Koines v. Zoning Board of Appeals of Cohasset

NOTICE: All slip opinions and orders are subject to formal
revision and are superseded by the advance sheets and bound
volumes of the Official Reports. If you find a typographical
error or other formal error, please notify the Reporter of
Decisions, Supreme Judicial Court, John Adams Courthouse, 1
Pemberton Square, Suite 2500, Boston, MA, 02108-1750; (617) 557-
1030; SJCReporter@sjc.state.ma.us

16-P-678 Appeals Court

ALEXANDER C. KOINES & another1 vs. ZONING BOARD OF APPEALS OF
COHASSET & others.2

No. 16-P-678. February 21, 2017.

Zoning, Nonconforming use or structure, Lot size, Exemption,
Judicial review. Real Property, Merger.

The plaintiffs appeal from a judgment of the Land Court
that affirmed a decision of the defendant zoning board of
appeals of Cohasset (board) based on a conclusion that the board
correctly interpreted the Cohasset zoning by-law to afford
grandfather protection to a lot owned by the defendants John and
Martha Shaw. We affirm.

At issue in the case is section 8.3.2(c) of the by-law, the
language of which is set out in the margin.3 The Shaws' lot,
containing approximately 21,850 square feet, is located in an

1
Stephen J. Crummey.
2
John and Martha Shaw.
3
Section 8.3.2(c) of the by-law specifies that a lot that
does not meet the otherwise specified dimensional requirements
of the by-law nonetheless is eligible for a building permit if:

"2. Such lot, on or before the effective date of the
requirements in question:

. . .
2

R-C district in which the minimum lot size is 60,000 square
feet. The current minimum lot size results from an increase
enacted by amendment to the by-law in 1985, at a time when the
Shaws' lot was held in common ownership with several parcels of
adjacent land. The lot accordingly plainly meets the literal
linguistic requirements of the second portion of section
8.3.2(c) as applicable to lots in the R-C district.

The plaintiffs nonetheless contend that the board
erroneously interpreted the by-law to afford grandfather
protection to the lot by virtue of the common law doctrine of
merger. Under that doctrine, a lot held in separate ownership
at the time an increase in area renders it nonconforming and
thereby entitled to grandfather protection under the fourth
paragraph of G. L. c. 40A, § 6, loses grandfather protection if
it thereafter comes into common ownership with adjoining land.
See Preston v. Board of Appeals of Hull, 51 Mass. App. Ct. 236,
243 (2001). As the plaintiffs observe, this court reached its
conclusion in Preston despite the fact that the lot at issue met
the literal linguistic requirements set forth in the statute,
resting its conclusion on the fact that the Legislature, though
presumptively aware of the preexisting and well-established
merger doctrine at the time it enacted § 6, did not evince a
clear intent to alter the common law. See id. at 240, 243.

The present case stands differently since we are presented
with an enactment of the Cohasset town meeting, construed by the
local zoning board of appeals charged with its administration.4
In general, a reviewing court grants "substantial deference to
an interpretation of a statute by the administrative agency

"c. Was, on said effective date, held in ownership
separate from that of adjoining land, or if held in
ownership the same as that of adjoining land, had an
area of not less than: a. 9,000 square feet in R-A
district; b. 15,000 square feet in R-B district; [or]
c. 20,000 square feet in R-C district."
4
The plaintiffs acknowledge that the town may adopt a more
generous grandfather protection than provided by G. L. c. 40A, §
6 (though if it does it must do so expressly). See Marinelli v.
Board of Appeals of Stoughton, 65 Mass. App. Ct. 902, 903
(2005). By specifically directing the protection afforded by
section 8.3.2(c) to lots held in common ownership at the time of
the zoning change that renders them nonconforming, the by-law in
the present case expressly affords more generous protection than
§ 6.
3

charged with its administration." Protective Life Ins. Co. v.
Sullivan, 425 Mass. 615, 618 (1997). The principle of deference
to the interpretation by an administrative agency carries even
greater force in the area of zoning, by reason of "a local
zoning board's home grown knowledge about the history and
purpose of its town's zoning by-law." Duteau v. Zoning Bd. of
Appeals of Gloucester, 47 Mass. App. Ct. 664, 669 (1999). See
Wendy's Old Fashioned Hamburgers of New York, Inc. v. Board of
Appeal of Billerica, 454 Mass. 374, 381 (2009). The board's
interpretation of section 8.3.2(c) is entirely consistent with
the language of the by-law. Moreover, unlike the provision of
G. L. c. 40A, § 6, at issue in Preston, supra, the by-law
provision in the present case specifically is directed to
protect lots meeting specified criteria, despite being held in
common ownership with adjacent land that would, under ordinary
common law merger principles, cause the commonly owned lots to
merge together. Accordingly, an interpretation that the Shaws'
lot is entitled to grandfather protection under § 8.3.2(c) of
the by-law is faithful to the evident purpose of the provision
-- or at least a reasonable board could so conclude. In the
circumstances, we see no cause to disturb the board's reasonable
interpretation of the by-law it is charged to administer.

Judgment affirmed.

Jason R. Talerman for the plaintiffs.
Kate Moran Carter for John Shaw and another.
Kimberly M. Saillant for Cohasset Zoning Board of Appeals.