In the Interest of A.H., Minor Child

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 24-1517
Filed December 4, 2024

IN THE INTEREST OF A.H.,
Minor Child,

A.M., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Montgomery County, Justin R.

Wyatt, Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights. AFFIRMED.

Eric A. Checketts of Checketts Law, PLC, Glenwood, for appellant mother.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Tamara Knight, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Ivan Miller of Billings & Mensen, Red Oak, attorney and guardian ad litem

for minor child.

Considered by Buller, P.J., Langholz, J., and Vogel, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206

(2024).
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VOGEL, Senior Judge.

After a seven-month-old baby died from injuries consistent with abuse, the

baby’s two-year-old sibling, A.H., was removed from the parents’ custody. While

A.H. was in foster care, the mother did not meaningfully work toward reunification.

The mother forwent mental-health treatment, irregularly participated in family

services, was discharged from substance-use treatment for noncompliance, and

continued to test positive for methamphetamine and cocaine throughout the

juvenile proceeding. The juvenile court ultimately terminated the mother’s parental

rights to now-four-year-old A.H. under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(e) and (f)

(2024). She appeals.1

On our review, the mother’s ongoing drug use, inability to demonstrate she

can safely parent her child, and failure to progress beyond fully supervised visits

show the child could not have been returned to her custody at the time of the

termination hearing. Thus, the State proved by clear and convincing evidence

termination was warranted under section 232.116(1)(f). Because termination is

also in the child’s best interest and the mother has not shown that any statutory

ground should impede termination, we affirm the juvenile court.

I. Factual Background and Proceedings.

In March 2023, while the mother was at work, A.H.’s seven-month-old

sibling stopped breathing. Yet the father did not call 911 or otherwise seek help

for nearly ten minutes. The baby was life-flighted to Nebraska, where he was

diagnosed with subdural hematoma and a retinal hemorrhage—conditions

1 The father’s parental rights were also terminated in this proceeding, but he does

not appeal.
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consistent with physical abuse. The baby died a few days later from the injuries.

A.H. was promptly removed from her mother’s and father’s custody and placed

with a foster family, where she has remained ever since. The child was adjudicated

in need of assistance in April.

After removal, the mother tested positive for methamphetamine and

cocaine in July. She again tested positive for methamphetamine in August and

September. During this time, the mother inconsistently attended family-services

appointments and did not obtain a substance-use evaluation.

In October, the Iowa Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and

the child’s guardian ad litem recommended the juvenile court alter the permanency

goal from reunification to termination. The juvenile court disagreed, explaining the

“case started with the death of a child. The grieving progress undoubtedly caused

[the mother] to engage in services late in the case.” The juvenile court gave the

mother “an additional three months to demonstrate [she] can engage in, and make

significant progress with, reunification services.” Specifically, the mother was

instructed to “consistently attend therapy, treatment, and family centered services.”

Yet the mother did not use this extra time to work toward reunification. She

stopped attending her mental-health appointments altogether. She never

completed the SafeCare program—which provides training on how to safely care

for young children—failing three of the four sections of the assessment after

months of sporadic participation. Indeed, the mother never progressed beyond

fully supervised visits with the child. As for her substance use, the mother was

discharged from her treatment program for noncompliance. She tested positive

for methamphetamine and cocaine in January 2024 and again for
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methamphetamine in March and April. As a result, the State moved to terminate

the mother’s parental rights.

After a one-day hearing in July, the juvenile court terminated the mother’s

parental rights under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(e) and (f). In a thorough

ruling, the juvenile court found the mother failed “to complete court-ordered

services, provide consistently negative drug screens, and complete recommended

substance use treatment,” and thus “has made no reasonable efforts to resume

care of the child despite being given additional time to reunify at the permanency

hearing.” The juvenile court also found the child could not be returned to the

mother’s custody at the time of the hearing given her ongoing substance use and

failure to show she can safely parent the child. As for the child’s best interests, the

court concluded the child had been in foster care for fifteen months and “cannot

wait for her parents to learn and consistently demonstrate effective parenting

skills.” The court also found no permissive statutory grounds impeded termination.

Finally, because termination was appropriate, it denied the mother’s request for

another extension of time to work toward reunification.

The mother now appeals.

II. Analysis.

Our statutory termination framework follows a three-step process. Iowa

Code § 232.116(1)–(3). We must consider “(1) whether the State proved any

grounds for termination, (2) whether termination is in the child’s best interests, and

(3) whether any exceptions save the parent–child relationship.” In re W.T., 967
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N.W.2d 315, 322 (Iowa 2021). We review the juvenile court’s termination order de

novo. In re T.S., 868 N.W.2d 425, 431 (Iowa Ct. App. 2015).

A. Termination under Section 232.116(1)(f).

When a parent’s rights are terminated under multiple statutory grounds, we

may affirm so long as one ground supports termination. In re L.H., 949 N.W.2d

268, 270 (Iowa Ct. App. 2020). We will first consider whether the State proved by

clear and convincing evidence that the mother’s rights should be terminated under

paragraph “f.”

The mother does not challenge the first three elements of paragraph “f”—

the child was over four years old, was adjudicated in need of assistance, and had

been removed from her custody for fifteen straight months. See Iowa Code

§ 232.116(1)(f)(1)–(3). Instead, she only alleges the State failed to prove the child

could not be returned to her custody at the time of the termination hearing. See

id. § 232.116(1)(f)(4). She argues that all drug screens were false positives, she

now resides in a supportive home with her grandmother, and that any lack of

progress was caused by the State’s failure to make reasonable efforts to reunify.

We disagree.

Termination is appropriate if returning the child to the mother’s custody

would expose the child to “any harm amounting to a new child in need of assistance

adjudication.” In re M.M., 483 N.W.2d 812, 814 (Iowa 1992). “[A] good prediction

of the future conduct of a parent is to look at the past conduct.” In re N.F., 579

N.W.2d 338, 341 (Iowa Ct. App. 1998). HHS offered many services to the mother

and opportunities to improve her parenting, including family centered services,

mental-health treatment, substance-use treatment, and SafeCare training. The
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mother did not follow through with these resources. When asked during the

hearing whether the child could be immediately returned to the mother, the HHS

social worker explained the mother still tests positive for illegal substances, has

made “no progress on her mental health,” and could not pass three of the four

sections of the SafeCare assessment.

The mother’s denial of drug use is particularly troubling. She insists her

frequent proximity to drug users caused her litany of positive test results, but she

offers no evidence to support that assertion. Given that lack of accountability, we

agree with the juvenile court that the mother would be unable to provide a safe and

sober living environment for the child. Moreover, the mother never progressed

beyond supervised visits, which further undermines immediately returning the child

to her custody. See In re L.H., ___ N.W.3d ___, ___, 2024 WL 3887255, at *1

(Iowa Ct. App. 2024) (“[The parent] never progressed beyond fully-supervised

visits, which also prevented an immediate return of custody.”). Accordingly, the

State offered clear and convincing evidence to terminate the mother’s parental

rights under section 232.116(1)(f). Because that ground is adequately supported,

we need not consider paragraph “e.” L.H., 949 N.W.2d at 270.

B. Best Interest of the Child.

The mother next argues that termination is contrary to the child’s best

interest. However, she conflates, as many parents do, the second and third steps

of our framework, arguing that termination is not in the child’s best interest because

of the close bond between her and the child. Compare Iowa Code § 232.116(2)

(discussing the child’s best interest), with id. § 232.116(3)(c) (providing a
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permissive impediment to termination when “the termination would be detrimental

to the child at the time due to the closeness of the parent-child relationship”).

Even so, termination is in the child’s best interest. The child was removed

in March 2023 and has been in foster care ever since. “Children should not be

made to suffer indefinitely in parentless limbo.” In re A.C., 415 N.W.2d 609, 613

(Iowa 1987). Nor can the “crucial days of childhood [be] suspended while parents

experiment with ways to face up to their own problems.” Id. Our “full measure of

patience” is only reserved for “parents who attempt to remedy a lack of parenting

skills.” Id. The mother has not meaningfully attempted to improve her parenting,

sobriety, or mental health, even after the juvenile court gave her extra time.

Because the time has come for permanency, we agree with the juvenile court that

termination best serves the child.

C. Statutory Impediment.

As for statutory impediments, the mother has not shown that the bond

between her and the child should preclude termination. See Iowa Code

§ 232.116(3)(c). During the hearing, an HHS worker explained that when the child

was not around the mother, she did not ask for the mother. Though we do not

doubt the mother loves the child, the mere existence of a bond is not enough to

forestall permanency. In re A.B., 956 N.W.2d 162, 169 (Iowa 2021). Under these

facts, we agree with the juvenile court’s ruling, which declined to forgo termination

under section 232.116(3)(c). See In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 215 (Iowa 2016)

(declining to avoid termination due to a bond when young children had been
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removed for nearly two years and the parent never “progressed beyond more than

limited, supervised visits”).

AFFIRMED.