In the Interest of D.B., Minor Child

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 25-0546
Filed July 23, 2025

IN THE INTEREST OF D.B.,
Minor Child,

N.B., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Erik I. Howe, Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to her child.

AFFIRMED.

Karen A. Taylor of Taylor Law Offices, P.C., Des Moines, for appellant

mother.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Mackenzie Moran, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Shannon L. Wallace of Youth Law Center, Des Moines, attorney and

guardian ad litem for minor child.

Considered without oral argument by Schumacher, P.J., and Buller and

Sandy, JJ.
2

SCHUMACHER, Presiding Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to her one-year-old

son, D.B.1 The mother challenges the statutory grounds for termination, claims

termination is not in the child’s best interests, and asks us to apply permissive

exceptions to preclude termination. Upon our review, we affirm.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

This family came to the attention of the Iowa Department of Health and

Human Services (the department) in October 2023, when D.B. tested positive for

amphetamines and methamphetamine at birth. The department implemented a

safety plan with approved relatives caring for the child and supervising the

mother’s interactions with him. The mother completed a substance-use evaluation

but did not return for treatment. Thereafter, the mother refused drug tests. The

child missed his first few well-child check-ups. Meanwhile, the father was arrested

and incarcerated for several domestic assaults on the mother. In February 2024,

the child was removed from the parents’ custody for relative placement with the

maternal grandparents. He was adjudicated in need of assistance in April.2

A dispositional hearing took place in May. The court observed the mother

had participated in visits with the child. However, the guardian ad litem noted

concern about the mother having unsupervised contact with the child in the

grandparents’ home due to the mother’s substance use, as she had recently tested

positive for methamphetamine. The court found the mother “has not engaged in

any services directed to address the concerns which led to removal[,] [p]articularly

1 The father’s parental rights were also terminated. He does not appeal.
2 The mother stipulated to the child’s continued removal and adjudication.
3

as it relates to substance use,” and found she “needs to demonstrate significantly

more engagement in [the department’s] recommendations to show her

commitment to working towards reunification,” “includ[ing] being honest about

where she’s at regarding her substance use and struggles generally.”

A permanency hearing took place in August. The court learned the mother

had missed several drug screens in June and July. And although she had a sweat

patch applied in July, she did not return to the facility to have it removed. The court

“presume[d] all of them would have been positive.” The court also noted the

mother had not engaged in services designed to address domestic violence, which

the court found “continues to be an issue” given the father’s arrest in June for

perpetrating another domestic assault against the mother. The State petitioned

for termination of parental rights.

The termination hearing took place in February 2025.3 By then, the child

was fifteen months old and had been out of the parents’ custody for the past year.

At trial, the mother testified she had used methamphetamine “one time” “right

before giving birth.” She stated she also made “a poor decision” to complete the

sweat patch that was positive for methamphetamine. She acknowledged that she

had not completed any other drug screens in this case,4 except for the sweat patch

3 The hearing was originally scheduled for November, but it was continued to

January because the mother’s attorney withdrew at the start of the hearing. The
hearing was continued again because the mother was in the hospital following an
emergency C-section for another child.
4 The mother acknowledged she had tested positive for amphetamines and

methamphetamine at the time of her most recent childbirth. The mother denied
using drugs, stating instead that she “took five different kinds of heartburn
medication,” which a nurse told her “gives false positives for meth and
amphetamines.”
4

in July that was not submitted properly. She testified she refused to complete any

other drug screens because she knew other people “who are in my situation who

have continued to be undermined by these patches and said that there’s a huge

issue . . . of giving either correct positives or not” and because the prosecutor and

caseworker “had made some prejudicial statements.” She also reported she was

“allergic to Latex” so she could not test. The mother agreed she was asked to

provide a drug screen “yesterday,” but she did not “have time.” Yet she maintained

if she provided a drug screen “today,” it would be “[c]lean.” When asked later in

the hearing, she refused to test.

The department and the guardian ad litem recommended termination of

parental rights. The court entered an order terminating the mother’s rights

pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h) and (l) (2024). The mother appeals.

II. Standard of Review

We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo. In re A.B.,

957 N.W.2d 280, 293 (Iowa 2021). Our primary consideration is the best interests

of the child, In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 798 (Iowa 2006), the defining elements of

which are the child’s safety and need for a permanent home, In re H.S., 805

N.W.2d 737, 748 (Iowa 2011). We give weight to, but are not bound by, the district

court’s fact findings. In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 472 (Iowa 2018).

III. Analysis

In reviewing termination-of-parental-rights proceedings, we ask whether

(1) a statutory ground for termination is satisfied, (2) the child’s best interests are

served by termination, and (3) a statutory exception applies and should be

exercised to preclude termination. See In re L.B., 970 N.W.2d 311, 313 (Iowa
5

2022); see also Iowa Code § 232.116(1)–(3). The mother’s appeal touches on

each of these steps.

A. Grounds for Termination

The mother’s rights were terminated on multiple grounds, but we may affirm

if any one of the grounds is supported by the record. See In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d

764, 774 (Iowa 2012). We focus on paragraph (h), of which the mother “argue[s]

that element number four of this section has not [been] met by the State.” 5 To

support her claim, the mother claims she “made progress throughout this case.”

At the termination hearing, she testified she could “[a]bsolutely” care for the child

if he was returned to her “today.”

However, the mother had not produced a drug screen that was negative for

substances. She acknowledged it was her choice not to do drug screens, even

though she was aware that showing her sobriety would be the “quickest way” to

reunify with D.B. The department caseworker reported:

[The mother] has minimally engaged in the recommended
services to address the safety concerns relating [to] her substance
abuse, mental health and domestic violence. Recently, she started
abuse treatment, but due to her self-report was only recommended
for a 1.0 level of care despite her long history throughout this case of
behavioral indicators. She has not provided drug screens for the
Department or her provider since the Permanency Hearing, despite
being adequately informed that a drug screen not taken is considered
positive. [The mother] started attending therapy . . . . However, both
services were not started until the Permanency Hearing. [The
mother] still denies her substance use and the dangers associated
with it, claiming she only used once when pregnant and once when

5 We note, however, that the mother does not claim the court erred in concluding

the child could not be safely returned to her custody. See Iowa Code
§ 232.116(1)(h)(4) (requiring the State to show by clear and convincing evidence
that the child could not be returned safely to the custody of either parent at the time
of the termination hearing). Despite this omission, which is arguably crucial to her
claim, we elect to address its merits.
6

she had on the last patch. [The mother] has been attending her
interactions with [D.B.], but she has not been addressing the safety
concerns for her substance abuse and mental health and her
understanding of the domestic violence dynamic in her relationship
with [the father] remains largely unaddressed.

Based on these and the other facts detailed above, we concur with the

court’s assessment that the child could not be safely returned to the mother’s

custody at the time of the termination hearing. See In re R.G., No. 25-0530, 2025

WL 1704721, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. June 18, 2025) (noting the child could not be

safely returned to the father’s custody “[b]ecause the father is not addressing his

substance-use issues, is not compliant with drug testing, and his home is not

appropriate for [the child]”). Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h) was satisfied.

To the extent the mother also argues she would be in a position to have the

child returned to her if given the additional six months to do so, we disagree. The

mother had done little during the past year to show the ability to safely parent the

child after an additional six months. See id. at *4. As the department caseworker

reported:

The Department does not believe that reunification is possible
today or anytime within the foreseeable future. [D.B.] has been out
of his parent’s care for nine of his twelve months of life, and he
deserves to have permanency. [D.B.] is so young and has
experienced so much instability in his short life. Prior to becoming
court involved, the Department offered intensive eligible services that
the parents struggled to engage with and were not open to services.
The large concern for the lack of engagement in services and
communication by the parents remains. [D.B.] needs a safe home,
free from substances with safe and sober caretakers. This child
deserves a permanent plan that will be safe and long term. There
has been little to no progress thus far in the case, and based on the
lack of engagement and openness, it’s not reasonably likely that
more time will yield a different result.
7

In short, the same concerns prompting the department’s involvement with

this family remained unresolved at the time of the termination hearing. An

extension of time was unwarranted. See In re A.A.G., 708 N.W.2d 85, 92 (Iowa

Ct. App. 2005) (“In order to continue placement for six months, the statute requires

the court to make a determination the need for removal will no longer exist at the

end of the extension.”).

B. Best Interests

The mother also claims termination is not in the child’s best interests. When

determining best interests, we give primary weight to “the child’s safety, to the best

placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of the child, and to the

physical, mental and emotional conditions and needs of the child.” Iowa Code

§ 232.116(2). Here, these factors all weigh in favor of termination.

The mother has minimally engaged in recommended services, and her

methamphetamine use remains unresolved. D.B. has been in his current

placement for the past year, where he is reported to be healthy and safe. See

J.E., 723 N.W.2d at 802 (Cady, J., concurring specially) (describing the child’s

safety as the defining element of the best-interest analysis). Meanwhile, the

mother’s visits remain fully supervised and caseworkers noted concerns about the

mother exhibiting behavioral indicators of drug use. We conclude termination is in

the child’s best interests.

C. Permissive Exceptions

The mother also claims we should apply permissive exceptions contained

in Iowa Code section 232.116(3)(a) and (c) to preclude termination. It is the
8

mother’s burden to prove an exception should be applied, and the exceptions are

permissive, not mandatory. A.S., 906 N.W.2d at 475–76.

The exception in section 232.116(3)(a) allows us to forgo termination if “[a]

relative has legal custody of the child.” But custody of the child remained with the

department through the termination hearing. This exception is therefore

inapplicable.6

The mother also points to the exception in section 232.116(3)(c), which

gives us discretion to forgo termination when the bond between parent and child

is so strong that “termination would be detrimental to the child.” The mother claims

“[t]he child knows and has a significant bond with” her. The family-centered

services specialist agreed the mother has a “good relationship” with the child. Yet,

6 The mother conflates her permissive-exception argument with an argument
concerning a guardianship. To the extent the mother requests a guardianship with
the relative placement, we determine that a guardianship is not an appropriate
permanency option for D.B. The mother points out that “[a]t the time of trial, the
minor child was residing with his maternal grandfather” and claims the court “could
have granted guardianship of the child to . . . the grandfather.” To establish a
guardianship in lieu of termination, the court must determine by clear and
convincing evidence that “termination of the parent-child relationship would not be
in the best interest of the child.” Iowa Code § 232.104(4)(a). However, “a
guardianship is not a legally preferable alternative to termination.” In re B.T., 894
N.W.2d 29, 32 (Iowa Ct. App. 2017). Despite the mother’s claim that a
guardianship with the maternal grandfather “would have provided permanency and
safety for the child, at a minimum,” a guardianship does not provide the same level
of stability and safety for a child as termination of parental rights and adoption
because a guardianship is not permanent. See A.S., 906 N.W.2d at 478. “An
appropriate determination to terminate a parent-child relationship is not to be
countermanded by the ability and willingness of a family relative to take the child.”
In re C.K., 558 N.W.2d 170, 174 (Iowa 1997). The child’s best interests always
remain the first consideration. In re L.M.F., 490 N.W.2d 66, 67 (Iowa Ct. App.
1992). Under these circumstances, a guardianship status lacks the permanency
D.B. needs and deserves. See In re A.C., No. 23-0567, 2023 WL 3612382, at *2
(Iowa Ct. App. May 24, 2023) (“The impermanent nature of guardianships denies
children the security and stability that a permanent home provides.”).
9

the specialist also noted the mother was “late for almost every visit,” which were

ninety minutes long. And the mother has not carried her burden by clear and

convincing evidence to prove that termination will be detrimental to the child due

to this parent-child bond.

We affirm the termination of the mother’s parental rights.

AFFIRMED.