State of Iowa v. Nathaniel Wade Marchant

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
_______________

No. 24-1500
Filed February 11, 2026
_______________

State of Iowa,
Plaintiff–Appellee,
v.
Nathaniel Wade Marchant,
Defendant–Appellant.
_______________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County,
The Honorable Tom Reidel, Judge.
_______________

AFFIRMED
_______________

Martha J. Lucey, State Appellate Defender, and Vidhya K. Reddy, Assistant
Appellate Defender, attorneys for appellant.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Sheryl Soich, Assistant Attorney
General, attorneys for appellee.
_______________

Heard at oral argument
by Ahlers, P.J., and Buller and Sandy, JJ.
Opinion by Sandy, J.

1
SANDY, Judge.

Following a jury trial, Nathaniel Marchant was convicted of one count
of sexual exploitation of a minor, a class “C” felony in violation of Iowa Code
§ 728.12(1) (2023), one count of sexual exploitation of a minor, a class “D”
felony in violation of Iowa Code § 728.12(1) (2022), and one count of
invasion of privacy, an aggravated misdemeanor in violation of Iowa Code
§ 709.21(1) (2021).1

Marchant now appeals, claiming (1) the State presented insufficient
evidence that he had knowledge or responsibility for hidden cameras and
nude videos and images. He also claims the district court abused its
discretion in (2) excluding evidence that a topless photo of the victim had
been found on the victim’s cellphone; (3) admitting an extraction report of
Google emails referencing purported phone factory reset attempts;
(4) excluding a text message exchange between the victim’s mother and her
paramour; and (5) admitting evidence of bookmarks to
stepfather/stepdaughter-related pornographic websites. For the reasons
stated below, we affirm.

BACKGROUND FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
Marchant first entered a relationship with the victim’s mother in 2015.
Although they never married, the couple had two children together, and the
victim’s mother had two other children, one daughter (the victim) and one
son, before entering her relationship with Marchant. After a few months the
couple began living together with the children.

1
The counts for sexual exploitation of a minor merged at sentencing.

2
After Marchant moved in, he quickly became a “father figure” to the
victim. However, the victim testified that their relationship began to change
after she turned eleven. The victim testified that, one night in August 2021,
she felt Marchant lift up her shirt while she was sleeping and saw a flash. She
opened her eyes to see Marchant with his phone in his hand. This testimony
was corroborated by the victim’s mother, who testified that she called the
police when the victim’s grandmother informed her that Marchant “took a
photo of [the victim’s] breast while she was waking up and still partially
asleep.” Further, the victim’s mother confronted Marchant and gave him the
opportunity to prove his innocence to her by demanding he show her the
contents of his phone. He declined to do so.

Following this incident, the victim moved into a bedroom across from
her grandmother’s bedroom. She felt that because her grandmother was a
light sleeper, she would be safer from intrusions in the new bedroom. An
investigation was conducted but ended without incident. Marchant tried to
spend time with the victim and bought her clothing, which the victim’s
mother characterized as often “a little more revealing” than appropriate for
a child, but the victim tried to “keep [her] distance from him” following the
initial incident. After the victim had moved into her new room, Marchant
installed a couple USB towers in the room to power a few strips of LED
lighting along her ceiling.

The victim’s mother testified that in September 2023, she
surreptitiously found Marchant’s old phone, a Samsung Galaxy 8, in the
garage. She was surprised to find this phone had new notifications since he
had a new phone, a Samsung Galaxy 10, at that time. Upon further
investigation, she found nude images of a woman and began recording the
images with her own phone, as she had suspected Marchant was being

3
unfaithful. But after scrolling further through the photos app, the victim’s
mother stopped recording. She realized that many of the photos were nude
images of her thirteen-year-old daughter that had been taken with a hidden
camera located in the victim’s bedroom. The victim’s mother immediately
went to the victim’s bedroom and found a small camera attached near the
USB tower on the victim’s dresser, which she then removed and brought to
the victim’s grandmother. Upon being confronted by the victim’s mother,
Marchant apologized, claiming to be “sorry” and stating that he was “going
to go kill [him]self.” The victim’s mother later received a Facebook message
from Marchant’s account which stated, “The only way they’re going to find
my body is if they use the Find My Phone app with my old phone.”

The victim’s mother then called the police. Over 1,000 images of the
victim “in a state of full or partial nudity” were recovered from Marchant’s
phones, including 164 on his new phone. The police department’s forensic
technician testified that 12,000 total video files were recovered. The
recordings spanned in time from April to September 2023, and Marchant had
purchased and/or downloaded multiple surveillance monitoring apps
between 2021 and 2022.

Marchant was charged with two counts of sexual exploitation of a
minor and one count of invasion of privacy in October 2023. The matter
proceeded to trial in April 2024.

Marchant denied secretly recording the victim and claimed to be
completely unaware of the over 1,000 nude images of the victim across his
two phones. He further claimed that the Galaxy 8 had briefly gone missing
before reappearing again. Marchant denied the victim’s claims that he had
installed the USB towers although he admitted to gluing them down.
Marchant also admitted that he had installed almost a dozen other cameras

4
around and inside of the house but claimed that he needed the victim’s help
installing all the cameras and software. The victim directly denied doing so.
Marchant claimed that his suicidal statements were made “sarcastically.”

Following trial, the jury returned guilty verdicts on all charges.
Marchant was sentenced to twenty-five years, with a seventy-percent
mandatory minimum on the merged sexual-exploitation counts, and two
years on the invasion-of-privacy count, with both terms to be served
concurrently. Marchant now appeals his convictions.

STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review challenges to the sufficiency of evidence for correction of
errors at law. State v. Sanford, 814 N.W.2d 611, 615 (Iowa 2012). Our court
reviews evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion, including rulings made
under the rape shield law, State v. Montgomery, 966 N.W.2d 641, 649 (Iowa
2021), as well as rulings relating to prior bad acts, State v. Putman, 848
N.W.2d 1, 7 (Iowa 2014).

DISCUSSION
I. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Marchant first argues “[t]he evidence was insufficient to establish that
[he] had knowledge or responsibility for the hidden cameras or the nude
videos and images.”

We view the evidence in the record “in the light most favorable to the
State, including all reasonable inferences that may be fairly drawn from the
evidence. We will uphold a verdict if substantial record evidence supports
it.” Sanford, 814 N.W.2d at 615 (cleaned up). We consider evidence
substantial if that evidence could convince a rational fact finder of the

5
defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt “when viewed in the light most
favorable to the State.” Id. The jury is permitted to credit certain evidence
while rejecting other evidence. Id.

The charges of sexual exploitation of a minor required the State to
prove the following:
1. On or about the 1st of September, 2021 through the 30th of June,
2023 [and the 1st of July, 2023 through the 7th of September, 2023],
[Marchant] used, knowingly permitted, or caused a person under the age
of 18 years to engage in a prohibited sexual act.

2. [Marchant] knew, or had reason to know, or intended that the act
would be photographed, filmed, or preserved in a visual depiction.

If the State has proved both of the elements, [Marchant] is guilty
of Sexual Exploitation of Minors. If the State has failed to prove either of
the elements, [Marchant] is not guilty.

The definition for a “prohibited sex act” included “[n]udity of a minor
for the purposes of arousing or satisfying the sexual desires of a person who
may view a visual depiction of the nude minor.”

The charge of invasion of privacy—nudity required the State to prove
the following:
1. On or about the 1st day of September 2021 through the 7th day
of September 2023, [Marchant] did knowingly view, photograph, or film
another person while in a state of full or partial nudity.

2. [Marchant] did so with the specific intent to arouse or gratify the
sexual desire of any person.

3. The other person did not consent or was unable to consent to
being viewed, photographed, or filmed.

4. The other person has a reasonable expectation of privacy while
in a state of full or partial nudity

6
If the State has proved all of the elements, [Marchant] is guilty of
Invasion of Privacy. If the State has failed to prove any one of the elements,
then [Marchant] is not guilty.

To prove the first element of each of the above charges, the State
sought to prove that Marchant placed hidden cameras in the victim’s
bedroom, used those cameras to record the victim in various states of
undress, and stored those nude images on his phone. Marchant contends the
evidence was insufficient to show such. But the evidence against Marchant is
overwhelming.

The State presented a significant amount of incriminating testimony
from the victim as well as physical evidence tying Marchant to the charged
actions. Significantly, the victim testified that it was Marchant who installed
the USB towers in her bedroom, ostensibly for the purpose of powering the
room’s LED lighting. These were the towers later found to be powering the
spy camera in the bedroom. Marchant argues that because no receipts for
those towers were ever recovered, and no direct evidence such as Marchant’s
DNA, fingerprints, or “footage of him interacting with the cameras” was
ever presented, his convictions lack sufficient evidence. But “circumstantial
and direct evidence are equally probative.” Godfrey v. State, 962 N.W.2d 84,
102 (Iowa 2021). And the circumstantial evidence presented by the State was
sufficient to allow the jury to draw “legitimate inference[s]” of guilt. See id.

The victim testified that she had never moved the USB towers, that
Marchant had personally constructed a shelf in her bedroom, and that the
towers were installed on that shelf. Marchant also seemed concerned that the
victim may move the USB towers and eventually glued the towers to the shelf
to prevent their removal if the victim rearranged the furniture in her
bedroom.

7
The victim’s mother found nude images of the victim on a phone she
thought Marchant no longer possessed. She also found hidden cameras near
the USB ports that Marchant had positioned and glued down in the victim’s
bedroom. Upon the victim’s mother’s discovery of the cameras and photos,
Marchant apologized and promised to commit suicide. Over 1,000 images of
the victim taken with the hidden cameras were recovered from Marchant’s
phones. Law enforcement additionally found several dozen bookmarks to
pornographic stepfather/stepdaughter-themed videos on Marchant’s phone
web browser.

Marchant’s contention that other individuals had access to his Google
account and could have been responsible for the images is not compelling
given the unique and overwhelming confluence of facts pointing to his guilt.
Marchant obsessed over the location of the USB towers powering the hidden
cameras in the victim’s bedroom, previously photographed the victim’s
breasts while she was sleeping, possessed hundreds of nude photos of the
victim, apologized for the acts, threatened to commit suicide, and had a
fascination with stepfather/stepdaughter pornography.

The jury was further free to discount Marchant’s implausible theories
of defense, such as that the victim or grandmother or mother secretly
recorded the victim and placed the images on Marchant’s Google Photos
account. Another theory Marchant put forth was that the victim placed the
cameras in her room so that she could be alone with her boyfriend in her
bedroom. No evidence was provided for this theory outside of Marchant’s
self-serving testimony. Sufficient evidence supports Marchant’s convictions
for sexual exploitation of a minor and invasion of privacy.

8
II. Exclusion of Evidence

Marchant next argues that the district court abused its discretion in
“excluding evidence that a partially nude photo of [the victim] had been
found on [the victim]’s cellphone.”

Marchant sought to admit certain testimony from the victim’s mother
through an offer of proof. That testimony alleged that around the summer of
2022, Marchant found a nude image of the victim in her bedroom on the
victim’s phone and showed it to the victim’s mother. The victim purportedly
took this photo and had been “grounded” as a result. The victim’s mother
also testified that the victim had sent the photo to another individual.

Following the offer of proof, Marchant’s attorney clarified that
Marchant was only seeking to introduce the testimony that the victim
possessed a nude photo of herself taken in her bedroom on her phone, and he
was not seeking to introduce evidence that she had sent the nude photo to
anyone. The State objected to its admission, and the district court excluded
the evidence on the grounds that it violated rule 5.412 (the rape shield law)
and, alternatively, that it lacked foundation and its probative value was
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice under rule 5.403.

Under Iowa’s rape shield law, “[e]vidence offered to prove that a
victim engaged in other sexual behavior” or “to prove a victim’s sexual
predisposition” is generally not admissible in criminal proceedings. Iowa R.
Evid. 5.412(a). The law is meant to “protect the victim’s privacy, encourage
the reporting and prosecution of sex offenses, and prevent the parties from
delving into distractive, irrelevant matters.” State v. Trane, 934 N.W.2d 447,
456–57 (Iowa 2019). But the rape shield law “does not come into play” when
a defendant seeks to introduce evidence that is not sexual behavior, such as
evidence that the victim posed nude, “[a]bsent a showing or implication of

9
sexual activity,” State v. Zaehringer, 280 N.W.2d 416, 420 (Iowa 1979), or a
precursor to sexual activity, State v. Alberts, 722 N.W.2d 402, 409
(Iowa 2006). “[T]o find nude posing to be ‘sexual conduct’ within the
meaning of [the rape shield law] would be to place a strained and
unreasonable construction on that [rule].” Zaehringer, 280 N.W.2d at 420;
but see State v. Kroll, No. 23-0449, 2024 WL 4624605, at *6 (Iowa Ct. App.
Oct. 30, 2024) (holding that the “act of sending nude pictures to men by a
mobile device through social media falls within ‘sexual behavior’”).

Under Iowa Rule of Evidence 5.403, the district court “may exclude
relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a
danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues,
misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting
cumulative evidence.” Here, even if we assume, without deciding, that the
district court wrongly excluded evidence of the nude photo under the rape
shield law, we determine that the district court properly exercised its
discretion in excluding the evidence under rule 5.403.

The district court’s concern that the nude-photo testimony was not
relevant to Marchant’s theory of defense was well founded. Its utility to the
defense is not clear to us. Defense counsel claimed the photo is “relevant to
show that [the victim] may have taken the pictures that the State accuses my
client of taking.” But as the district court aptly pointed out, “Any relevance
that a picture taken in 2022 may have to these cameras and what was shown
on these cameras and was shown on a phone that was not [the victim]’s is
more prejudicial than it is probative.” Essentially, Marchant sought to
suggest that, because the victim had taken a nude photo of herself in her
bedroom, it must have been taken with spy cameras in the room. But there is
no other evidence in the record that supports this tenuous theory in lieu of

10
the most plausible explanation: the victim took a nude photo of herself with
the very phone on which the nude photo was found.

In sum, even if we assume, without deciding, that the district court
wrongly excluded evidence of the nude photo under the rape shield law, the
district court properly exercised its discretion in excluding the evidence
under rule 5.403.

III. Hearsay Objection

Marchant contends the district court erred in admitting “evidence of
Google emails referencing an attempt to factory reset [his] Galaxy 8 phone.”
At trial, the State sought to introduce a Cellebrite extraction report
containing ten emails sent from “noreply@google.com” to
“MarchantNate69@gmail.com.” These emails indicated that a factory reset
was attempted on Marchant’s Galaxy 8 phone after the police had obtained
his Galaxy 8 and Galaxy 10 phones. In his pre-trial motion in limine,
Marchant sought the exclusion of these emails on the basis that they were
hearsay, arguing “they presumably came from somewhere inside the Google
corporation, but we don’t even know if they were written by a human or
generated by a robot.” The court did not exclude the emails following
Marchant’s motion in limine. At the time the State sought to introduce the
extraction report, Marchant objected “for hearsay, and particularly hearsay
from an unidentified and presumably non-human declarant. This appears to
be automatic responses from someone inside the Google Corporation.” The
district court overruled the objection and permitted the report’s admission
into evidence.

Hearsay is a statement made by a declarant, other than while testifying
at the current trial or hearing, to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Iowa
R. Evid. 5.801(c). The “declarant” is “the person who made the statement.”

11
Iowa R. Evid. 5.801(b) (emphasis added). Records produced through a “fully
automated and reliable process involving no human declarant” are “arguably
not hearsay at all, as they would not have been made by a human declarant.”
State v. Reynolds, 746 N.W.2d 837, 843 (Iowa 2008). But where it is unclear
whether an email or report was automated or produced by a human, there
must be evidence in the record establishing how the “report[] [was] created
or as to the reliability of the . . . reporting system in general.” Id.

In this case, even if we were to determine that district court erred in
overruling Marchant’s objection to the admission of the no-reply emails, any
such error on that objection was harmless. We addressed Marchant’s
insufficient-evidence claims above without considering the evidence related
to the emails produced by Google. By the time Marchant purportedly
attempted to wipe the Galaxy 8 phone, the damage was done. As we stated
above, the evidence against Marchant is overwhelming: Marchant obsessed
over the location of the USB towers powering the hidden cameras in the
victim’s bedroom, previously photographed the victim’s breasts while she
was sleeping, possessed hundreds of nude photos of the victim taken with a
hidden camera in her bedroom, apologized to the victim’s mother for the
acts, threatened to commit suicide, and had a fascination with
stepfather/stepdaughter pornography. Thus, the district court’s admission
of the extraction report did not result in any reversible error.

IV. Text Messages Between Victim’s Mother and Paramour

Marchant also argues that “[t]he district court erred in precluding
Marchant from placing into evidence the text messages between [the victim’s
mother] and her paramour.” Marchant sought to introduce screenshots of
texts between the victim’s mother and another man. The victim’s mother
believed the messages were sent in 2019, and Marchant argued they were sent

12
in 2021. The State objected to the admission of these screenshots, and the
district court excluded them on the grounds of “lack of foundation, lack of
completeness” and for “the reasons previously given for excluding during
pretrial motions,” which included relevance due to remoteness and improper
character evidence.

We find it was reasonable for the district court to exclude these text
messages. The messages are largely innocuous, containing some flirtatious
statements between the victim’s mother and the purported paramour, as well
as some mild gripes and complaints about Marchant’s behavior. Notably, the
texts lack any context. The screenshots as submitted are a patchwork of short
conversations communicating no common theme or plan of action. And it
was well-documented at trial that both parties were distrustful of the other
and suspected cheating on both sides. But there is no indication in the
screenshotted texts that the victim’s mother was conspiring to set Marchant
up as he suggests they do. The district court did not abuse its discretion in
excluding the screenshots of the text messages between the victim’s mother
and her paramour.

V. Admission of Pornographic Website Bookmarks

Marchant requested in his motion in limine that evidence of
bookmarks to stepdaughter-related pornographic videos on his phones be
excluded. He contended those bookmarks were irrelevant and inadmissible
character evidence. The court denied that request and overruled Marchant’s
objection when the bookmarks were introduced at trial. Marchant now
appeals that ruling, arguing the evidence was inadmissible prior-bad-acts
evidence.

Iowa Rule of Evidence 5.404(b) prohibits admission of “[e]vidence of
any other crime, wrong, or act” for the purpose of “prov[ing] a person’s

13
character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in
accordance with the character.” But such evidence can be admissible for
“proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity,
absence of mistake, or lack of accident.” Iowa R. Evid. 5.404(b).

We apply a three-prong test for assessing whether proposed evidence
which would otherwise be prohibited under rule 5.404(b)(1) should be
permitted under rule 5.404(b)(2).
The court must first “determine whether the evidence is relevant to a
legitimate, disputed factual issue.” Second, the evidence must provide
“clear proof” that the defendant engaged in the act. Mere speculation or
hearsay is not enough, but “[t]estimony of credible witnesses can satisfy
the clear-proof requirement.” Finally, the court must consider whether the
evidence’s “probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of
unfair prejudice to the defendant.”

State v. Thoren, 970 N.W.2d 611, 626 (Iowa 2022) (internal citations omitted).

Marchant contends that the bookmark evidence fails the first and third
prongs of this test as it is not relevant to any factual issue besides Marchant’s
general propensity and its probative value was outweighed by the danger of
unfair prejudice. But the evidence was most certainly relevant to identifying
the person who had secretly recorded the victim. Marchant denied that he
had placed the cameras and claimed to be unaware of the 1,000 nude photos
of his girlfriend’s teenage daughter on his phone. And our supreme court has
previously upheld the admission of bad-acts evidence where the
perpetrator’s identity was put into question. See Putman, 848 N.W.2d at 10.
Marchant directly put identity at issue by shifting blame onto the victim’s
mother and grandmother, as well as onto the victim herself. The bookmark
evidence identified a niche category of pornography which Marchant
essentially recreated by secretly photographing his girlfriend’s daughter.

14
That evidence assisted in identifying Marchant rather than the victim, her
mother, or grandmother as the responsible party.

The evidence was also not more prejudicial than it was probative.
Because this balancing test “is not an exact science,” we give some deference
to the district court’s judgment on the issue. Putman, 848 N.W.2d at 10
(citation omitted). We assess “the need for the evidence in light of the issues
and the other evidence available to the prosecution, whether there is clear
proof the defendant committed the prior bad acts, the strength or weakness
of the evidence on the relevant issue, and the degree to which the fact finder
will be prompted to decide the case on an improper basis.” Id. at 9–10
(citation omitted).

The probative value was high here. Marchant flatly denied any
knowledge of the cameras or the presence of the hundreds of nude images on
his phone. Marchant additionally does not deny the bookmarks were his and
several of the video titles resemble the type of voyeuristic acts he engaged in
(“Stepdad Caught[] Stepdaughter Naked;” “Catching my Step Daughter
taking Nudes for her OnlyFans;” “Step-Dad Catches Teen Masturbating and
Helps her”). Lastly, the bookmarks were not overly prejudicial. Unlike the
jury in Putman, which was tasked with viewing child pornography that has “a
strong tendency to produce intense disgust,” id. at 14–15 (citation omitted),
the jury here was not presented with pornographic images—merely an
itemized list of the bookmark titles. The list was further limited to only those
with a stepdaughter connection. While the bookmarks do not present
Marchant in a favorable light, they are a far cry from the type of evidence that
induces intense disgust. When considered in conjunction with their identity-
related purpose, the bookmarks’ probative value is not outweighed by the

15
danger of unfair prejudice. The district court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting the bookmarks evidence.

CONCLUSION
In summary, sufficient evidence supported Marchant’s convictions for
sexual exploitation of a minor and invasion of privacy. And even if we assume,
without deciding, that the district court wrongly excluded evidence of the
nude photo under the rape shield law, we determine its exclusion under rule
5.403 was not an abuse of discretion. We further determine that even if we
were to decide that the district court erred in overruling Marchant’s
objection to the admission of the extraction report containing emails, such
error was harmless due to the overwhelming evidence of Marchant’s guilt.
The district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the screenshots of
the text messages between the victim’s mother and her paramour. Lastly, the
district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence of Marchant’s
bookmarks to stepdaughter-related pornographic videos.

AFFIRMED.

16