Oscar Recio and Maria Recio v. Frederick M. Fridley, D.L. Peterson Trust, Securitas Security Services USA, Inc. and Doe Corporation

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-0990
Filed March 19, 2025

OSCAR RECIO and MARIA RECIO,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,

vs.

FREDERICK M. FRIDLEY, D.L. PETERSON TRUST, SECURITAS SECURITY
SERVICES USA, INC., and DOE CORPORATION,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Warren County, Thomas P. Murphy,

Judge.

Plaintiffs appeal the district court’s order enforcing a settlement agreement

and dismissing their suit. AFFIRMED.

Christopher P. Welsh of Welsh & Welsh, PC, LLO, Omaha, Nebraska, for

appellants.

Daniel R. Sarther (pro hac vice) of Christensen HSU Sipes, LLP, Chicago,

Illinois, and Spencer S. Cady of Nyemaster Goode, P.C., Des Moines, for

appellees.

Considered by Badding, P.J., Langholz, J., and Potterfield, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206

(2025).
2

LANGHOLZ, Judge.

Oscar and Maria Recio’s attorney negotiated a $125,000 settlement on their

claims arising from a van crash caused by Frederick Fridley. But before the Recios

signed a release, they hired a new attorney, claimed they never authorized their

first attorney to enter into the settlement agreement, and sued Fridley.1 Fridley

moved to enforce the settlement agreement—asking the court to find that the

Recios settled their claims and thus to dismiss the suit. After a hearing—at which

neither party called any witnesses—the court found that the parties had reached a

settlement agreement, reasoning that the Recios failed to rebut the presumption

that their attorney had authority to settle with clear and satisfactory proof.

The Recios appeal, arguing that the court improperly granted summary

judgment on Fridley’s motion when a genuine issue of material fact existed as to

whether their first attorney had authority to settle their claims. But the ruling they

appeal is not a summary-judgment ruling. Without objection from the Recios, the

court decided this preliminary factual issue—finding based on the evidence before

it that the parties reached a settlement agreement. So any error in this procedure

is not preserved. And reviewing for corrections of errors at law, we hold that the

court’s finding is supported by substantial evidence. Given the other evidence and

the presumption of attorney authority, we cannot say as a matter of law that the

court was required to believe a single affidavit. We thus affirm the district court’s

order enforcing the settlement agreement and dismissing the Recios’ suit.

1 The Recios also sued D.L. Peterson Trust, Securitas Security Services USA, Inc.,

and Doe Corporation, alleging that Fridley was employed by one of these
businesses and that D.L. Peterson Trust owned the van driven by Fridley in the
accident. All remain as appellees too. But for readability, we refer only to Fridley.
3

I. Factual Background and Proceedings

On December 7, 2020, Fridley dropped his cell phone while driving on an

entrance ramp to Interstate 80 and crashed into a semi-truck parked on the ramp.

Oscar Recio was under the parked truck performing repairs. And the crash caused

“severe and permanent injuries and damages” to Recio and his truck.

Recio retained an attorney, Cesar Palma, who eventually began negotiating

a settlement of the claims arising from the crash with a claims examiner for

Fridley’s insurer. In October 2021, Palma sent the claims examiner a settlement

demand for “the policy limits.” After apparently receiving no response to the

demand by Palma’s deadline, another employee of Palma’s law firm repeatedly

followed up by email until the claims examiner responded in mid-January, “I have

obtained authority, we would like to offer your client $105,000 for his injuries, thank

you.” Four days later, Palma responded, “We would like to bring this to a resolution

as well. Our client will consider getting this case resolved for $425,000.00, please

let me know by Friday at noon.”

Two minutes later, the claims examiner replied “I am sorry there [is] no way

I can get even close to that.” Minutes after that, Palma wrote, “Give me a counter

offer and I will get with my client. I have room to negotiate.” And the negotiation

then continued for the next fifteen minutes. The claims examiner first shared why

he did not value the case higher, but still offered an increase to $108,000. Palma

countered at $250,000. The claims examiner explained, “I don’t have much more

to move, $110,000.00.” Palma finished out this round replying, “In order to get this

done, my client will consider 150,000.00 let me know by Friday or sooner if you

can.”
4

About two weeks later, apparently having heard nothing more, Palma wrote

the examiner again, “I just spoke with my client and he asked me to file suit. I

never heard anything back from you on our last offer. Please let me know. Thank

you.” The claims examiner replied the next day, “I am sorry, I was obtaining more

authority from my client. I can get to $116,000.00, if you think it will get it done.”

Palma answered later that morning, “I would like to get this done today so I don’t

have to file suit. Can we meet at 130k, if so please send me a release. Thank

you.” Minutes later, the claims examiner responded, “My max authority is

$120,000. If you want more, I need to request from my client.” And Palma curtly

replied, “125,000 and send me a release. Thank you.”

The claims examiner immediately clarified, “I need more authority, do you

want me to go to my client or send you a release for $120,000?” And Palma

confirmed, “Get authority for 125 and send me a release. Thank you.” Four hours

later, the claims examiner sent a final email, “Enclosed is your release.” Attached

to the email was a one-page general release prepared for Recio to sign, releasing

all claims arising from the crash in exchange for $125,000.

Recio never signed the released. And at some point, he switched attorneys.

His new attorney eventually reached back out to the claims examiner. In a July

2022 email, the new attorney wrote, “As previously discussed, Mr. Recio did not

give any authority to his previous attorney to settle this matter for the $125k.

Please let me know if you will be reevaluating once he has completed his [traumatic

brain injury] treatment and making a new offer.” A month later, the attorney sent

the claims examiner a copy of Recio’s comprehensive neurological evaluation and

asked when the examiner would “have some time to discuss this claim.”
5

On December 2, 2022, the Recios filed this suit against Fridley seeking

damages arising from the crash. A few days later on December 7—exactly two

years from the date of the crash—the claims examiner responded to the attorney’s

August email, asking “do you have a[] demand yet?”2 Later that morning, the

attorney replied “We do not have a demand ready yet. Do you have a new offer

to convey to the client?” And the claims examiner replied, “I know our last offer

was $125,000, we did not get a demand from you.”

In March 2023, Fridley filed a motion to enforce settlement, asking the

district court to enter an order finding that Recio had agreed to release all the

claims in the suit for $125,000 and dismissing the case. Fridley submitted as

exhibits the settlement demand and emails showing the negotiations between

Palma and the claims examiner highlighted above.

The Recios resisted, arguing that the court should deny the motion and

“allow the litigation to continue” because Palma lacked “the authority to negotiate,

make counteroffers, or resolve Mr. Recio’s claim.” They submitted as exhibits the

emails between their new attorney and the claims examiner and an affidavit by

Oscar Recio describing his knowledge of the settlement discussions:

At no time did Mr. Palma inform me that a demand letter had been
sent to the insurance company to try and settle the case. At no time
did Mr. Palma get my authority to accept, reject, or negotiate any
offer on my behalf. At no time did Mr. Palma convey any offers or
numbers that the insurance company was sending over. At no time
did Mr. Palma get my authority to make counteroffers on my behalf.
At no time was I informed of any settlement talks or negotiations for
my case. I have never signed any release agreeing to accept
$125,000.00 to settle my case and I have never given verbal or
written approval to accept $125,000.00 to settle my case.

2 The record is silent whether the claims examiner knew of the filed suit when

writing. The Recios served one of the defendants the next day, December 8.
6

In the affidavit, Recio also explained that he switched attorneys “due to lack of

communication,” and it was his new attorney that told him “Mr. Palma asked the

insurance company for a release for $125,000.00 and that Mr. Palma had been

negotiating and making counteroffers without my knowledge and authority.”

The court set the motion for a hearing in an order that noted, “This matter

is set for 30 mins on a Court Service Day. If more time is needed, the parties shall

contact the Court immediately.” The Recios did not request more time. But their

attorney did ask for—and was granted—permission to participate in the hearing by

videoconference. Then again, the day before the hearing, the court emailed the

attorneys for all parties: “Tomorrow there is a hearing on the motion to enforce. If

you plan on presenting testimony, we need to continue it to a non-court service

day. Tomorrow, we only have time for short arguments. Please let us know.” And

the attorneys told the court they did not intend to present testimony.

After the hearing, the district court granted Fridley’s motion. The court found

that the emails between Palma and the claims examiner “clearly establish” that the

claims examiner “accepted Mr. Palma’s demand to settle the case for $125,000.”

It reasoned that such settlement agreements “are not required to be in writing” and

that here “[t]here were few details to resolve, the amount was not extraordinary for

a personal injury settlement, the exchange of a release for funds is not overly

technical, and the language of the settlement was clear and common.” The court

also found that Palma acted with authority because the Recios had failed to rebut

the presumption that an attorney acts with his client’s authority with clear and

convincing proof. The court found that the affidavit alone was “not clear and
7

convincing evidence,” reasoning that “the Recios opted not to present testimony.

There is no evidence that Mr. Palma is subject to an ethics complaint. There was

no submission from Mr. Palma. The court cannot find, without serious or

substantial uncertainty, that Mr. Palma acted without authority.” (Cleaned up.)

Thus, the court ordered that the “settlement agreement in the amount of $125,000

is by this order enforced” and that the Recios’ claims “shall be dismissed upon

payment of $125,000.”

The Recios moved to reconsider the order enforcing the settlement

agreement under Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.904(2). They largely reiterated

the arguments from their resistance and urged that the court should reconsider

and find that “Mr. Palma acted without Mr. Recio’s authority.” They did not argue

that the court should not have resolved the factual dispute about authority at all or

request that the matter instead be submitted to a jury. The court summarily denied

the motion. And the Recios now appeal.

II. The District Court’s Role in Enforcing Settlement Agreements

On appeal, the Recios argue that the district court erred in enforcing the

settlement agreement because they generated a material fact dispute about

whether Palma had their authority to settle the case. This argument rests on the

premise that the court should have applied the summary-judgment standard in

ruling on Fridley’s motion. See Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.981. And they seek support for

this premise from cases in which disputes about enforcing settlement agreements

have been litigated at summary judgment. See, e.g., O’Reilly Auto Enters. v.

Badia, No. 21-1871, 2022 WL 17829370, at *2–3 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 21, 2022).

But the Recios’ premise is faulty—the court did not grant summary judgment.
8

To dispel the confusion, we start with the broader legal context surrounding

enforcement of settlement agreements. “The law favors settlement of

controversies.” Wright v. Scott, 410 N.W.2d 247, 249 (Iowa 1987). Agreements

to settle a legal controversy are “essentially contractual in nature.” Id. So like

other contracts, they can be enforced through an independent contract suit.

See, e.g., Dillon v. City of Davenport, 366 N.W.2d 918, 920–21 (Iowa 1985)

(considering appeal from a suit seeking specific performance of an agreement to

settle workers’ compensation claim). Such a suit could progress like any other to

resolution at summary judgment or trial depending on the disputed issues and

litigation strategies of the parties. See, e.g., id. at 921 (reviewing order for specific

performance after trial to the court); O’Reilly Auto Enters., 2022 WL 17829370,

at *1–3 (reversing order granting summary judgment to party seeking to enforce

settlement agreement because genuine dispute of material fact existed about

attorney’s authority to settle the claims).

But district courts also “have authority to enforce settlement agreements

made in a pending case.” Wende v. Orv Rocker Ford Lincoln Mercury, Inc., 530

N.W.2d 92, 94 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995); see also, e.g., Est. of Cox by Cox v. Dunakey

& Klatt, P.C., 893 N.W.2d 295, 300–01 (Iowa 2017); Gilbride v. Trunnelle, 620

N.W.2d 244, 249 (Iowa 2000); Cunningham v. Iowa-Ill. Gas & Elec. Co., 55 N.W.2d

552, 554–55 (Iowa 1952). Sometimes a claim that the case has been settled is

added to the case through a pleading. See, e.g., Cunningham, 55 N.W.2d at 553

(noting that the “claimed settlement was pleaded in a separate division of an

answer filed by the defendant”). Other times, even though there is no rule

expressly authorizing it, the issue has been brought before the court with a motion
9

to enforce the settlement agreement.3 See, e.g., Wende, 530 N.W.2d at 94, n.1;

Cox, 893 N.W.2d at 300.

Whether introduced to a pending case by a pleading or motion, the issue

can be considered in multiples ways. If there is no material fact dispute, it may be

resolved by the court through summary judgment. See Gilbride, 620 N.W.2d at

249–51. But if there is a fact dispute, the issue must be resolved by the finder of

fact—either by “the court or jury as an additional claim” when deciding the rest of

“the original action” or “by the court or jury in a separate hearing.” Wende,

530 N.W.2d at 94; see also Cunningham, 55 N.W.2d at 554 (affirming court’s

finding that case was settled after the issue was submitted to the court with the

apparent agreement of the parties); In re Est. of Kinzenbaw, No. 15-0981,

2016 WL 4051674, at *3–4 (Iowa Ct. App. July 27, 2016) (same).

Here, the procedural posture is remarkably similar to that in Wende v. Orv

Rocker Ford Lincoln Mercury, Inc. See 530 N.W.2d at 94. In Wende, the

defendants also sought to dismiss this pending case by filing a motion to enforce

the settlement agreement. See id. There, as here, the defendants submitted the

settlement correspondence between the attorneys as evidence in support of the

motion. See id. And just as here, the plaintiff resisted with evidence that her

3 While appellate courts have repeatedly reviewed rulings on motions to enforce

settlement agreements, we have suggested that “the issue is most appropriately
raised by first amending the pleadings to assert settlement as a claim in the
lawsuit.” Wende, 530 N.W.2d at 94 n.1. And the supreme court has declined to
decide whether a motion to enforce is the correct procedure for presenting the
issue to the district court when neither party “suggest[ed] that the issue was
appropriately presented in a separate action or through the filing of additional
pleadings to frame the issue.” Wright, 410 N.W.2d at 248–49. Since the Recios
have likewise never argued that the issue could not be considered in this case or
without an amended pleading, we similarly do not consider those questions.
10

attorney lacked authority. See id. And the motion “was submitted to the court for

resolution without objection.” Id. at 95. Indeed, the Wende plaintiff—same as the

Recios—“did not argue in her resistance to the motion that a factual dispute

precluded the court from resolving the motion, nor did she request the issue be

submitted to a jury.” Id. Rather, she too argued “that the facts did not give rise to

an enforceable agreement and asked the court to deny the motion.” Id. And there,

as here, the district court ultimately sided with the defendants finding that the

attorney had the authority to settle and the settlement agreement was enforceable.

See id. at 94.

When the Wende plaintiff argued on appeal for the first time that “a jury

question was raised over [her attorney’s] authority to settle the case,” we thus held

that “she failed to preserve any claim of error involving the procedure followed by

the trial court” because she “did not object to the submission of [the] motion to the

court as the finder of fact.” Id. at 94–95. So too here. The district court acted as

the fact finder, resolving the parties’ dispute over whether Palma had authority to

enter into the settlement agreement. By acquiescing to that procedure in the

district court, the Recios failed to preserve error on any claim that the court should

have treated the motion as one for summary judgment and left resolution of fact

disputes for the jury. See id. at 95. Holding otherwise would be unfair—letting the

Recios lie in wait to see if the court agreed with them only to try to change the rules

of the game on appeal if unsuccessful. Our error-preservation requirement exists,

among other reasons, to prevent such “sandbagging.” State v. Crawford, 972

N.W.2d 189, 199 (Iowa 2022).
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And so, we cannot consider whether the district court should have treated

Fridley’s motion to enforce settlement as a summary-judgment motion and denied

it because a material fact dispute existed about Palma’s authority to settle this

case. Our review is limited to the issue decided—that Palma had that authority.

III. Sufficiency of the Evidence for the District Court’s Finding

Because the district court decided the factual dispute over enforcement of

the settlement agreement, we review its decision for correction of errors at law.

See Wende, 530 N.W.2d at 95. The court’s decision “has the effect of a jury

verdict.” Cunningham, 55 N.W.2d at 554. So its findings “are binding if supported

by substantial evidence.” Wende, 530 N.W.2d at 95. “Evidence is substantial or

sufficient when a reasonable mind could accept it as adequate to reach the same

findings.” Strong v. Rothamel, 523 N.W.2d 597, 600 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994). We

view the evidence in the light most favorable to the findings and ask only “whether

substantial evidence supports the finding actually made by the trial court, not

whether substantial evidence would have supported a different finding.” Van Oort

Constr. Co. v. Nuckoll’s Concrete Serv., Inc., 599 N.W.2d 684, 691 (Iowa 1999).

The Recios argue that Fridley failed to “present any evidence to support any

assertion of affirmative acceptance of the offer of settlement by Mr. Recio directly,

nor any evidence to show Mr. Recio provided affirmative authority for such offer.”4

And they critique the district court’s reliance on the email exchanges between

4 Technically, all of the Recios’ arguments on appeal are framed as reasons the

court should have denied summary judgment. But as we have already rejected
the premise that the court made a summary-judgment ruling, out of an abundance
of caution, we elect to interpret this part of their argument as essentially
challenging the sufficiency of the evidence for the court’s findings.
12

Palma and the claims examiner for its findings, claiming that its reasoning was

“based on presumptions” about attorneys acting with their clients’ authority that the

Recios contend should not be used to “determine Mr. Recio’s attorney acted with

his authority.”

But under our deferential review of the district court’s factual findings, we

have little difficulty holding that substantial evidence supports the finding that

Palma had authority to settle the case. The admitted exhibits showing the written

settlement negotiations support a finding that Palma did reach a settlement

agreement with the claims examiner. And contrary to the Recios argument, the

district court thus properly presumed that Palma was acting with his client’s

authority. Under Iowa law, “[a]n attorney is presumed to act with authority” to settle

a case for a client. Gilbride, 620 N.W.2d at 251. That presumption can be rebutted

“only by clear and satisfactory proof.” Id.; cf. Lonning v. Lonning, 199 N.W.2d 60,

62–63 (Iowa 1972) (considering whether presumption of authority to appear for a

party was rebutted by clear and satisfactory proof). But if it is not, then a settlement

made by the attorney “is binding on the client.” Gilbride, 620 N.W.2d at 251; see

also Kinzenbaw, 2016 WL 4051674, at *3–4 (affirming district court’s finding that

client failed to rebut presumption of authority to settle case as supported by

substantial evidence).

True, the Recios presented the affidavit of Oscar Recio and later email

exchanges between the claims examiner and their new attorney in an attempt to

rebut the presumption of authority. But the district court was not required to believe

the affidavit. Nor was it required to find the claims examiner’s emails ten months

later—after being informed the Recios were not recognizing the settlement—had
13

any legal effect on whether Palma in fact had authority. Given the references in

Palma’s emails to talking with his client, the seriousness of the ethical breach if

Palma had been lying and acting without authority, and the absence of any

corroborating evidence from Palma or otherwise, a reasonable mind could

conclude that this evidence was not clear and satisfactory proof to rebut the

presumption of attorney authority. And the district court so found. We need not

consider whether this evidence could have supported the contrary finding because

that is not the question we ask in substantial-evidence review. See Van Oort

Constr. Co., 599 N.W.2d at 691.

We thus affirm the district court’s finding that Palma had authority to settle

the case when he reached an agreement to do so for $125,000. The district court

did not err in enforcing the settlement agreement and ordering the suit to be

dismissed upon the payment of that sum.

AFFIRMED.