.R.S. § 901(3-A) (2021) (requiring the
Secretary of State to review the proposed law for proper form) with 21-A M.R.S. § 901(4) (2021)
(requiring the Secretary of State to draft a ballot question in accordance with section 906 after a
petition has gathered a sufficient number of signatures through circulation).
19

and Prohibit the Construction of Certain Transmission Lines in the Upper

Kennebec Region.” (Emphasis added.) The Secretary of State did not abuse her

discretion in reading the initiated bill in the conjunctive and drafting a single,

concise ballot question describing the single Act that was circulated to the

voters for signature and presented to the Legislature for enactment before

being referred to referendum. Although a situation may arise in which the

Secretary of State cannot draft a “clear, concise and direct” question without

severing voluminous or unrelated issues raised in an initiative’s proposed

amendments into separate questions, given the standard of review, we cannot

say that the Secretary of State erred or abused her discretion in writing a single

question in this instance. 21-A M.R.S. § 906(6)(B); see Me. Const. art. IV, pt. 3,

§ 20.

The entry is:

Judgment affirmed

Jared S. des Rosiers, Esq., Joshua D. Dunlap, Esq. (orally), Newell A. Augur, Esq.,
and Matthew O. Altieri, Esq., Pierce Atwood LLP, Portland, for appellant
Christopher J. Caiazzo

Aaron M. Frey, Attorney General, and Jonathan R. Bolton, Asst. Atty. Gen.
(orally), Office of the Attorney General, Augusta, for appellee Secretary of State

Adam R. Cote, Esq., Jeana M. McCormick, Esq. (orally), and Sara P. Cressey, Esq.,
Drummond Woodsum, Portland, for appellee Thomas B. Saviello
20

Cumberland County Superior Court docket number AP-2021-13
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY