In the Interest of R.D., Minor Child

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 21-0763
Filed July 21, 2021

IN THE INTEREST OF R.D.,
Minor Child,

H.R., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Romonda Belcher,

District Associate Judge.

The mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to her child.

AFFIRMED.

Robert (Ben) Stone of Parrish, Kruidenier, Dunn, Gentry, Brown, Bergmann

& Messamer, L.L.P., Des Moines, for appellant mother.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Michael Sorci of Youth Law Center, Des Moines, attorney and guardian ad

litem for minor child.

Considered by Doyle, P.J., and Tabor and Greer, JJ.
2

GREER, Judge.

In May 2021, the juvenile court terminated the mother’s rights to her child,

born about two years earlier.1 Addressing issues of drug use, domestic violence,

and lack of protective capacity to care, the juvenile court relied upon Iowa Code

section 232.116(1)(h) (2021)2 as a basis for termination. Without disputing proof

of the elements necessary to terminate under this section, the mother crafts an

argument that the State must first demonstrate “it made reasonable efforts ‘to

prevent and eliminate the need for removal’ and[,] ultimately, termination.” We

read this as a challenge to the reasonable efforts made by the State to return the

child to the mother, rather than a dispute of the “strict substantive” elements under

section 232.116(1)(h). See In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 494 (Iowa 2000) (“[T]he

reasonable efforts requirement is not viewed as a strict substantive requirement of

termination. . . . The State must show reasonable efforts as part of its ultimate

proof the child cannot be safely returned to the care of a parent.”)

1 The child was born in June 2019. The father’s parental rights were terminated
as well, but he did not appeal.
2 Under this section, a juvenile court will terminate parental rights if the court finds

that all of the following have occurred:
(1) The child is three years of age or younger.
(2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of
assistance pursuant to section 232.96.
(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of
the child’s parents for at least six months of the last twelve months,
or for the last six consecutive months and any trial period at home
has been less than thirty days.
(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child
cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided
in section 232.102 at the present time.
Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h).
3

I. Error Preservation and Standard of Review.

The State raises a preservation-of-error argument as to any claim that it

failed to prove the grounds for termination. Still, the mother argues the child could

have been returned to her “at the present time,” if: (1) she can get into residential

substance-abuse treatment and (2) she is allowed to care for the child in that

setting. But, this request rings more like a separate request for more time to work

toward reunification. The mother points to her “recent achievement” in leaving the

abusive relationship she had with the father, her “confession of sporadic drug use”

and her “sincere interest in residential drug treatment,” as support for a six-month

extension under Iowa Code section 232.104(2)(b). As a final theory, the mother

argues it was not in the best interests of the child to terminate her rights.

We review the termination of parental rights de novo. In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d

764, 773 (Iowa 2012). “When the juvenile court terminates parental rights on more

than one statutory ground, we may affirm the juvenile court’s order on any ground

we find supported by the record.” Id. at 774. “We will uphold an order terminating

parental rights when there is clear and convincing evidence of the statutory

grounds for termination. Evidence is clear and convincing when there is no serious

or substantial doubt as to the correctness of the conclusions of law drawn from the

evidence.” In re T.S., 868 N.W.2d 425, 431 (Iowa Ct. App. 2015) (citation omitted).

Our primary concern is the best interest of the child. In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793,

798 (Iowa 2006).

II. Facts.

The involvement of the Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) with

this family began after learning of allegations of drug use, domestic violence by the
4

father against the mother, and a lack of protective capacity for the child.3 The

eight-month-old child tested positive for methamphetamine, and the State moved

for ex-parte removal in February 2020. The maternal and paternal grandmothers

shared placement of the child during the pendency of these proceedings until June,

at which point the maternal grandparents took over care.

In May 2020, the child was adjudicated to be a child in need of assistance

(CINA). The case permanency plan offered the mother mental-health services,

drug screening, drug treatment, and participation in parenting education offered by

DHS. Unfortunately, she opted out of services. Related to the mother’s drug issue,

she refused to engage in twenty-six random drug screens during the fourteen

months the child was removed. At the termination hearing, she admitted her use

of methamphetamine such that she would have tested positive on some of the

missed drug screens. She confirmed her last use of methamphetamine in early

2021.

To her credit, she did participate in one drug test in February 2021, which

was negative. While the mother testified to her involvement in counseling, a March

2021 client report confirmed she completed her evaluation for substance-abuse

counseling in early December 2020. Yet, the substance-abuse counselor noted

the mother attended only one counseling session during that month and missed a

session. Despite the limited effort in substance-abuse counseling, the mother

3 Other concerns in late 2019 and early 2020 came to DHS. The mother was
hospitalized for liver failure because of overconsumption of alcohol and Tylenol.
As for the lack of protective capacity, DHS cited an incident where during a fight
with the father, the mother fled the home with the child in inappropriate clothing for
the weather.
5

alerted the juvenile court at the termination hearing to her plan to submit to a

residential substance-abuse treatment center. But, she had not been assessed

for the program guidelines, was not on a waiting list, and had not been accepted

into any program.

Throughout these proceedings, domestic abuse by the father against the

mother permeated their relationship. Yet, it was not until the termination hearing

that the mother admitted the extent of the abuse. The mother had not addressed

the mental-health concerns raised by DHS and, in particular, had not pursued any

specific counseling for domestic abuse. At the hearing, the mother described a

“breaking point” on April 10, when she again was a victim of domestic abuse by

the father.4 But her family and DHS urged her to address the domestic abuse early

in these proceedings, which she did not do, and at the termination hearing she

qualified the relationship with the father as not being abusive “all the time.”

At the termination hearing, the mother testified she was living with an aunt

temporarily and was not employed. The mother had not progressed to any trial

home visits and only had visits under the supervision of the professionals involved.

Her participation in visits and contact with DHS was inconsistent over the life of

these proceedings.

In a thorough ruling, the juvenile court terminated the mother’s parental

rights. The mother appeals.

4 The father assaulted the mother by hitting her on April 10, 2021. At the time of
the termination hearing, the father was in jail for a probation violation and this
domestic abuse charge. There was also a pending investigation related to a fire
set in the father’s garage that allegedly burned some of the mother’s possessions.
6

III. Analysis.

Sufficient Grounds for Termination.

The mother did not contest proof of the elements under section

232.116(1)(h). While our laws allow a “full measure of patience with troubled

parents who attempt to remedy a lack of parenting skills,” the legislature

incorporated a six-month limitation for a child under the age of three. See In re

D.A., Jr., 506 N.W.2d 478, 479 (Iowa Ct. App.1993) (viewing the limitation period

with “a sense of urgency.”). Here, the child was under three years of age, was

adjudicated a CINA, and had been removed for over fourteen months at the time

of the termination hearing. And the mother addresses the fourth element, not by

contesting the proof offered by the State, but rather suggesting the “reasonable

efforts” mandate for the State requires residential substance-abuse treatment for

the mother. To put it more simply, now that the mother has admitted to her

problems, she believes the State should now make reasonable efforts “to prevent

and eliminate the need for removal” by sending her to treatment. She makes no

argument that the child could be returned to her custody at the present time other

than to suggest the child might live with her in a residential treatment facility.

To the extent the mother is arguing that the State failed to provide

reasonable services, she failed to preserve the issue in this record. A demand for

reasonable services cannot come for the first time at the termination hearing. See

In re J.L.W., 570 N.W.2d 778, 781 (Iowa Ct. App.1997). In our consideration of

the sufficiency of evidence to support termination, our focus is on the services

provided by the State and the response by the mother, not on services the mother

requested for the first time at the termination hearing. C.B., 611 N.W.2d at 494.
7

Still, for the first time at the termination hearing, the mother requested an

opportunity to attend a residential drug-treatment program. She asserted the child

could safely be placed with her at the program, thus allowing her to participate in

services DHS required along with a return of the child to her care “at the present

time.” But see In re J.H., 952 N.W.2d 157, 170 (Iowa 2020) (noting a substantial

difference between meeting a child’s needs with the supervision and guidance of

others and being able to independently care for a child). Her intentions, while

admirable, are not helpful with the task we face. We have no crystal ball to know

if she could even access the residential treatment, if the child would be allowed to

reside there, and most importantly, if the treatment would be successful. A return

of the child “at the present time” means at the time of the hearing. See In re A.S.,

906 N.W.2d 467, 473 (Iowa 2018).

With that focus in mind, we find the State proved all elements for termination

under 232.116(1)(h). We do not see how the child could have been returned to

the mother at the “present time.” See In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 40 (Iowa 2010)

(concluding the court need not discuss a step of the analysis when the parent did

not dispute it). Admittedly, the mother realized this condition was not met when

she alternatively requested a six month extension, so we address that next.

Six-Month Extension.

The mother ties part of her best-interests-of-the-child argument to a request

for a six-month extension. At the termination hearing, the mother discussed that,

as of the assault on her by the father on April 10, she would no longer tolerate

domestic violence in her life. Focusing on the impact of the domestic abuse, she

advocates for time to “recover from her profoundly traumatizing and violent
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experience” within her relationship with the father. She admitted she was

previously more focused on her relationship with the father, rather than reuniting

with the child. And at the termination hearing, she requested time to address her

admitted substance abuse in a residential treatment setting with the child present

at the facility. With six more months to work on reunification, the mother maintains

custody could be returned to her.

True, the mother needed support to address the impact of the “traumatizing

and violent experience” with the father. But the mother had an additional eight

months past the six-month limitation under section 232.116(1)(h) to address these

issues, and time is a critical element in termination cases. “A parent cannot wait

until the eve of termination, after the statutory time periods for reunification have

expired, to begin to express an interest in parenting.” C.B., 611 N.W.2d at 495.

And we are unable to “enumerate the specific factors, conditions, or expected

behavioral changes which comprise the basis for the determination the need for

removal of the child from the child’s home will no longer exist at the end of the

additional six-month period.” See Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b). Thus, we cannot

support an additional six-month extension to work toward reunification.

Best Interests of the Child.

Last, we consider if termination is in the best interests of the child under

section 232.116(2). The mother claims termination is not in the child’s best

interests, pointing to: the bond she and the child have; her efforts to visit as

consistently as she could; her acknowledgement of her substance abuse; and her

realization that she was in an abusive relationship. But all of this comes “too little,

too late.” C.B., 611 N.W.2d at 495 (finding after eighteen months of removal of the
9

children, changes made two or three months before the termination hearing came

too late).

Two weeks before the termination hearing, the mother finally separated

from the abusive father. We note he was incarcerated at the time, making it difficult

to know if the new-founded awareness was real. Likewise, when asked about the

mother’s request for residential treatment, the DHS supervisor offered, “I have not

had that conversation with her.” Again, we question the sincerity of the mother’s

quest for treatment. And, while the child is bonded to the mother, the maternal

grandparents share a strong bond as well and are willing to adopt and provide the

stability the child deserves. See Iowa Code § 232.116(2)(b). After considering the

issues addressed above and our primary consideration of finding the “best

placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of the child, and to the

physical, mental and emotional condition and needs of the child,” we conclude

termination is in the child’s best interests. Id. § 232.116(2); see In re M.W., 876

N.W.2d 212, 224 (Iowa 2016).

IV. Conclusion.

Unlike the mother’s central focus on her relationship with the father, “[a]t

some point, the rights and needs of the child rise above the rights and needs of

the parents.” J.L.W., 570 N.W.2d at 781. Here, we have reached that point. In

the child’s short life, more time has been spent outside of the mother’s care than

with the mother. As our supreme court noted, “[t]he crucial days of childhood

cannot be suspended while parents experiment with ways to face up to their own

problems.” In re A.C., 415 N.W.2d 609, 613 (Iowa 1987). We find the State

established grounds for termination under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h) by
10

clear and convincing evidence; the child could not be returned to the mother at the

present time. See C.B., 611 N.W.2d at 492. We decline to extend the time for

termination and find no statutory exceptions to termination apply here.

AFFIRMED.