Joseph Goche v. WMG, L.C.

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 18-0793
Filed March 6, 2019

JOSEPH GOCHE,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

WMG, L.C.,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Kossuth County, David A. Lester,

Judge.

A limited liability company appeals the grant of summary judgment to one

of its members on a breach-of-warranty-deed claim. REVERSED AND

REMANDED.

Thomas W. Lipps of Peterson & Lipps, Algona, for appellant.

Wesley T. Graham of Graham, Ervanian & Cacciatore, LLP, Des Moines,

and Philip J. Kaplan of Anthony Ostlund Baer & Louwagie P.A., Minneapolis,

Minnesota, for appellee.

Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Mullins and Bower, JJ.
2

TABOR, Presiding Judge.

This case involves four siblings and the distribution of Kossuth County

farmland by WMG, L.C., their limited liability company.1 A company resolution

informed members the distributions were subject to existing liens for real estate

taxes and special assessments. Member Joseph Goche sued WMG because the

warranty deed on his parcel mistakenly characterized the land as unencumbered.

Acknowledging the inaccuracy, WMG sought reformation of the deed. The district

court refused to reform the deed and granted Joseph’s motion for summary

judgment, concluding the resolution language merged into the terms of the deed.

On appeal, WMG contends Joseph’s membership in the company and the

company’s clear intent to distribute the land subject to existing liens calls for

reformation of the deed. Finding WMG’s contention legally sound, we reverse the

grant of summary judgment and remand for further proceedings.

I. Facts and Prior Proceedings

William and Mary Goche formed WMG in 1997. Twenty years later, WMG’s

members were their four children: Joseph Goche, Michael Goche, Jeanne Goche-

Horihan, and Renee Afshar.2 Until spring 2017, WMG owned five tracts of

farmland near Bancroft and Titonka.

In February 2017, WMG announced a special meeting. The meeting notice

contained several proposed resolutions, including removal of Joseph as a

manager of the company and a pro rata distribution of the company’s real property

1
In other litigation between the siblings, the district court appointed Larry Eide as receiver
to control WMG and its assets. Counsel for the receiver represents WMG in this appeal.
2
For ease of reference, we will use the siblings’ first names.
3

to the four members. The latter resolution proposed, “Members and Managers

acknowledge, consent, and agree that the Parcels shall be distributed to the

Members via warranty deed and subject to existing liens for real estate taxes and

special assessments . . . .”3

At the special meeting, three of the four members voted to remove Joseph

as a manager. Also during the meeting, three of four members voted to distribute

the farmland by warranty deed to the members, effective March 2, 2017. Joseph

cast the dissenting vote in both instances.

Michael, as manager of WMG, executed the warranty deeds on

February 25, 2017. His legal counsel recorded the deeds on March 2. The

warranty deed conveying property to Joseph included the following assurance:

The grantor’s promise that the real estate was “free and clear of all liens

and encumbrances” was inaccurate. The parties do not dispute the property was

actually encumbered by unpaid property taxes in the amount of $1689 and unpaid

drainage assessments of $31,572.59. In his affidavit, Joseph swore he paid those

amounts to remove the encumbrances.

In April 2017, Joseph filed suit, alleging WMG owed him damages based

on the inaccurate information in the warranty deed. WMG answered and counter-

3
Under the proposal, Joseph was to receive two tracts known as “Presthouse Farm” and
the “German Township Parcel.”
4

claimed, seeking relief by reformation of the warranty deed. Joseph sought

summary judgment on his breach-of-deed claim. The district court granted partial

summary judgment to Joseph and awarded him $32,216.59 in damages. WMG

now appeals.4

II. Scope and Standards of Review

The parties disagree on the standard of review. WMG contends our review

is de novo because the district court denied its request for reformation, an

equitable remedy. See Orr v. Mortvedt, 735 N.W.2d 610, 613 (Iowa 2007) (noting

case was “filed and tried in equity”). Joseph insists review is for correction of errors

at law because WMG is appealing from the grant of summary judgment.

We agree with Joseph on the standard of review. He sought damages for

breach of warranty deed in his petition, and the district court decided that claim by

summary judgment. Although reformation is an equitable concept, we review a

court’s grant of summary judgment for correction of legal error. See Keokuk

Junction Ry. Co. v. IES Indus., Inc., 618 N.W.2d 352, 355 (Iowa 2000); Nationwide

Agribusiness Ins. Co. v. PGI Int’l, 882 N.W.2d 512, 515 (Iowa Ct. App. 2016).

In summary judgment appeals, “our task is to review the record made before

the district court to determine whether a genuine issue of material fact is in

dispute.” Walls v. Jacob North Printing Co., 618 N.W.2d 282, 284 (Iowa 2000).

Summary judgment is proper if no genuine issue of material fact exists and the

4
Our supreme court denied Joseph’s motion to dismiss WMG’s appeal, finding the partial
summary judgment on the breach-of-deed claim was a final, appealable ruling. Joseph’s
petition contained a separate claim for indemnity unrelated to the breach-of-deed claim.
WMG does not appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment on the indemnity
claim because that ruling was interlocutory.
5

moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.981(3).

We view the summary-judgment record in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party—here, WMG—and will grant that party all reasonable inferences

we can draw from the record. See Estate of Gray ex rel. Gray v. Baldi, 880 N.W.2d

451, 455 (Iowa 2016). The moving party—here, Joseph—bears the burden of

proving the facts are undisputed. See Phillips v. Covenant Clinic, 625 N.W.2d 714,

717 (Iowa 2001).

III. Analysis

The warranty deed executed by WMG mistakenly stated the real estate

distributed to Joseph was “free and clear” of all encumbrances. WMG recognizes

the misinformation but writes it off as a “scrivener’s error”5 and contends the district

court wrongly refused to reform the deed. WMG contends the deed’s assurance

was a mutual mistake of fact and did not reflect the true agreement of the parties.

Instead, according to WMG, the intent of the parties appeared in the company’s

resolution providing the parcels were to be distributed to the members via warranty

deed and “subject to existing liens for real estate and special assessments.”

Reformation is an equitable remedy available to a party who can prove an

instrument does not reflect the true agreement of the parties. See Timmer v. New

York Life Ins. Co., 270 N.W. 421, 422 (Iowa 1936). As the party seeking

5
“A scrivener is (or, better, was) a transcriber of documents. In the literal sense, then, a
‘scrivener’s error’ is a mistake of transcription, which is to say a mismatch between original
(e.g., spoken word, manuscript) and copy.” Ryan D. Doerfler, The Scrivener’s Error, 110
Nw. U. L. Rev. 811, 816 (2016). Reformation may be available as a remedy where, by
reason of a mistake by a scrivener or drafter, “the written agreement does not accurately
reflect the intent of the parties.” 66 Am. Jur. 2d Reformation of Instruments § 19 (citing
RAL Mgmt, Inc. v. Valley View Ass’ns, 926 A.2d 704, 706 (Conn. App. Ct. 2007) (finding
inadequate support for plaintiff’s assertion the 30% per month interest rate provided for on
the face of the note was a scrivener’s error and should have been 30% per annum)).
6

reformation, WMG had the burden to establish its contention by clear, satisfactory,

and convincing proof. See Kufer v. Carson, 230 N.W.2d 500, 503 (Iowa 1975).

“Reformation may sometimes be appropriate to correct a mistake in a deed.”

Kendall v. Lowther, 356 N.W.2d 181, 187 (Iowa 1984). The party seeking

reformation must show “the deed does not reflect the true intent of the parties,

either because of fraud or duress, mutual mistake of fact, mistake of law, or

mistake of one party and fraud or inequitable conduct on the part of the other.” Id.

“Ultimately equity will grant relief if an instrument as written fails to express the true

agreement between the parties without regard to the cause of the failure to express

the agreement as actually made, whether it is due to fraud, mistake in the use of

language, or anything else which prevented the instrument from expressing the

true intention of the parties.” Kufer, 230 N.W.2d at 504.

In rejecting WMG’s request for reformation, the district court reasoned

While the court questions the merit of WMG’s contention that
the corporate resolution authorizing the terms of the land distribution
approved by a three-to-one vote, with Joseph voting against the
resolution, constitutes a binding and enforceable agreement
between WMG and its members, assuming arguendo that is true,
WMG has failed to come forward with any evidence to meet its
burden of showing a merger of that agreement into the terms of the
deed was not intended. Lovlie v. Plumb, 250 N.W.2d 56, 62 (Iowa
1977).

The district court further found the resolution language providing the distributions

were “subject to existing liens for real estate taxes and special assessments”—

which undergirds WMG’s reformation argument—“merged into the warranty deed

later executed by Michael and provided to Joseph to complete the transfer.”

Under the doctrine of merger, the terms for the conveyance of real estate,

absent a showing to the contrary, are “deemed to have merged in a subsequent
7

deed.” Lovlie, 250 N.W.2d at 62 (concluding, in appeal involving reverter clause

in quitclaim deed, that record disclosed no exception to merger rule). In matters

of conflict between them, “the deed speaks and the contract is silent” with notable

exceptions. Huxford v. Trustees, 185 N.W. 72, 74 (Iowa 1921). Proper relief for

those exceptions, including a mutual mistake of a material fact in a written

instrument, is “reformation of the instrument to reflect the true intent of the

contracting parties.” See Wilden Clinic, Inc. v. City of Des Moines, 229 N.W.2d

286, 289 (Iowa 1975). Significantly, in Lovlie, the party resisting merger of the

contract into the deed did not plead mutual mistake or seek reformation as WMG

does. 250 N.W.2d at 62. To make this showing to the contrary, WMG offered

relevant passages from the company’s articles of organization, meeting minutes,

and affidavits from siblings Michael and Jeanne.6

On appeal, WMG contends the district court ignored this “showing to the

contrary,” which could overcome the presumption of merger. See Phelan v.

Peeters, 152 N.W.2d 601, 602 (Iowa 1967) (reiterating “broad rule is that a contract

to convey land presumptively becomes merged in the subsequent deed executed

in performance thereof” while recognizing merger rule “has many qualifications”).

As a qualification, WMG points to Iowa Code chapter 489, which governs the

siblings’ limited liability company. Further, WMG characterizes its operating

agreement as the contract underlying the property distribution to the members.

See Iowa Code § 489.102(15).

6
In her affidavit, Jeanne states it was the intent of WMG to distribute the land to the
members subject to real estate taxes as special assessments.
8

Per that operating agreement, WMG provided all members, including

Joseph, notice of the proposed property distribution by company resolution.

Joseph and his lawyer participated in the February 2015 meeting and knew the

resolution’s terms. Until that meeting, Joseph served as a manager for WMG,

bearing responsibility for “the business, operations and affairs” of the company,

presumably including payment of taxes and special assessments. WMG urges a

reasonable fact finder could infer from the structure of the family’s corporation and

circumstances of the transfer that the true intent of the parties was not reflected in

the language of the deed. Countering WMG’s argument, Joseph contends the

resolution was not a contract between him and WMG because he “voted against

it” and did not consent to the distribution of the land to any of its members.

In assessing whether Joseph was entitled to judgment as a matter of law,

we struggle to shoehorn this fact pattern into the usual merger scenario where “a

deed is accepted, in compliance with the terms of a contract for the sale of real

estate,” and the contract merges into the deed. See Dickerson v. Morse, 212 N.W.

933, 934 (Iowa 1927). Here, the parties did not negotiate or enter a land-sale

contract, rather the conveyance came after a majority vote of the limited liability

company. Assuming the merger doctrine applies in the absence of a traditional

contract of sale, we find WMG met its burden to show the existence of a fact

question as to the intent of the parties and whether the language in the deed should

be reformed based on a mutual mistake. Specifically, WMG proffered exhibits

indicating Joseph—as a member of WMG—was bound by the majority vote on the

distribution resolution regardless of his dissenting position. A factfinder could

discern from the discussion at the special meeting and the language of the
9

resolution that the farmland conveyances were subject to existing liens. The

record shows Joseph accepted the real estate and voluntarily paid the property

taxes and drainage assessments before filing suit.

Joseph’s situation is akin to the scenario in Roberts Equipment Division,

Inc. v. Silver Lake Farms, Corp., No. 12-0490, 2012 WL 5356126 (Iowa Ct. App.

Oct. 31, 2012). There, a panel of our court upheld the district court’s reformation

of a deed because plaintiff Roberts “understood at the auction the boundary was

the crop line and not the quarter-section line, bid on the property, and bought it

knowing where the boundary was.” 2012 WL 5356126, at *4. By analogy, WMG

asserts Joseph understood from the special meeting that the distributions were

subject to existing liens and accepted the warranty deed knowing any information

to the contrary was inaccurate.

WMG is entitled to show Joseph acquiesced in the distribution of the

property subject to the liens, and the omission of those encumbrances from the

warranty deed as drafted by WMG’s counsel did not reflect the intent of the

members of the limited liability company. As WMG argued in the district court:

“Not only does the resolution itself support reformation, all persons attending the

February 25, 2017, meeting would be potential witness[es] supporting reformation

of the deed to conform to the February 25, 2017, resolution.” It was not the role of

the district court on summary judgment to resolve disputes of fact and determine

whether WMG proved its case for reformation but rather to identify whether a

genuine issue of material fact exists. See Nationwide Agribusiness Ins. Co. v. PGI

Intern., 882 N.W.2d at 522.
10

The record reveals a genuine issue of material fact regarding the intent of

the members when distributing the property of the family’s limited liability company.

The district court erred when it granted Joseph’s motion for summary judgment.7

We reverse the district court’s ruling and remand for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion. See id. at 523 (reversing summary judgment on reformation

issue because appellant identified genuine issue of fact regarding the agreement

and intent of the parties).

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

7
WMG did not file a cross motion for summary judgment. Accordingly, we are not faced
with the question whether it is entitled to a reformation as matter of law.