John Doe I & Jane Doe v. John Doe

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

Docket No. 51954

In the Matter of: Jane Doe I, A Child )
Under Eighteen (18) Years of Age. )
JOHN DOE I and JANE DOE, husband )
and wife, ) Filed: December 4, 2024
)
Petitioners-Respondents, ) Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk
)
v. ) THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED
) OPINION AND SHALL NOT
JOHN DOE (2024-26), ) BE CITED AS AUTHORITY
)
Respondent-Appellant. )
)

Appeal from the Magistrate Division of the District Court of the Seventh Judicial
District, State of Idaho, Bonneville County. Hon. Kent W. Gauchay, Magistrate.

Judgment terminating parental rights, affirmed.

Kelly D. Mallard, Bonneville County Public Defender, Idaho Falls, for appellant.

Beard St. Clair Gaffney PA; Kristopher D. Meek, Idaho Falls, for respondent.
________________________________________________

GRATTON, Chief Judge
John Doe (2024-26) (Doe) appeals from the decision of the magistrate court terminating
his parental rights. We affirm.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Doe and Jane Doe (Mother) are the biological parents of Jane Doe I (Child). Doe and
Mother had Child in 2016 but were never married. Mother and Doe had a very brief relationship.
Mother gave birth to Child in Missouri, even though she was attending college in Nebraska at the
time. While attending college in Nebraska, Mother met John Doe I (Stepfather), whom Mother
subsequently married in 2017. Mother and Child moved to Washington in July 2019. Unaware
of this move, Doe filed a paternity action in Nebraska in August of 2019. Mother was ultimately

1
served with the paternity action after moving to Idaho in 2020. In 2022, the Nebraska paternity
action was dismissed with the court citing that Idaho would be the more appropriate forum. Doe
appealed this ruling to the Nebraska Court of Appeals, which affirmed the lower court’s ruling.
Doe did not file with the putative father registry in the state of Missouri, nor has Doe filed
with the putative father registry in the state of Idaho. Nevertheless, there is no dispute that Doe is
the biological father of Child. The first legal action in this case occurred in 2018 in Nebraska
when Mother initially filed for termination of Doe’s parental rights. That action was dismissed
upon Mother and Child’s move to Washington in 2019. In January 2021, Mother and Stepfather
filed a petition for termination and adoption in Idaho which was dismissed in February 2022 due
to inactivity. Mother and Stepfather filed a second petition initiating the current action after the
previous one was dismissed. The petition sought termination of Doe’s parental rights based on
abandonment and best interests of Child. There was considerable delay in this case as the Idaho
court waited for a decision from the Nebraska Court of Appeals. This case proceeded to trial in
February 2024. The magistrate court found that Doe had abandoned Child and termination of
Doe’s parental rights is in Child’s best interests. Doe appeals.
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
A parent has a fundamental liberty interest in maintaining a relationship with his or her
child. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000); Doe v. State, 137 Idaho 758, 760, 53 P.3d 341,
343 (2002). This interest is protected by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution. State v. Doe, 144 Idaho 839, 842, 172 P.3d 1114, 1117 (2007). Implicit in the
Termination of Parent and Child Relationship Act is the philosophy that, wherever possible, family
life should be strengthened and preserved. Idaho Code § 16-2001(2). Therefore, the requisites of
due process must be met when terminating the parent-child relationship. State v. Doe, 143 Idaho
383, 386, 146 P.3d 649, 652 (2006). Due process requires that the grounds for terminating a
parent-child relationship be proved by clear and convincing evidence. Id. Because a fundamental
liberty interest is at stake, the United States Supreme Court has determined that a court may
terminate a parent-child relationship only if that decision is supported by clear and convincing
evidence. Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 769 (1982); see also I.C. § 16-2009; In re Doe, 146
Idaho 759, 761-62, 203 P.3d 689, 691-92 (2009); Doe, 143 Idaho at 386, 146 P.3d at 652.

2
On appeal from a decision terminating parental rights, this Court examines whether the
decision is supported by substantial and competent evidence, which means such evidence as a
reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. Doe v. Doe, 148 Idaho 243,
245-46, 220 P.3d 1062, 1064-65 (2009). The appellate court will indulge all reasonable inferences
in support of the trial court’s judgment when reviewing an order that parental rights be terminated.
Id. The Idaho Supreme Court has also said that the substantial evidence test requires a greater
quantum of evidence in cases where the trial court’s finding must be supported by clear and
convincing evidence than in cases where a mere preponderance is required. In re Doe, 143 Idaho
343, 346, 144 P.3d 597, 600 (2006). Clear and convincing evidence is generally understood to be
evidence indicating that the thing to be proved is highly probable or reasonably certain. In re Doe,
143 Idaho 188, 191, 141 P.3d 1057, 1060 (2006). Further, the magistrate’s decision must be
supported by objectively supportable grounds. In re Doe, 143 Idaho at 346, 144 P.3d at 600.
Idaho Code § 16-2005 permits a party to petition the court for termination of the parent-
child relationship when it is in the child’s best interests and any one of the following five factors
exist: (a) abandonment; (b) neglect or abuse; (c) lack of a biological relationship between the child
and a presumptive parent; (d) the parent is unable to discharge parental responsibilities for a
prolonged period that will be injurious to the health, morals, or well-being of the child; or (e) the
parent is incarcerated and will remain incarcerated for a substantial period of time. Each statutory
ground is an independent basis for termination. Doe, 144 Idaho at 842, 172 P.3d at 1117.
III.
ANALYSIS
Doe raises three issues on appeal: (1) did Mother overcome the presumption that parental
rights should be terminated by clear and convincing evidence; (2) did Doe’s attempts to pay
financial support for the benefit of Child preclude a finding of clear and convincing evidence that
his parental rights should be terminated; and (3) did Doe’s attempts to provide parental care and
control of Child preclude a finding by clear and convincing evidence that Doe’s rights should be
terminated. Respondents request attorney fees on appeal.

3
A. Doe’s Claims are Waived1
Doe’s brief fails to comply with Idaho Appellate Rule 35(a)(6), which states, “The
argument shall contain the contentions of the appellant with respect to the issues presented on
appeal, the reasons therefor, with citations to the authorities, statutes and parts of the transcript and
record relied upon.” The Supreme Court held that it relies “solely on the parties to ground their
appeals in relevant argument and authority.” Dorr v. Idaho Dep’t of Labor, 171 Idaho 306, 309,
520 P.3d 1266, 1269 (2022). When an appellant fails to provide argument and authority in support
of issues presented on appeal within the argument section of the appellant’s brief, the appellate
court cannot consider those issues. Matter of Doe I, 165 Idaho 33, 41-42, 437 P.3d 33, 41-42
(2019) (“Father failed to provide argument and authority for this issue; thus, it cannot be
considered by this Court.”). In Wood v. Idaho Transportation Dep’t, 172 Idaho 300, 307, 532 P.3d
404, 411 (2023), the Idaho Supreme Court held:

1
Aside from the procedural deficiencies addressed herein, Doe’s brief does not comport
with Idaho Appellate Rule 35(a)(1), (a)(2), (a)(6), (e) or I.A.R. 36(a), (b). First, I.A.R. 35(a)(1)
states: “A table of contents, with page references, which shall include an outline of the Argument
section of the brief.” Doe’s brief does include a Table of Contents section, as well as an Argument
section. However, there are no page references associated with the Argument section of the Table
of Contents. Second, Doe’s brief does not comply with I.A.R. 35(a)(2) which states: “A table of
cases (alphabetically arranged), statutes and other authorities cited, with references to the pages of
the brief where they are cited.” Again, Doe provides a Table of Cases and Authorities in his brief,
however, there are missing page numbers for a section of the authorities listed. Third, Doe’s brief
does not comply with I.A.R. 36(a) which states:
The cover of all briefs shall state the title of the Supreme Court, the title of
the action designated on the certificate of appeal, whether it is appellant’s or
respondent’s brief, the name of the district court or administrative agency appealed
from, the name of the trial judge or chairman presiding at the trial or hearing, and
the names and addresses of all counsel of record showing for whom they appear.
Doe’s brief does not mention anywhere on the cover the name of the district court appealed from,
the name of the trial judge, or the names and addresses of all counsel of record. The Idaho Supreme
Court website provides a form copy of what the cover page should look like, yet Doe’s brief does
not meet these requirements. Fourth, Doe’s brief neglects to follow I.A.R. 36(b), which states:
“The type shall be no smaller than 12 point Times New Roman. . . . The pages shall be numbered
at the bottom and may be printed on both the front and back of each page.” Doe’s brief includes
no page numbers at the bottom of the page, so even if they were included in the Table of Contents
or the Table of Authorities it would not be helpful. Also, the font in Doe’s brief varies dramatically
in size and type. Doe’s brief includes inconsistent font type; bold and underlined passages for no
apparent reason; and incorrectly placed citations as footnotes.
4
This Court has repeatedly held that if an issue is not supported by “any cogent
argument or authority, it cannot be considered by this Court.” Bach v. Bagley, 148
Idaho 784, 790, 229 P.3d 1146, 1152 (2010); see, e.g., Jorgensen v. Coppedge, 145
Idaho 524, 528, 181 P.3d 450, 454 (2008); Harrentsian v. Hill, 161 Idaho 332, 339,
385 P.3d 887, 894 (2016); Wittkopf v. Stewart's Firefighter Food Catering, Inc.,
168 Idaho 203, 207, 481 P.3d 751, 755 (2021); Owen v. Smith, 168 Idaho 633, 647,
485 P.3d 129, 143 (2021). Idaho Appellate Rule 35(a)(6) requires appellants to do
more than point to background facts underlying their position; it requires “reasons”
those facts constitute legal error with “citations to the authorities, statutes and parts
of the transcript and record relied upon.” I.A.R. 35(a)(6). “Where an appellant
fails to assert his assignment of error with particularity and to support his position
with sufficient authority, those assignments of error are too indefinite to be heard
by the Court.” Bach, 148 Idaho at 790, 229 P.3d at 1152. Consequently,
assignments of error that are not argued and supported in compliance with
Rule 35(a)(6) are “deemed to be waived.”
Here, Doe’s brief provides some relevant authority in the recitation of federal and state law
indicating that parents have a fundamental liberty interest in maintaining a relationship with their
child. However, as to the substantive argument portion of the brief, Doe does not provide a single
citation to evidence in the record or relevant authority. Doe’s brief contains no citation to legal
authority outside of the reminder that a natural parent should have custody of his/her children.
Further, Doe’s brief contains no citations to the record. This Court will not search the record on
appeal for the necessary citations or arguments. See Dickenson v. Benewah Cnty. Sheriff, 172
Idaho 144, 150, 530 P.3d 691, 697 (2023). Because Doe’s brief contains no citation to the record,
no legal authority supporting his claims, no argument that the magistrate court’s findings are not
supported by the record, no argument as to how the magistrate court erred in finding abandonment,
and no reasons why any facts constitute legal error he has waived his claims on appeal.2

2
Nonetheless, the magistrate court’s findings and conclusions are supported by substantial
and competent evidence in the record. First, the magistrate court correctly concluded that Doe
abandoned Child because he failed to maintain a normal parental relationship with Child. Outside
of a paternity action in Nebraska and appealing the Nebraska trial court decision, Doe has not done
anything that resembles a parent-child relationship for years. Doe never attempted to establish his
parental rights in Idaho. Doe has not seen Child in over seven years. Doe has had no personal
contact, no videoconferencing, nor sent pictures to let Child knowing he was the father. Second,
Doe failed to pay any substantial amount of child support. Doe paid $50 to Mother one time and
provided some diapers and baby food. However, this was all within the Child’s first year of life.
Although Doe did not always know where Mother and Child were residing, he has been aware
since 2020 when he served Mother with his paternity action in Nebraska, and since that time he
has done nothing except appear in court in Idaho to contest the termination of his parental rights.
Finally, the magistrate court did not err in determining it was in the best interests of Child to

5
B. Attorney Fees on Appeal
Respondents request attorney fees on appeal pursuant to I.C. § 12-121, which permits a
court to award reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing party when the case was brought, pursued
or defended frivolously, unreasonably, or without foundation. An appeal is brought without
foundation where it merely asks the appellate court to reweigh the evidence. Kelley v. Yadon, 150
Idaho 334, 338, 247 P.3d 199, 203 (2011). Respondents contend that Doe’s appeal is frivolous as
it does not present arguable issues of law, argument or authority, or citation to the record. An
award of attorney fees pursuant to I.C. § 12-121 may be appropriate in a termination matter. In re
Doe, 159 Idaho 192, 200 358, P.3d 77, 85 (2015). This Court concludes that respondents are
entitled to an award of attorney fees on appeal pursuant to I.C. § 12-121. Doe has failed to properly
present his issues on appeal and, therefore, has waived his claims. For these reasons, an award of
attorney fees to respondents under I.C. § 12-121 is appropriate. Costs are awarded to respondents
pursuant to I.A.R. 41.
IV.
CONCLUSION
Doe has failed to properly present his issues on appeal. Consequently, Doe has failed to
show the magistrate court erred in its decision terminating his parental rights. Accordingly, the
decision of the magistrate court terminating Doe’s parental rights is affirmed. Attorney fees and
costs on appeal are awarded to respondents.
Judge HUSKEY and Judge LORELLO CONCUR.

terminate Doe’s parental rights. Doe has had no presence in Child’s life for years. Child has
established a strong relationship with Stepfather, has younger siblings who see her as their sister,
and is residing in a stable home that the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare deemed to be
appropriate. Doe failed to show that the magistrate court’s findings and conclusions are in error.
6