Sabine Oil & Gas Corporation

FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
)
In re: 	) 	Chapter 11
)
SABINE OIL & GAS CORPORATION, et al.,1 ) 	Case No. 15-11835 (SCC)
)
Debtors. 	) 	(Jointly Administered)
)
)
BENCH DECISION ON MOTIONS FOR LEAVE, STANDING, AND
AUTHORITY TO COMMENCE AND PROSECUTE CERTAIN CLAIMS AND
CAUSES OF ACTION ON BEHALF OF THE DEBTORS’ ESTATES 2
A P P E A R A N C E S:
ROPES & GRAY LLP
1211 Avenue of the Americas
New York, New York 10036
By: 	Mark R. Somerstein, Esq.
Keith H. Wofford, Esq.
D. Ross Martin, Esq.
C. Thomas Brown, Esq.
Counsel to the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors
KIRKLAND & ELLIS LLP
KIRKLAND & ELLIS INTERNATIONAL LLP
601 Lexington Avenue
New York, New York 10022
By: 	Jonathan S. Henes, P.C.
Christopher J. Marcus, P.C.
1 	The Debtors in these chapter 11 cases, along with the last four digits of each Debtor’s federal tax
identification number, include: Sabine Oil & Gas Corporation (4900); Giant Gas Gathering LLC (3438); Sabine
Bear Paw Basin LLC (2656); Sabine East Texas Basin LLC (8931); Sabine Mid-Continent Gathering LLC
(6085); Sabine Mid-Continent LLC (6939); Sabine Oil & Gas Finance Corp. (2567); Sabine South Texas Gathering
LLC (1749); Sabine South Texas LLC (5616); and Sabine Williston Basin LLC (4440). The location of Debtor
Sabine Oil & Gas Corporation’s corporate headquarters and the Debtors’ service address is: 1415 Louisiana St.,
Suite 1600, Houston, Texas 77002.
2 	This decision was dictated on the record of the hearing held on March 24, 2016. It has been modified to
include full citations and defined terms, and it reflects minor additional non-substantive modifications.
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300 North LaSalle
Chicago, Illinois 60654
By: 	Gabor Balassa, P.C.
A. Katrine Jakola, Esq.
Whitney L. Becker, Esq.
Counsel to the Debtors
BROWN RUDNICK LLP
Seven Times Square
New York, New York 10036
By: 	Robert J. Stark, Esq.
Daniel J. Saval, Esq.
Counsel to the Forest Notes Indenture Trustees
LINKLATERS LLP
1345 Avenue of the Americas
New York, New York 10105
By: 	Margot B. Schonholtz, Esq.
Robert H. Trust, Esq.
Counsel to Wells Fargo, National Association, as First Lien Agent
PAUL, WEISS, RIFKIND, WHARTON & GARRISON LLP
1285 Avenue of the Americas
New York, New York 10019
By: 	Moses Silverman, Esq.
Brian S. Hermann, Esq.
Kyle J. Kimpler, Esq.
Counsel to Wilmington Trust, N.A. as Second Lien Agent
QUINN EMANUEL URQUHART & SULLIVAN, LLP
51 Madison Avenue, 22nd Floor
New York, New York 10010
By: 	Andrew J. Rossman, Esq.
Susheel Kirpalani, Esq.
Julia M. Beskin, Esq.
Counsel to FRC Founders Corporation, Sabine Investor Holdings LLC, First Reserve Fund XI,
L.P., First Reserve GP XI, L.P., First Reserve GP XI, Inc., Alex Krueger, Brooks Shughart,
Michael France, and Joshua Weiner
SHEARMAN & STERLING LLP
599 Lexington Avenue
New York, New York 10022
By: 	Joseph J. Frank, Esq.
Fredric Sosnick, Esq.
Counsel to Barclays Bank PLC and Barclays Capital Inc.
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KASOWITZ, BENSON, TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP
1633 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
By: 	Kenneth R. David, Esq.
Daniel A. Fliman, Esq.
Counsel to Richard J. Carty, Loren Carroll, Dod Fraser, James Lee, James Lightner, Patrick R.
McDonald, Raymond Wilcox, and Victor Wind
AKIN, GUMP, STRAUSS, HAUER & FELD LLP
One Bryant Park
New York, New York 10036
By: 	Daniel H. Golden, Esq.
Philip C. Dublin, Esq.
Sara L. Brauner, Esq.
EMMET, MARVIN & MARTIN, LLP
120 Broadway, 32nd Floor
New York, New York 10271
By: 	Edward P. Zujkowski, Esq.
Thomas A. Pitta, Esq.
Co-counsel to The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. as Trustee under the 2017
Notes Indenture
CURTIS, MALLET-PREVOST, COLT & MOSLE, LLP
101 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10178
By: 	Steven J. Reisman, Esq.
Theresa A. Foudy, Esq.
Counsel to Sabine Directors Duane Radtke, David Sambrooks, and John Yearwood
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Table of Contents
I. 	Applicable Standard .............................................................................................................. 4
II. 	Scope of Decision and Ruling ............................................................................................. 12
III. Background .......................................................................................................................... 13
IV. The STN Hearing ................................................................................................................. 30
V. 	Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 41
A. Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims ......................................................................... 41
1. Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims to Be Asserted on behalf of
Legacy Forest ........................................................................................................................ 42
2. Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims to Be Asserted on behalf of the
Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries .................................................................................................. 51
B. The Bad Acts Claims ........................................................................................................... 59
1. The Committee’s Alleged Theory of the Bad Acts Claims is Implausible and is
Contradicted by the Record .................................................................................................. 60
2. The Intentional Fraudulent Transfer Claims are Not Colorable .................................. 66
3. The Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claims are Not Colorable ............................................. 70
4. The Aiding and Abetting Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claims are Not Colorable ........... 83
5. The Equitable Subordination Claims are Not Colorable ............................................... 84
6. The Recharacterization Claims are Not Colorable......................................................... 88
C. Conclusions with Respect to Colorability........................................................................... 91
D. Consideration of the STN Best Interests Test .................................................................... 91
1. Value of the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims to be Asserted on Behalf of
the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries’ Estates.............................................................................. 92
2. Avoidance of Liens ........................................................................................................... 93
3. Recovery of New RBL Paydown, Merger and Financing Fees, and Prejudgment
Interest................................................................................................................................... 95
4. Diminution in Value of Liens Improperly Granted to the New RBL Lenders .............. 97
5. Cost-Benefit Analysis ..................................................................................................... 100
E. Methodology for Calculating Value of Adequate Protection Claims ............................. 101
VI. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 108
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SHELLEY C. CHAPMAN
UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY JUDGE
Before the Court are the (i) Motion of the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors for
(I) Leave, Standing, and Authority to Commence and Prosecute Certain Claims and Causes of
Action on Behalf of the Debtors’ Estates and (II) Non-Exclusive Settlement Authority, dated
November 17, 2015 [ECF No. 518] (the “First Committee STN Motion”); (ii) Motion of the
Forest Notes Indenture Trustees for Entry of an Order Pursuant to § 1109(b) Granting Leave,
Standing and Authority to Prosecute and, if Appropriate, Settle Certain Claims on Behalf of the
Estate of Sabine Oil & Gas Corporation, dated November 17, 2015 [ECF No. 521] (the “Forest
Notes Indenture Trustees’ STN Motion”); and (iii) Second Motion of the Official Committee of
Unsecured Creditors for (I) Leave, Standing, and Authority to Commence and Prosecute Certain
Claims and Causes of Action on Behalf of the Debtors’ Estates and (II) Non-Exclusive
Settlement Authority, dated December 15, 2015 [ECF No. 609] (the “Second Committee STN
Motion,” and, collectively with the First Committee STN Motion and the Forest Notes Indenture
Trustees’ STN Motion, the “STN Motions”). 	The Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors
(the “Committee”) and the indenture trustees for the Legacy Forest Notes (as defined herein) (the
“Forest Notes Indenture Trustees”) shall be referred to herein collectively as the “Movants.”
Throughout these cases, the parties have grouped the claims that are the subject of the
STN Motions into three categories. First, the First Committee STN Motion and the Forest Notes
Indenture 	Trustees’ 	STN 	Motion 	each 	seeks 	standing 	to 	pursue 	constructive 	fraudulent
conveyance claims against the Debtors’ current and former secured lenders arising from the
December 2014 merger between Forest Oil Corporation (“Legacy Forest”) and Sabine Oil & Gas
LLC (“Legacy Sabine Parent”) and related financing transactions (collectively, and with the
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merger, the “Combination”).3 Specifically, these claims (the “Constructive Fraudulent Transfer
Claims”) seek, on behalf of (i) the Legacy Forest estate and (ii) the estates of the subsidiaries of
Legacy Sabine Parent (the “Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries”), to avoid obligations incurred, liens
transferred, and payments made in connection with or related to the Combination.
Second, the Second Committee STN Motion seeks standing to pursue claims for
(i) intentional fraudulent transfers related to the Combination; (ii) breaches of fiduciary duty
against (a) the pre-Combination Legacy Forest directors and officers (the “Legacy Forest
Directors and Officers”); (b) the Legacy Sabine Parent board of directors; (c) Mr. David J.
Sambrooks, as fiduciary for the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries; and (d) the members of the board of
directors of the Combined Company who replaced the Legacy Forest board of directors at or
around 1:20 p.m. EST on December 16, 2014 and met for the first time at 3:30 p.m. EST on
December 16, 2014 (the “3:30 Board”); (iii) aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duty
against the New RBL Lenders,4 the Second Lien Lenders,5 the Legacy Forest Directors and
Officers, and the First Reserve Defendants (as defined below); (iv) equitable subordination of the
claims of the New RBL Lenders and the Second Lien Lenders; and (v) recharacterization as
3 	A note on terminology: as further described below, through the Combination, Legacy Sabine Parent
merged into Legacy Forest, leaving Legacy Forest as the surviving entity and the current parent company of the
Debtors. In the days following the Combination, Legacy Forest was renamed Sabine Oil & Gas Corp. As a result,
the pleadings and documents contemporaneous with the Combination sometimes refer to Legacy Forest following
Legacy Sabine Parent’s merger into it as the “Combined Company” or Sabine Oil & Gas Corp. For purposes of this
decision, references to “Legacy Forest” or the “Combined Company” each refer to the Debtors’ parent entity, which
prior to the Combination was known as Forest Oil Corp. and is now known as Sabine Oil & Gas Corp.
4 	The term “New RBL” shall refer to the reserve-based revolving credit facility evidenced by an amended
and restated First Lien Credit Agreement, dated December 16, 2014, among Sabine Oil & Gas Corporation and the
lenders party thereto (the “New RBL Credit Agreement”). 	The term “New RBL Lenders” shall refer to those
lenders under the New RBL Credit Agreement: Capital One N.A., Citibank, N.A., Bank of America N.A., Natixis
New York Branch, and UBS AG Stamford Branch, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (“Wells Fargo”), and Barclays Bank
PLC (“Barclays”). Wells Fargo executed the New RBL Credit Agreement on behalf of itself individually and as
administrative agent (the “New RBL Agent”).
5 	The term “Second Lien Lenders” shall refer to those lenders under the Second Lien Credit Agreement,
dated December 14, 2012 (as amended, the “Second Lien Credit Agreement”), among Sabine Oil & Gas LLC (n/k/a
Sabine Oil & Gas Corporation) and the lenders party thereto. 	The term “Second Lien Agent” shall refer to
Wilmington Trust, N.A., as successor administrative agent under the Second Lien Credit Agreement.
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equity of the $50 million borrowed from the Second Lien Lenders by the Combined Company in
connection with the Combination (collectively, the “Bad Acts Claims”).
Finally, the First Committee STN Motion seeks standing to pursue certain claims
unrelated to the Combination, including, among others, claims challenging certain liens as
beyond the scope of the grant or as avoidable preferences (the “Bucket II Claims”).6 The Bank
of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. (the “Legacy Sabine Notes Trustee”), as indenture
trustee for the $350 million outstanding in 9.75% senior unsecured notes due 2017 (the “Legacy
Sabine Notes”), has joined each of the STN Motions.7 The Forest Notes Indenture Trustees
joined the Second Committee STN Motion 8 and later amended the Forest Notes Indenture
Trustees’ STN Motion to allow the Committee to seek a “lead” position with respect to the
Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims. 9 Accordingly, the Legacy Sabine Notes Trustee and
the Forest Notes Indenture Trustees join the Committee as Movants in this proceeding.
Objections to one or all of the STN Motions were filed by the following parties, which
the Court will refer to collectively as the “Objectors”: (i) Wells Fargo, in its capacity as New
RBL Agent;10 (ii) Barclays Bank PLC and Barclays Capital Inc.;11 (iii) the Second Lien Agent;12
(iv) the Debtors;13 (v) the Ad Hoc Committee of Former Forest Employees;14 (vi) FRC Founders
Corporation, Sabine Investor Holdings LLC, First Reserve Fund XI, L.P., First Reserve GP XI,
L.P., First Reserve GP XI, Inc., Michael G. France, Alex T. Krueger, Brooks M. Shughart, and
6 	Count IV of the Forest Notes Indenture Trustees’ proposed complaint, regarding an allegedly fraudulent
transfer by Legacy Forest of cash drawn from the New RBL in February 2015 to the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries,
would also fall into this category.
7 	See [ECF No. 520]; [ECF No. 611].
8 	See [ECF No. 612].
9 	See [ECF No. 712].
10 	See [ECF Nos. 717, 720]. In support of its objections, Wells Fargo filed the Declaration of Robert Trust
[ECF No. 725] (the “Trust Decl.).
11 	See [ECF No. 716].
12 	See [ECF No. 719].
13 	See [ECF No. 722].
14 	See [ECF No. 767].
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Joshua Weiner (collectively, the “First Reserve Defendants”);15 (vii) Sabine directors Duane
Radtke, David J. Sambrooks, and John Yearwood; 16 and (viii) Legacy Forest Directors and
Officers Victor A. Wind, Loren K. Carroll, Richard J. Carty, Dod A. Fraser, James H. Lee,
James D. Lightner, Patrick R. McDonald, and Raymond I. Wilcox. 17 On February 1, 2016, the
Committee filed an omnibus reply to the objections to the STN Motions,18 which reply was
joined by the Legacy Sabine Notes Trustee.19
I. 	Applicable Standard
The Committee seeks to obtain derivative standing to prosecute the STN Motions
pursuant to the holding in Unsecured Creditors Comm. of Debtor STN Enters. Inc. v. Noyes (In
re STN Enterprises), 779 F.2d 901 (2d Cir. 1985) (“STN”). 	In STN, the United States Court of
Appeals for the Second Circuit recognized “an implied . . . right for creditors’ committees to
initiate adversary proceedings in the name of the debtor in possession[.]” 	779 F.2d at 904. 	In
doing so, the Second Circuit agreed with the majority of bankruptcy courts that have “allowed
creditors’ committees to initiate proceedings . . . when the . . . debtor in possession unjustifiably
fail[s] to bring suit or abuse[s] its discretion in not suing . . . .” 20 Id. 	To obtain derivative
standing under STN, a creditors’ committee typically must satisfy a two-part test. 	First, a
committee presents colorable claims for relief “that on appropriate proof would support a
15 	See [ECF No. 714].
16 	See [ECF No. 715].
17 	See [ECF No. 721].
18 	See [ECF No. 771].
19 	See [ECF No. 772].
20 	In STN, the Second Circuit found that sections 1103(c)(5) and 1109(b) of the Bankruptcy Code “imply a
qualified right for creditors’ committees to initiate suit with the approval of the bankruptcy court.” STN, 779 F.2d at
904 (citations omitted) (noting that most bankruptcy courts to have considered the issue have come to the same
conclusion); see also 5 COLLIER ON BANKRUPTCY ¶ 547.11 [6] (Matthew Bender 15th ed. rev.) (noting that “most
lower courts today recognize the concept of derivative standing and . . . will allow a creditors’ committee . . . to
initiate and prosecute a preference or other avoidance action on behalf of the estate . . . [with] prior approval from
the bankruptcy court”).
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recovery,” and second, a committee demonstrates that the “debtor unjustifiably failed to bring
suit.” Id. at 905.
The inquiry as to whether a claim is “colorable” under STN is similar to that undertaken
by the court on a motion to dismiss. 	Adelphia Commc’ns Corp. v. Bank of Am., N.A. (In re
Adelphia Commc’ns Corp.), 330 B.R. 364, 376 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2005); Official Comm. of
Unsecured Creditors of Am.’s Hobby Ctr., Inc. v. Hudson United Bank (In re America’s Hobby
Ctr., Inc.), 223 B.R. 275, 282 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1998); Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors
of the Debtors v. Austin Fin. Serv. (In re KDI Holdings, Inc.), 277 B.R. 493, 508 (Bankr.
S.D.N.Y. 1999) (citation omitted) (holding that, in determining whether there is a colorable
claim, the court must engage in an inquiry that is “much the same as that undertaken when a
defendant moves to dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim”). 	Therefore, the movant
must “state a claim [for] relief that is plausible on its face,” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.
544, 570 (2007), determination of which will be “a context-specific task that requires the
reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” 	Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 679 (2009) (citation omitted).
While courts have commented that, under STN, the “required showing is a relatively easy
one to make,” Adelphia, 330 B.R. at 375, in determining whether to confer standing, the court
may nevertheless “engag[e] in some review of disputed facts” to determine if there is “some
factual support for the Committee’s allegations” and to determine that “the proposed litigation
would be a sensible application of estate resources.” Id. at 369. In making its determination, a
court is not required to conduct a mini-trial or an evidentiary hearing,21 and the court should
21 	In Adelphia, what the court described as “apparently undisputed facts” were set forth in evidence through e-
mails, other documents, and deposition testimony which provided “at the least, reasonable basis to conclude that the
Committees would succeed in proving material portions of the factual matters they allege.” Adelphia, 330 B.R. at
372.
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make no factual findings on disputed issues of fact. Id. In Adelphia, after stating that the court
“engaged in some review of disputed facts . . . only to satisfy itself that there is some factual
support for the Committees’ allegations without determining whether those allegations are true –
and to satisfy itself that the proposed litigation would be a sensible application of estate
resources,” Judge Gerber noted that he did so “perhaps in an excess of caution, as the language
in STN suggests that factual review is not required.” Id.
The issue of standing is not designed to truncate the ability of creditors to get the benefit
of full discovery if a lawsuit is viable, and authorization to bring claims derivatively “should be
denied only if the claims are ‘facially defective.’” Adelphia, 330 B.R. at 376 (quoting America’s
Hobby Ctr., 223 B.R. at 288). A determination that claims are colorable permits the issues to be
decided in plenary litigation, where the parties will need to prove their allegations and where the
court 	can 	consider 	factual 	and 	legal 	claims 	and 	defenses 	on 	the 	merits. 	Id. 	at 	381.
Notwithstanding, courts have observed that, consistent with the common meaning of “colorable,”
the claims to be asserted should be “plausible” or “not without some merit.” Id. at 376 (citations
omitted). Courts have denied STN standard to pursue “apparently meritless claim[s]” or claims
so flawed and “not subject to cure” that estate funds “ought not be squandered through continued
litigation” of such claims. America’s Hobby Ctr., 223 B.R. at 288.
If a committee presents a colorable claim or claims for relief that on appropriate proof
would support a recovery, the bankruptcy court’s threshold inquiry has not concluded. STN, 779
F.2d at 905. The second of the two prongs for determining whether a creditors’ committee can
bring claims on behalf of a debtor’s estate is that the debtor itself must have unjustifiably refused
to bring such claims. 	Id. at 904. 	This inquiry does not require an improper motive for such
failure, see Adelphia, 330 B.R at 374 n.19; and the creditor need not plead facts alleging the
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debtor’s reason or motive for inaction. See Canadian Pac. Forest Prods. v. J.D. Irving, Ltd. (In
re Gibson Group), 66 F.3d 1436, 1439 (6th Cir. 1995). Rather, the burden may be met through
notice pleading by alleging the existence of an unpursued colorable claim that would benefit the
estate. Thereafter, the burden shifts to the debtor, who is then obligated to show that its failure to
act is justified. See id. at 1446. “Where the debtor actively opposes a creditor’s request for leave
to sue, the court must look at whether, beyond the fact that the debtor had no meaningful choice
but to forego litigation, there is a substantial reason why interposition of the proposed suit would
be harmful to the estate.” America’s Hobby Ctr., 223 B.R. at 283 (citation omitted).
“In order to decide whether the debtor unjustifiably failed to bring suit so as to give the
creditors’ committee standing to bring an action, the court must also examine, on affidavit and
other submission, by evidentiary hearing or otherwise, whether an action asserting such claim(s)
is likely to benefit the reorganization estate.” STN, 779 F.2d at 905. The court should weigh the
“probability of success and financial recovery,” as well as the anticipated costs of litigation, as
part of a cost/benefit analysis to determine whether the prosecution of claims is likely to benefit
the debtor’s estate. America’s Hobby Ctr., 223 B.R. at 282. The court must assure itself (i) “that
there is a sufficient likelihood of success to justify the anticipated delay and expense to the
bankruptcy estate that initiation and continuation of litigation will likely produce,” Adelphia, 330
B.R. at 374 (quoting STN, 779 F.2d at 905-06)); (ii) that the claims, if proven, will provide a
basis for recovery; and (iii) that the proposed litigation will not be a “hopeless fling.” Adelphia,
330 B.R. at 386.
The role of the court as gatekeeper is to protect the estate and to ensure that the proposed
litigation “reasonably can be expected to be a sensible expenditure of estate resources . . . [that]
will not impair reorganization.” Id. 	Courts have denied standing where the proposed litigation
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would “delay resolution of [the] reorganization proceeding by impeding approval of the pending
plan of reorganization.” 	Official Comm. Of Unsecured Creditors of Sunbeam Corp. v. Morgan
Stanley & Co. (In re Sunbeam Corp.), 284 B.R. 355, 375 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2002) (denying
standing to committee after finding that committee failed to demonstrate that prosecution of the
actions would be “necessary and beneficial” to the resolution of the bankruptcy proceedings).
“Requiring bankruptcy court approval conditioned upon the litigation’s effect on the estate helps
prevent committees and individual creditors from pursuing adversary proceedings that may
provide them with private benefits but result in a net loss to the entire estate.” 	In re Applied
Theory Corp., 493 F.3d 82, 86 (2d Cir. 2007) (citation omitted). 	In evaluating requests for
standing and whether proposed litigation is in the best interests of the estate, courts also consider
other “common sense factors” such as (i) whether the deputization of the committee would
permit the debtor to concentrate its resources on rehabilitating its business, (ii) whether the
committee’s interests do not conflict with those of the estate, and (iii) whether the assignment
would prejudice the equity of distribution amongst the debtor’s creditors. Adelphia, 330 B.R. at
375.
The parties cite heavily to Adelphia, in which the court considered motions by the official
committee of unsecured creditors and the official committee of equity security holders to
prosecute claims on behalf of the debtors’ estates. Adelphia, 330 B.R. 364. While the fact that
the Adelphia debtors joined the creditors’ committee’s claims as co-plaintiffs positioned the
court’s analysis more squarely under Glinka v. Murad (In re Housecraft Industries USA, Inc.),
310 F.2d 64 (2d Cir. 2002), in which the Second Circuit articulated the standard under which a
bankruptcy court can confer standing upon a committee to sue as a co-plaintiff with the debtor on
behalf of the estate, than solely under STN, the court provided extensive discussion of the STN
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standard, as described herein, which remains instructive. 	Adelphia, 330 B.R. at 373-386. 	It
bears noting, however, that the facts in Adelphia are otherwise distinguishable from the instant
facts. 	In contrast to the instant case, neither of the committees’ standing motions in Adelphia
was opposed by any party other than the defendants in the proposed litigation – in fact, the
debtors 	stipulated 	to 	prosecuting 	the 	alleged 	claims 	as 	co-plaintiffs 	with 	the 	creditors’
committee, leading the court to stress that “[t]hose with an interest in maximizing the value of
the estate – as contrasted to those with an interest in defeating the claims to be asserted here – do
not seem to be troubled by the Committees’ proposed use of estate resources for the litigation the
Committees wish to prosecute.” 	Id. at 368. 	In addition to the fact that no non-defendant
stakeholders were opposed to the assertion of the proposed claims, the court found that granting
the committees standing to pursue the proposed actions, which (i) had the potential for
“enormous” potential recoveries at a “relatively modest” cost of prosecution and (ii) set forth
claims that will “easily withstand 12(b)(6) motions, and (to the extent the Court needs to
consider this) have factual support,” was not only consistent with maximizing the value of the
estate but “necessary to achieve that goal.” Id. at 384, 386.
Here, the Committee argues that the proposed claims set forth in the complaints annexed
to the STN Motions “are both meritorious and highly valuable, and actions prosecuting them
would unquestionably benefit the Debtors’ estates.”22 The Committee argues that the “best
analogy for the current situation is what the bankruptcy court faced in Adelphia,” asserting that,
during the “short time during which discovery has taken place,” the Committee has compiled
enough evidence to survive a motion to dismiss each of the proposed claims. 23 Therefore, the
Movants submit, the Committee should be granted standing to file its proposed complaints and
22 	First Committee STN Motion ¶ 93.
23 	Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 160.
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pursue the full factual development that will occur in the actual lawsuit – to be provided with its
opportunity to go beyond putting “some meat . . . on the bones” and put forth “demonstrable
proof” at trial, proof sufficient to satisfy the ultimate burden of proof on the issue.24 The
Committee further argues that “[t]here has been no negotiation [with respect to the Debtors’
reorganization] because the Debtors concluded and publicly announced that the claims had zero
merit,” but asserts that granting standing to the Committee will help shift leverage in that regard,
as it “will foster an actual negotiation” – “the proper role of STN.” 25 Focusing on their ongoing
assertion that the Debtors’ objective is to obtain plan releases for directors, officers, lenders, and
First Reserve, the Movants submit that “granting STN authority . . . would present a sizeable
objection or obstacle to this attempt [to obtain plan releases].”26
In sharp contrast to the Movants’ positions on colorability and on the purpose of STN
standing in general, the Objectors contend that none of the Committee’s putative claims is
colorable and that each of the proposed claims would warrant dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) of
the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. As Debtors’ counsel argued during closing arguments, the
Committee has failed to satisfy its burden on colorability with respect to any of the claims – the
undisputed facts demonstrate that no plausible inferences can be drawn in the Committee’s favor,
and, in fact, the evidence presented during the ten days of trial on the STN Motions “doesn’t
support but, in fact, undermines the Committee’s proposed claims.” 27 Moreover, even if certain
of the proposed claims could be considered colorable, the Objectors submit that the Committee
nevertheless should be denied standing because the pursuit of such claims is not justified where,
24 	3/11/16 Hr’g Tr. 18:23-25 (Golden).
25 	Committee’s 3/15/16 “STN Best Interests” Closing Demonstrative at 57.
26 	3/11/16 Hr’g Tr. 21:15-22:13 (Golden) (asking the Court to “keep this in mind as you make the ultimate
determination regarding STN authority”).
27 	3/16/16 Hr’g Tr. 11:23-12:2 (Balassa) (arguing that, “[h]aving shaped the scope of this proceeding by
presenting the Court with voluminous evidence, the committee should not be heard to argue that the Court should
proceed with blinders on now and ignore the evidence that’s been put before it”).
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as here, the costs heavily outweigh the benefits to the Debtors’ estates. 	They assert that the
typical benefits found in other cases are not present here; namely, that the Committee is unlikely
to prevail on the claims and, even assuming the claims are successful, the potential recoveries, if
any, will result in an insignificant recovery to unsecured creditors given the existence of
adequate protection claims. On the other hand, the costs to the Debtors’ estates are tremendous:
expensive and protracted litigation – on meritless claims – that will deplete the Debtors’
remaining liquidity and undermine and delay the Debtors’ reorganization efforts. 	The Debtors
argue that the standard under STN does not simply consider whether the estate can afford the
proposed litigation but whether it is a “sensible” use of estate resources.28 Here, they submit, the
proposed 	litigation 	would 	impede 	the 	Debtors’ 	reorganization 	and 	erode 	value 	for 	all
stakeholders.
Accordingly, applying the standard set forth in STN and its progeny, the Court finds that
in order to grant standing to the Committee to pursue the proposed claims, it must conclude that
the Committee has met its burden to demonstrate that each of the claims is colorable, that is,
plausible and not facially defective, and which, upon appropriate proof, would support a
recovery. 	While the Court believes that the facts that are determinative here are largely not in
dispute, a point made by both the Movants and the Objectors during the Hearing (as defined
below), the Court recognizes that it may engage in some review of disputed facts in order to
satisfy itself as to whether there exists factual support for the allegations put forth by the
Committee. 	Assuming the Court finds one or more colorable claims has been asserted, its
analysis will then shift to the second prong of the STN analysis to determine whether the Debtors
unjustifiably refused to bring suit. Conscious of its role as gatekeeper, the Court must weigh the
28 	3/16/16 Hr’g Tr. 98:12-99:4 (Jakola) (“That’s the question. Not necessarily whether . . . they can afford it.
Is it a sensible expenditure of the estate resources?”).
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probability of success, the potential financial recovery, and the costs to the estates of the
proposed litigation in examining whether the proposed litigation is likely to benefit the estates
and will not impair the Debtors’ reorganization. The Court’s analysis follows.
II. 	Scope of Decision and Ruling
By agreement of the parties, the trial testimony and legal argument to this point have
been focused primarily on the first prong of the STN test—whether the claims the Committee
seeks standing to prosecute are in fact colorable claims. Accordingly, this decision shall reflect
the Court’s ruling on the colorability of the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims and the Bad
Acts Claims. 29
With respect to colorability, the Court finds as follows:
 	The Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims that could be asserted on behalf of the
Legacy Forest estate are not colorable;30
 	The Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims that could be asserted on behalf of the
estates of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries are colorable; and
 	The Bad Acts Claims are not colorable.
The Court’s detailed analysis of the colorability of each category of claims follows. In addition,
with respect to the second prong of the STN test,31 the Court will provide an explanation as to
why it is not in the best interests of the estates to pursue the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer
29 	Because the Debtors argue that they are pursuing settlement of the Bucket II Claims in the context of a plan
of reorganization, the Court declines to rule on the colorability of the Bucket II Claims at this time. See Debtors’
Objection at pp. 141-51.
30 	For the avoidance of doubt, this ruling does not address the Debtors’ pending adversary proceeding against
the Second Lien Lenders, [Adv. Pro. No. 15-01126], which seeks to avoid certain liens granted to the Second Lien
Lenders in connection with the Combination. It does not appear that the Movants seek standing to avoid such liens;
instead they seek standing to bring claims avoiding (i) the entirety of the Second Lien Lenders’ claims and liens at
Legacy Forest and (ii) the incremental $50 million of Second Lien Loan obligations guaranteed by the Legacy
Sabine Subsidiaries in connection with the Combination and any liens granted to secure a guarantee of the
incremental $50 million. To the extent there is overlap between the claims against the Second Lien Lenders that the
Movants seek standing to pursue and the claims against the Second Lien Lenders asserted by the Debtors in their
adversary proceeding, the Movants are denied standing to assert such overlapping claims because the Debtors are
pursuing such claims.
31 	Although a fair amount of evidence was presented during the Hearing that is relevant to and informs the
Court’s decision on the second prong of the STN test, the Movants have yet to formally close their case with respect
to the issue of whether the Debtors have unjustifiably failed to bring suit on any or all of the claims, the so-called
“best interests” test.
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Claims that could be asserted on behalf of the estates of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries. Finally,
the Court will set forth its determination as to the proper methodology for calculating the New
RBL Lenders’ adequate protection claim, an issue that was sharply contested by the parties
because of its bearing on the second prong of the STN test.32
III. 	Background 33
Remarkably, despite the widely disparate legal positions of the Movants and the
Objectors during fifteen days of trial, there is very little disagreement on the relevant facts. Each
of the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims and Bad Acts Claims is alleged to arise out of the
Combination.
Prior to the Combination, Legacy Forest was a New York Stock Exchange-listed
corporation, with its headquarters in Denver, Colorado; it held substantially all of its assets in
that public corporation. At the time of the Combination, Legacy Forest had approximately $905
million of funded debt, consisting of (i) a reserve-based lending facility (the “Legacy Forest
RBL”) with $105 million outstanding, secured by a first priority lien on, among other things,
certain proved oil and gas reserves and (ii) approximately $800 million in unsecured notes: $578
million in 7.25% senior unsecured notes due 2019 (the “Legacy Forest 2019 Notes”) and $222
million in 7.5% senior unsecured notes due 2020 (the “Legacy Forest 2020 Notes” and, together
with the Legacy Forest 2019 Notes, the “Legacy Forest Notes”).34
32 	The Final Cash Collateral Order in these cases [ECF No. 339] provides for an adequate protection claim
equal to “Collateral Diminution.” See Final Cash Collateral Order ¶ 3. Such claim is secured by all of the Debtors’
unencumbered assets, save for unencumbered assets brought into the estates as the result of successful litigation
against the New RBL Lenders. See Final Cash Collateral Order ¶ 3.
33 	Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this section are adapted from the section entitled “History of the
Combination and the Debt Financing Relevant to the Proposed Causes of Action” contained in the First Committee
STN Motion.
34 	Prior to the Combination, U.S. Bank National Association was the indenture trustee for both the Legacy
Forest 2019 Notes and the Legacy Forest 2020 Notes. Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB is now the indenture
trustee for the Legacy Forest 2019 Notes, and Delaware Trust is now the indenture trustee for the Legacy Forest
2020 Notes.
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Prior to the Combination, Legacy Sabine Parent was a portfolio company of the private
equity firm First Reserve Corporation (“First Reserve”), with its headquarters in Houston, Texas.
Legacy Sabine Parent was a holding company; the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries held the bulk of
the enterprise’s assets. Legacy Sabine Parent also had extensive debt obligations at the time of
the Combination, including (i) a revolving credit agreement which had approximately $620
million outstanding (the “Legacy Sabine RBL”), (ii) $650 million in obligations outstanding
under the Second Lien Credit Agreement (which obligations increased to $700 million at the
time of the Combination) (the “Second Lien Loan”), and (iii) $350 million outstanding in Legacy
Sabine Notes. 	Because the operating assets of the enterprise were held by the Legacy Sabine
Subsidiaries, each of those subsidiaries guaranteed each of the Legacy Sabine RBL, the Second
Lien Loan, and the Legacy Sabine Notes. In addition, the guarantees of the Legacy Sabine RBL
and the Second Lien Loan were secured by liens on the assets of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries.
The genesis of the Combination can be traced to a December 2013 meeting between
Patrick McDonald, the Chief Executive Officer of Legacy Forest, and John Yearwood, a director
of Legacy Sabine Parent, followed by a meeting between Mr. McDonald and David Sambrooks,
then the Chief Executive Officer of Legacy Sabine Parent. 	Talks between Legacy Forest and
Legacy Sabine Parent progressed through the spring of 2014, culminating in the announcement
of the Combination on May 5, 2014.
A. 	The Structure of the Combination as of May 5, 2014
On May 5, 2014, Legacy Forest entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger with
Legacy Sabine Parent and certain related entities (the “May Agreement and Plan of Merger”).
The May Agreement and Plan of Merger provided for the combination of Legacy Forest and
Legacy Sabine Parent through multiple steps, pursuant to which Legacy Forest would survive as
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a subsidiary of a newly formed holding company. 	Under this structure, Legacy Sabine Parent
shareholders would own approximately 73.5% percent of the post-Combination company, while
Legacy Forest shareholders would own approximately 26.5%. 	Because the corporate steps
included a “downstream” merger of Legacy Forest into a subsidiary, New York Business
Corporation Law required approval by two-thirds of the outstanding Legacy Forest shareholders
entitled to vote. Legacy Forest and Legacy Sabine Parent announced that execution of the May
Agreement and Plan of Merger would trigger the change-of-control provisions of the indentures
governing the Legacy Forest Notes, and that, upon closing, the combined company would be
required to make an offer to holders of the Legacy Forest Notes to redeem their notes at 101% of
the outstanding principal amount, plus accrued interest.
Also on May 5, 2014, and in connection with the May Agreement and Plan of Merger,
the post-Combination company obtained a commitment (the “May Commitment Letter”) from
Barclays and Wells Fargo for two loans, with each of Barclays and Wells Fargo committing to
funding fifty percent of each loan. The first was the New RBL, with an initial borrowing base of
$1 billion, the proceeds of which would be used, in part, to refinance the Legacy Sabine RBL
and the Legacy Forest RBL. 	The second was an unsecured bridge facility in the aggregate
principal amount of up to $850 million (the “Bridge Loan”), which was to be used to provide
sufficient funds to repurchase the Legacy Forest Notes under the change-of-control offer
triggered by the structure of the May Agreement and Plan of Merger. 	The May Commitment
Letter expired by its terms on November 1, 2014. 35
At Legacy Sabine Parent’s request, the May Commitment Letter was amended on May
19, 2014 to permit five additional financial institutions – Capital One N.A., Citibank, N.A., Bank
of America N.A., Natixis New York Branch, and UBS AG Stamford Branch – to each commit to
35 	Objection of New RBL Agent [ECF No. 717] (“New RBL Agent Fraudulent Transfer Objection”) ¶ 14.
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and underwrite 10% of the aggregate commitments for the New RBL and the Bridge Loan. As a
result, the respective commitments of Wells Fargo and Barclays on each of the New RBL and
the Bridge Loan were reduced from 50% to 25%.
B. 	The Structure of the Combination is Revised in July 2014
In early June 2014, Legacy Forest and Legacy Sabine Parent learned that certain
investors 	had 	embarked 	on 	a 	“shorting” 	strategy 	that 	could 	jeopardize 	the 	proposed
Combination. 	Specifically, certain investment firms acquired “short” positions with respect to
the Legacy Forest Notes. 	The investment firms had also begun buying Legacy Forest stock in
order to vote against the Combination. 	If the investment firms could defeat the Combination,
Legacy Forest would not be required to redeem the Legacy Forest Notes at 101%, benefiting the
firms’ “short” positions.
In order to defeat the “shorts’” strategy, Legacy Forest and Legacy Sabine Parent
restructured the May Agreement and Plan of Merger during the summer of 2014 to remove the
initial Legacy Forest merger from the transaction steps so as to avoid the two-thirds shareholder
approval threshold required under the May Agreement and Plan of Merger structure. 	The
revised structure would require only majority approval of the Legacy Forest shareholders, which
decreased the likelihood that the “shorts” seeking to block the Combination would succeed. On
July 9, 2014, Legacy Forest, Legacy Sabine Parent, and related entities entered into an Amended
and Restated Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “July Agreement and Plan of Merger”). Under
the July Agreement and Plan of Merger, Legacy Sabine Parent would become a subsidiary of
Legacy Forest and then would merge into Legacy Forest through a series of steps – meaning
Legacy Forest would be the surviving company. The July structure still triggered the change-of-
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control provisions in the indentures governing the Legacy Forest Notes, requiring the combined
company to make a 101% redemption offer to holders of the Legacy Forest Notes.
In connection with the new structure, Wells Fargo, Barclays, and the remaining New
RBL Lenders entered into an Amended and Restated Commitment Letter (the “July Commitment
Letter”) 	with 	financing 	terms 	similar 	to 	the 	May 	Commitment 	Letter, 	except 	that 	the
commitment was extended to December 31, 2014 and the commitment fee was raised by 25 basis
points.36 Of particular relevance, the July Commitment Letter provided that (i) the New RBL
would include a debt-to-EBITDA 37 ratio covenant for fourth quarter 2014 of 5.0x, decreasing to
4.75x for third quarter 2015 and 4.50x for first quarter 2016 (the “New RBL Debt-EBITDA
Covenant”), i.e., if the prospective combined company’s total debt was more than five times the
amount of the prospective combined company’s EBITDA at the end of 2014, the prospective
combined company would be in default on the New RBL and the New RBL Lenders would have
the ability to accelerate all indebtedness outstanding;38 and (ii) the total interest rate on the
Bridge Loan was capped at 9.75%.39
C. 	Worsening Market and Financial Conditions Threaten the Combined
Company’s Ability to Comply with the RBL Debt-EBITDA Covenant
Following the announcement of the July 2014 combination structure, each of Legacy
Forest and Legacy Sabine Parent faced declining operating performance exacerbated by falling
hydrocarbon prices. 	The declining operating performance threatened the prospective combined
company’s projected ability at closing to comply with the New RBL Debt-EBITDA Covenant.
Specifically, Legacy Sabine Parent’s financial model projected for the combined company a
debt-to-EBITDA ratio of 5.11x for 4Q14 (when the ratio covenant would be 5.0x); 4.71x for
36 	New RBL Agent Fraudulent Transfer Objection ¶ 17.
37 	“EBITDA” refers to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization.
38 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 40-41.
39 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 55.
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3Q15 (when the ratio covenant would be 4.75x); and 4.51x for 1Q16 (when the ratio covenant
would be 4.5x). Mr. Sambrooks and Legacy Sabine Parent were unable to develop a model that
projected a ratio level of less than 5.0x for 4Q14,40 prompting Mr. Sambrooks on September 12,
2014 to write to the New RBL Lenders to request relief on the New RBL Debt-EBITDA
Covenant. 	Thereafter, negotiations on the financing terms in the July Commitment Letter
ensued.
D. 	Initial Renegotiation with the New RBL Lenders
The New RBL Lenders, who were also committed to funding the Bridge Loan,
determined internally that they would offer the combined company relief on the New RBL Debt-
EBITDA Covenant in exchange for modifying the terms of the Bridge Loan. Although the May
and July combination structures had contemplated that the Bridge Loan would be replaced by a
high-yield bond offering and would thus never fund, deterioration in the operating performance
of Legacy Sabine Parent and Legacy Forest, combined with deteriorating conditions in the
capital markets generally, made selling a high-yield bond offering challenging and thus increased
the chances that the New RBL Lenders would in fact have to fund the Bridge Loan.41
Accordingly, in exchange for offering relief on the New RBL Debt-EBITDA Covenant, the New
RBL Lenders sought better terms on the Bridge Loan.42
As of early November 2014, the New RBL Lenders had not formally responded to Mr.
Sambrooks’ September 12, 2014 request. On November 5, 2014, Joshua Weiner, a First Reserve
Managing Director who, along with Mr. Sambrooks, was leading negotiations on behalf of the
40 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 41.
41 	As Mr. Joshua Weiner testified, and as is typical for such facilities, the parties did not expect the Bridge
Loan to close and fund. Rather, the parties intended for the Combined Company to sell a high-yield debt offering
that would fund redemption of the Legacy Forest Notes and obviate the need for the Bridge Loan. 	As market
conditions deteriorated in 2014, it became clear that a high-yield offering was not salable and the parties
contemplated, contrary to the original plan, having to close on the Bridge Loan. See 2/10/16 Hr’g Tr. 167:5-10
(Weiner).
42 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 42-50.
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post-Combination prospective combined company, remarked that “[n]ot getting to a deal [would
be] almost mutually assured destruction.”43
Finally, on November 7, 2014, the New RBL Lenders informed Messrs. Weiner and
Sambrooks of their initial proposal. The New RBL Lenders proposed (i) an increase of the New
RBL initial borrowing base to $1.1 billion, with the potential for a $150 million committed
increase in the borrowing base at future redetermination dates if such increases were supported
by the combined company’s reserves; (ii) changing the New RBL Debt-EBITDA Covenant from
a formula based on total leverage (i.e., based on all funded debt) to a “First Lien Secured
Leverage” ratio covenant that would measure debt-to-EBITDA only against the New RBL,
thereby changing the New RBL Debt-EBITDA Covenant from a 5.0x ratio based on total debt,
to a 2.5x ratio based on only first lien debt – a remarkable change resulting in the RBL Debt-
EBITDA Covenant not being breached under any of Legacy Sabine Parent’s multiple rounds of
projections (even projections produced shortly prior to closing); and (iii) changing the Bridge
Loan from unsecured debt with the total interest rate capped at 9.75% to a third-lien loan with
the total interest rate capped at 15.5%.44
However, the New RBL Lenders’ proposal was not acceptable to the combined company
in part because of concerns that the increased interest rate on the Bridge Loan would exacerbate
the combined company’s liquidity issues.45 Accordingly, negotiations with the New RBL
Lenders continued through at least December 11, 2014. On the one hand, representatives of the
prospective combined company, led by Mr. Weiner and Mr. Sambrooks, sought relief on the
New RBL Debt-EBITDA Covenant while preserving liquidity for the combined company and,
43 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 52.
44 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 54-55.
45 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 58.
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on the other hand, the New RBL Lenders sought to obtain more favorable terms on the Bridge
Loan.46
E. 	Negotiations with the New RBL Lenders Appear to Break Down,
Prompting Mr. Sambrooks to Seek a Termination of the Proposed
Combination
At the end of November 2014, negotiations between the prospective combined company
and the New RBL Lenders faltered, prompting both Mr. Sambrooks and the New RBL Lenders
to consider the prospects for the prospective combined company if it were to close on the
financing contemplated by the July Commitment Letter, i.e., no relief on the New RBL Debt-
EBITDA Covenant and an $850 million Bridge Loan at an interest rate capped at 9.75%.47
Troubled by the specter of this scenario, Mr. Sambrooks called Mr. McDonald on
November 30, 2014 and warned that “the financing for the combined companies [was] too
expensive and [would] create an insolvency situation at closing” due to the projected breach of
the New RBL Debt-EBITDA Covenant at the end of 2014.48 Accordingly, Mr. Sambrooks
presented four options to Mr. McDonald: (1) “[d]on’t merge,” (2) “[w]ork around the Change in
Control provision of Forest bonds,” (3) “[d]elay deal for time sufficient for market and financing
to be more favorable,” or (4) “[e]xchange only partial interests so as not to trigger Change in
Control.”49 Of these options, Mr. Sambrooks told Mr. McDonald that he would prefer
terminating the Combination.
Mr. McDonald addressed Mr. Sambrooks’ concerns at a December 1, 2014 Legacy
Forest board meeting. 	At the conclusion of that board meeting, the Legacy Forest board
46 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 58-67; UCC Ex. 1154 (e-mail from Mr. Weiner, dated December
11, 2014 to Barclays and Wells Fargo discussing modifications to Bridge Loan); see also 2/10/16 Hr’g Tr. 229:15-
231:18 (Weiner) (discussion of UCC Ex. 1154).
47 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 59-61.
48 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 68.
49 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 69.
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instructed Mr. McDonald to inform Mr. Sambrooks of Legacy Forest’s intention to close the
Combination and to remind Mr. Sambrooks of Legacy Sabine Parent’s obligation, pursuant to
the July Agreement and Plan of Merger, to close the Combination. The next day, on December
2, 2014, Mr. Sambrooks wrote a letter to the Legacy Forest board, again urging that Legacy
Forest consent to a termination of the Combination. 	On December 5, 2014, the Legacy Forest
board 	again 	met 	to 	consider 	Mr. 	Sambrooks’ 	letter 	and 	determined 	that 	pursuing 	the
Combination remained in Legacy Forest’s best interests. On December 7, 2014, Mr. Sambrooks
sent to Mr. McDonald updated financial models based on the terms of the secured Bridge Loan
last discussed with the lenders and warned him of unmanageable debt levels at the combined
company under such a scenario. Also on December 7, 2014, Mr. Sambrooks wrote another letter
to Mr. McDonald, again urging termination of the Combination but this time urging Mr.
McDonald and Legacy Forest to consider alternative structures, including a joint venture
structure. That evening, the Legacy Forest board met again, after which Mr. McDonald wrote to
Mr. Sambrooks reiterating Legacy Forest’s intention to close the Combination, but also agreeing
to consider alternative solutions.50
F. 	An Alternative Combination Structure Emerges
Well 	into 	early 	December 	2014, 	the 	dynamics 	of 	the 	negotiations 	between 	the
prospective combined company and the New RBL Lenders remained the same: the prospective
combined company continued to seek relief on the New RBL Debt-EBITDA Covenant while
preserving liquidity and the New RBL Lenders continued to seek better terms or reduction in
exposure on the Bridge Loan in exchange for such relief. All parties recognized that leaving the
Legacy Forest Notes in place, rather than replacing them with more expensive Bridge Loan
financing, would both (i) directly increase the prospective combined company’s liquidity and
50 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 68-77.
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capacity to service debt by freeing up cash that would otherwise be committed to interest
payments on the Bridge Loan and (ii) simultaneously reduce the New RBL Lenders’ exposure,
thereby making the New RBL Lenders more likely to grant covenant relief. 	Accordingly, the
parties began to explore combination structures that would not trigger the change-of-control
provisions of the Legacy Forest Notes, thus obviating the need to obtain the Bridge Loan to fund
a repurchase of such Legacy Forest Notes. For example, on November 30, 2014, during his call
with Mr. McDonald, Mr. Sambrooks listed as an option “[w]ork around the Change in Control
provision of Forest bonds,” and “[e]xchange only partial interests so as not to trigger Change in
Control.”51
Similarly, on December 4, 2014, Mr. Scotto of Wells Fargo asked Mr. Weiner whether
First Reserve had considered assigning some of its equity interests to a third-party, which would
avoid a change-of-control and, consequently, avoid the need for the Bridge Loan to fund the
payment of the Legacy Forest Notes. 	First Reserve rejected this proposal.52 During the week
that followed, a number of structures were considered and negotiated, including structures
without a Bridge Loan, but Mr. Scotto testified that Wells Fargo was not informed of the final
structure of the Combination until December 11.53
Ultimately, the final structure of the Combination originated in a December 3, 2014
conversation between Legacy Forest board member Dod Fraser and Legacy Forest’s legal
counsel, Mark Gordon of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz (“Wachtell”). Over the course of their
conversation, Mr. Fraser and Mr. Gordon developed a combination structure that they believed
would avoid the change-of-control provisions of the Legacy Forest Notes by giving Legacy
Forest shareholders 60% of the common voting power of the prospective combined company,
51 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 68-69.
52 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 78.
53 	See Scotto Dep. Tr. 88:8-11.
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subject to control rights held by First Reserve.54 Mr. Fraser testified that he did not receive any
input 	from 	the 	New 	RBL 	Lenders 	in 	developing 	this 	structure. 	Notwithstanding 	this
development, Mr. Fraser did not share this new structure with the Legacy Sabine Parent board
until a December 9, 2014 conference call discussing alternative structures. 	Mr. Sambrooks
deliberately chose to exclude the New RBL Lenders from this call.55
During that December 9 conference call, the boards of Legacy Forest and Legacy Sabine
Parent agreed to pursue Mr. Fraser’s alternative structure. 	On December 10, 2014, Mr.
Sambrooks sent a term sheet to Mr. McDonald reflecting Mr. Fraser’s alternative structure and
urged Mr. McDonald to provide comments as soon as possible so that he could “bring our banks
over the wall.”56 Mr. Sambrooks testified that he decided not to tell the New RBL Lenders about
the potential alternative merger structure in order to ensure that they continued to work toward
completion of a financing package under the July Commitment Letter in case agreement on an
alternative structure could not be reached with Legacy Forest.57
The next day, the boards of Legacy Forest and Legacy Sabine Parent agreed to modify
the final structure for the Combination in accordance with Mr. Fraser’s proposal. On December
11, 2014, Legacy Sabine Parent sent the New RBL Lenders a term sheet reflecting Mr. Fraser’s
proposed structure but did not commit to the prospective combined company closing under the
revised structure. Instead, Legacy Sabine Parent asked the New RBL Lenders to both (i) provide
financing terms based on the revised structure and (ii) continue negotiating modifications to the
financing reflected in the July Commitment Letter, based on a structure that would include the
Bridge Loan. 	The New RBL Lenders did as requested and negotiated on dual tracks. 	By the
54 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 95.
55 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 92.
56 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 96.
57 	See 2/9/16 Hr’g Tr. 254:12-255:1 (Sambrooks).
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night of December 15, 2014, the New RBL Lenders had received internal credit approval to
finance the structure based on Mr. Fraser’s proposal but did not yet know if the legacy
companies would choose to close based on Mr. Fraser’s structure (without the Bridge Loan) or
based on the July 2014 structure (with the Bridge Loan).58
G. 	The Final Combination Structure and Execution of the Combination
On December 16, 2014, the two legacy companies elected to close under Mr. Fraser’s
proposed structure, thereby avoiding the change-of-control provisions of the Legacy Forest
Notes and obviating the need to obtain the Bridge Loan to redeem the Legacy Forest Notes.
Under this structure, the New RBL Lenders agreed to grant relief on the New RBL Debt-
EBITDA Covenant and to delay a likely downward redetermination of the borrowing base from
thirty days post-closing (i.e., January 15, 2015) to April 1, 2015, ensuring that the prospective
combined company would enjoy the liquidity benefits of an increased borrowing base for an
additional two and a half months. In accordance with these revised (and subsequently finalized)
terms, the Combination proceeded in three steps: a share exchange, a merger, and a debt
financing, as described below.
Step 1: The Share Exchange
First, as authorized by their respective boards, Legacy Forest issued shares to Legacy
Sabine Parent shareholders in exchange for the shares of Legacy Sabine Parent (the “Share
Exchange”). The Share Exchange occurred at or around 12:40 p.m. EST on December 16, 2014.
At the conclusion of the Share Exchange, Legacy Sabine Parent and, in turn, the Legacy Sabine
Subsidiaries, were indirect subsidiaries of Legacy Forest.
58 	Scotto Dep. Tr. 106:7-18 (Q: “Am I correct that as of the night of December 15, 2014,Wells Fargo did not
know whether the transaction would close under Option 1 or Option 2?” A: “No. You are correct that Wells did not
know.”).
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Step 2: The Merger
The second step of the Combination was the merger of Legacy Sabine Parent into Legacy
Forest (the “Merger”). 	The Merger, along with the Share Exchange, was contemplated by the
documents that the Legacy Forest and Legacy Sabine Parent directors had executed on the
morning of December 16, 2014. Following the Share Exchange, all but two of the Legacy Forest
directors resigned and were replaced by the 3:30 Board. Notwithstanding the replacement of the
Legacy Forest board with the 3:30 Board, no further board action was required to effectuate the
Merger; the Merger would become effective upon each of the New York59 and Delaware
secretaries of state filing the relevant merger certificates. 	Nonetheless, when the 3:30 Board
assumed its position, neither secretary of state had filed the relevant merger certificates and the
Merger was not yet technically effective. 	Although the New York secretary of state filed the
relevant merger certificates as of 2:09 p.m. EST, and the companies issued a press release
announcing the closing of the Merger, the Delaware secretary of state did not file the relevant
merger certificates until 3:48 p.m. EST. The 3:30 Board met from 3:30 p.m. EST through 3:45
p.m. EST, primarily to authorize and direct Legacy Forest to enter into the third step of the
Combination, the Debt Financing (as defined below). Accordingly, although, as Mr. Sambrooks
testified, the 3:30 Board believed that the Merger had closed prior to its 3:30 meeting, the
Merger may not have been technically effective until after the conclusion of the 3:30 Board’s
meeting. Upon the technical effectiveness of the Merger, pursuant to New York corporate law,
Legacy Forest, as the successor to Legacy Sabine Parent, assumed the assets and the obligations
59 	At the Hearing, counsel for First Reserve argued that under applicable New York law, the Merger was
effective when the New York secretary of state filed its merger certificate and that the subsequent filing by the
Delaware secretary of state is not necessarily determinative, as a technical matter, of the time the Merger became
effective. 	See 3/16/16 Hr’g Tr. 268:11-269:3 (Rossman) (“So you’ve got a funny business here, right, because
under their theory you’re married in one state, you’re not married in the other. So what do you do? Now Forest is a
New York corporation. . . . I’m prepared to take the position that they’re merged under New York law . . . .”).
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of Legacy Sabine Parent, i.e., the $620 million Legacy Sabine RBL, the $650 million Second
Lien Loan, and the $350 million of Legacy Sabine Notes. In addition, Legacy Forest succeeded
to Legacy Sabine Parent’s status as the sole member of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries.
Step 3: The Debt Financing
The third step of the Combination was the refinancing of the debt of Legacy Forest,
which had by this point subsumed Legacy Sabine Parent. 	In accordance with the resolutions
passed by the 3:30 Board, Legacy Forest, now the Combined Company, took the following steps
(the “Debt Financing”):
 	Incurred the $750 million New RBL;
 	Used proceeds of the New RBL to pay off the Legacy Forest RBL and the Legacy
Sabine RBL;
 	Amended the Second Lien Loan to provide the Combined Company with an
additional $50 million of availability and subsequent borrowing of such $50
million;
 	Caused the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries to issue guarantees to secure (i) the New
RBL; (ii) the additional $50 million of borrowings on the Second Lien Loan; and
(iii) the Legacy Forest Notes; and
 	Granted liens to secure (i) the New RBL and the additional $50 million of
borrowings on the Second Lien Loan and (ii) the guarantees thereof.60
Following the completion of the Debt Financing, the Combination was complete.
On December 18, 2014, the Combined Company paid down approximately $206
million61 of the amount outstanding under the New RBL. In late February 2015, the Combined
Company drew down the $356 million of balance available on the New RBL.
60 	Liens on Legacy Sabine Parent and Legacy Sabine Subsidiary assets that had previously secured the
Legacy Sabine RBL were transferred from the administrative agent for the Legacy Sabine RBL to the New RBL
Agent. Liens on Legacy Sabine Parent and Legacy Sabine Subsidiary assets that had secured the Second Lien Loan
pre-Combination continued to secure the Second Lien Loan post-Combination. See New RBL Credit Agreement §
12.20.
61 	The parties disagree on the amount of proceeds from the sale of Legacy Forest’s Arkoma assets that was
included in the $206 million.
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H. 	The Debtors’ Investigation of the Constructive
Fraudulent Transfer Claims and Bad Act Claims
On May 15, 2015, the Combined Company’s board of directors approved the formation
of a special committee (the “Independent Directors’ Committee”) to conduct an investigation of
any potential claims and causes of action related to the Combination that the Debtors may
possess against creditors and others. The Independent Directors’ Committee is comprised of two
independent directors, Thomas Chewning and Jonathan Foster, neither of whom was involved in
the Combination or had involvement with Legacy Sabine Parent or Legacy Forest at the time of
the Combination. 	On June 10, 2015, the Combined Company’s board of directors approved an
expansion of the Independent Directors’ Committee’s authority to decide which claims related to
the Combination, if any, the Combined Company should assert.62 Mr. Chewning and Mr. Foster
were assisted in their assessment of potential claims by the Independent Directors' Committee’s
legal and financial advisors. Initially, these advisors included litigation attorneys from Kirkland
& Ellis LLP (“Kirkland”) and financial advisors from Zolfo Cooper.63 The Independent
Directors’ Committee later retained Professor Jack F. Williams, formerly of Mesirow Financial
Consulting LLC and now of Baker Tilly, to provide additional expertise and perspective on the
Debtors’ potential constructive fraudulent transfer claims. 64
Professor Williams produced an extensive report, dated October 26, 2015, analyzing
potential constructive fraudulent transfer claims (the “Williams Report”).65 In preparing his
report, Professor Williams assumed that a constructive fraudulent transfer would exist where the
transferring entity (i) was insolvent and (ii) received less than reasonably equivalent value in the
62 	Debtors’ Objection ¶ 28.
63 	Debtors’ Objection ¶ 29.
64 	Debtors’ Objection ¶ 30.
65 	The Williams Report and the December 1 Report (as defined below) were both filed on the docket of these
cases on December 22, 2015. See Notice of Filing of Analysis of Potential Estate Causes of Action [ECF No. 650].
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exchange.66 Professor Williams found that each of Legacy Forest, Legacy Sabine Parent, and the
Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries was insolvent on the day of the Combination.67 He then analyzed
the issue of reasonably equivalent value “from the perspective of creditors” of each of Legacy
Forest, Legacy Sabine Parent, and the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries, i.e., whether discrete groups
of creditors received reasonably equivalent value in the Combination.68 Finally, in assessing
reasonably equivalent value, Professor Williams declined to analyze any single step of the
Combination in isolation and instead viewed the Combination as a whole.69 Using this
framework, 	he 	reached 	the 	following 	conclusions 	with 	respect 	to 	potential 	constructive
fraudulent transfer claims, which conclusions were adopted by the Independent Directors’
Committee:
 	Legacy 	Forest 	unsecured 	creditors’ 	recoveries 	were 	harmed 	by 	the
Combination as a whole and thus they did not receive reasonably equivalent
value;70
 	Legacy Sabine Parent and Legacy Sabine Subsidiary unsecured creditors’
recoveries were benefitted by the Combination as a whole and thus they
received reasonably equivalent value; 71 and
 	Legacy 	Forest 	unsecured 	creditors 	had 	no 	remedy 	“because 	it 	is 	not
economically feasible presently to identify and trace [Legacy Forest] property,
debt, and expenses that existed immediately before the [Combination] that
remains property of the estate and because of the commingling of cash and
cash equivalents and cross-debt obligations.”72
Thereafter, on November 2, November 11, and November 14, 2015, the Independent
Directors’ Committee received demand letters from the Committee and the Forest Notes
Indenture Trustees with respect to the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims and the Bad Acts
Claims. On December 1, 2015, the Independent Directors’ Committee adopted a report prepared
66 	See Williams Report p. 62.
67 	See Williams Report p. 106.
68 	See Williams Report p. 113; p. 119.
69 	See Williams Report p. 121.
70 	See Williams Report p. 147.
71 	See Williams Report pp. 148-149.
72 	See Williams Report p. 153.
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by Kirkland analyzing the Bad Acts Claims (the “December 1 Report”). 	The Independent
Directors’ Committee adopted the report’s conclusion that there were no additional colorable
claims that would benefit the estates. 	The Independent Directors’ Committee considered the
claims raised in the demand letters received, and it continued to conclude that no additional
claims were colorable and beneficial to the estates.73
I. 	The Committee’s Investigation of the Constructive
Fraudulent Transfer Claims and Bad Act Claims
On July 15, 2015 (the “Petition Date”), each of the Debtors filed a voluntary petition for
relief under chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. 	Shortly after its appointment, the Committee
began its own investigation of the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims and the Bad Acts
Claims in parallel with the ongoing work of the Debtors’ Independent Directors’ Committee.
Following initial discovery, and at the urging of the Court, the Committee and the Debtors
entered into a coordinated discovery protocol stipulation that was so-ordered by the Court in
September 2015 [ECF No. 357] (the “Discovery Protocol”).74 Pursuant to the Discovery
Protocol, the Committee received extensive access to documents and witnesses for deposition,
albeit on a negotiated and voluntary, rather than unlimited, basis. So as to avoid duplication of
efforts and costs, the Discovery Protocol stated that the Committee and the Debtors/Independent
Directors’ Committee would work together to make document requests, conduct depositions, and
otherwise investigate all potential claims, including the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims
and the Bad Acts Claims. 	In pursuing its investigation, the Committee had access to and
reviewed over a million pages of documents, deposed seventeen witnesses, and billed over 9700
hours of time between August and December 2015.75
73 	See Debtors’ Objection ¶ 36.
74 	The Discovery Protocol also covers the Bucket II Claims.
75 	3/16/16 Hr’g Tr. 16:15-17:14 (Balassa).
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IV. 	The STN Hearing
The hearing on the STN Motions (the “Hearing”) took place over the course of fifteen
days, commencing on February 8, 2016 and with closing arguments concluding on March 17,
2016. 	It included nine days of live witness testimony from seven witnesses, over 400 exhibits
submitted to the Court, five days of closing arguments, and closing argument demonstratives
comprised of hundreds of slides.
The Court heard live testimony from the following seven witnesses: (i) Mr. Jonathan
Foster, a member of the Independent Directors’ Committee of the Combined Company’s board
of directors; (ii) Mr. David J. Sambrooks, the Chief Executive Officer of the Combined
Company, the former Chief Executive Officer of Legacy Sabine, and a member of the Combined
Company’s board of directors; (iii) Mr. Thomas Chewning, a member of the Independent
Directors’ Committee of the Combined Company’s board of directors; (iv) Mr. Joshua Weiner, a
Managing Director at First Reserve; (v) Mr. Steven M. Zelin, a Managing Director at PJT
Partners LP, financial advisor to the Committee; (vi) Mr. Jonathan Mitchell, Chief Restructuring
Officer of the Debtors; and (vii) Professor Jack F. Williams, formerly of Mesirow Financial
Consulting LLC and now of Baker Tilly, retained by the Independent Directors’ Committee to
provide additional expertise and perspective on the Debtors’ potential constructive fraudulent
transfer claims.
The Court also viewed videotaped deposition testimony of the following five witnesses:
(i) Mr. Dod A. Fraser, a member of the board of directors of Legacy Forest; (ii) Mr. Patrick R.
McDonald, the Chief Executive Officer of Legacy Forest; (iii) Mr. Victor Wind, the former
Chief Financial Officer of Legacy Forest; (iv) Mr. Kevin Scotto, an employee of Wells Fargo;
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and (v) Mr. Laurence Whittemore, an employee of JPMorgan Securities LLC, financial advisor
to Legacy Forest.
The parties also submitted deposition designations and counter-designations of the
deposition testimony of the following additional witnesses: (i) Mr. Loren K. Carroll, a member
of the board of directors of Legacy Forest; (ii) Mr. Richard J. Carty, a member of the board of
directors of Legacy Forest; (iii) Mr. James H. Lee, a member of the board of directors of Legacy
Forest; (iv) Mr. James D. Lightner, Chairman of the board of directors of Legacy Forest; (v) Mr.
Raymond I. Wilcox, a member of the board of directors of Legacy Forest; (vi) Mr. Duane C.
Radtke, Chairman of the Board of Legacy Sabine Parent; (vii) Mr. John Yearwood, a member of
the board of directors of Legacy Sabine Parent; (viii) Mr. Michael G. France, a member of the
board of directors of Legacy Sabine Parent and a Managing Director of First Reserve; (ix) Mr.
Alex T. Krueger, a member of the board of directors of Legacy Sabine Parent and Co-Chief
Executive Officer and President of First Reserve; and (x) Mr. Brooks M. Shughart, a member of
the board of directors of Legacy Sabine Parent and a Director of First Reserve.
Witness testimony was particularly focused on the following issues: (i) the negotiation
and decision-making process of the boards of directors and management teams of Legacy Sabine
Parent and Legacy Forest with respect to the terms of the Combination between May 2014 and
December 2014; (ii) the Debtors’ investigation of potential claims and causes of action that the
Debtors or certain of their stakeholders may possess related to the Combination; and (iii) the
Independent Directors’ Committee’s conclusions as to the colorability of those potential claims
and causes of action.
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A. Mr. Jonathan Foster
Mr. Foster, one of the two members of the Independent Directors’ Committee, gave
extensive testimony regarding the process and analysis of potential claims and causes of action
undertaken by the Independent Directors’ Committee. Mr. Foster joined the board of directors of
the Combined Company on May 15, 2015 and was appointed to the Independent Directors’
Committee, along with Mr. Thomas Chewning, on the same day. Mr. Foster described the scope
of the authorization given to the Independent Directors’ Committee to determine what claims, if
any, the Company should pursue. 	He testified about the Independent Directors’ Committee’s
authorizing Kirkland to prepare a complaint asserting a constructive fraudulent transfer claim
seeking to avoid the liens associated with the Second Lien Loan’s deficiency at the time of the
Combination, and the Independent Directors’ Committee’s direction to Kirkland to continue its
investigation into other potential causes of action.
While Mr. Foster was questioned extensively on the timing and the scope of third-party
discovery conducted by the Independent Directors’ Committee with respect to potential causes of
action, which discovery did not begin until the Independent Directors’ Committee had reviewed
all of the Debtors’ documents, Mr. Foster offered a credible explanation for the Independent
Directors’ Committee’s approach to third-party document discovery and review. 	He testified
that the Independent Directors’ Committee understood that fraudulent transfer claims were “at
the top of the list” of potential claims that creditors would likely want to pursue and that such
claims are primarily economic-based and were more of an “analytical exercise” than other
potential claims being considered by the Independent Directors’ Committee.76 Accordingly, the
Independent Directors’ Committee began its claims analysis there.
76 	2/9/16 Hr’g Tr. 91:10-92:2 (Foster) (Q: “Why was the committee starting with constructive fraudulent
transfer?” A: “. . . we understood that this was on the top of the list for the creditors, and the constructive fraudulent
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In addition to testifying in detail regarding the Independent Directors’ Committee’s
process with respect to its analysis of potential claims, Mr. Foster also explained the Independent
Directors’ Committee analysis and assessment of each of the potential claims identified by the
Committee and his understanding of the possible remedies available. 	Mr. Foster’s testimony
revealed a competent grasp of the multiple and complicated potential claims at issue.
B. Mr. David J. Sambrooks
Mr. Sambrooks is the former Chief Executive Officer and a director on the board of
Legacy Sabine Parent, was a member of the 3:30 Board, and is the current Chief Executive
Officer of the Combined Company. At the Hearing, he testified thoughtfully and credibly to the
process and considerations of the Legacy Sabine board and management team with respect to the
Combination and the issues leading up to it in December 2014. 	Mr. Sambrooks explained that
although he initially thought a merger of Legacy Sabine Parent and Legacy Forest was a good fit,
as of December 1, 2014, he had reached the conclusion that Legacy Sabine Parent should not
enter into the Combination. 	Mr. Sambrooks described the reasons he requested covenant relief
from Legacy Sabine’s lenders prior to the Combination, and why he thought it was important to
seek to renegotiate the financing arrangements with the lenders.
Mr. Sambrooks testified that the revised structure under which the transaction closed was
first discussed on a phone call between Legacy Forest and Legacy Sabine Parent management
and board members with no lenders participating, and that the proposal originated with Legacy
Forest. 	The new proposal – which eliminated the need for the Bridge Loan – addressed his
concerns with the proposed transaction and so he supported the Combination under those terms.
transfer topic is an analytical one as opposed to intentional fraudulent transfer being more of a qualitative one. And
so we were able to more easily start with whether we thought there was a constructive fraudulent transfer. . . . Again,
being more of an analytical exercise, we understood that it would be easier . . . and quicker to look first at
constructive fraudulent transfer . . . .”).
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Nevertheless, Mr. Sambrooks testified that Legacy Sabine Parent requested that its lenders work
on parallel tracks – toward being in a position to consummate the original financing structure and
the revised structure. 	Ultimately, the final decision as to the financing terms was made by the
boards of Legacy Sabine Parent and Legacy Forest. 	Mr. Sambrooks also explained that First
Reserve’s role was to assist the Legacy Sabine Parent management and board, but that First
Reserve had no authority to control or bind the company.
Mr. Sambrooks testified that he attended the meeting of the 3:30 Board and that, as of
that meeting, he viewed the Merger as completed; he was unaware that there was any
opportunity to stop it without facing litigation. 	He further testified that he viewed the Debt
Financing as a necessary and integrated step of the Combination to ensure the Combined
Company would have liquidity to operate. 	He emphasized that he believed closing the
Combination was the best alternative available to Legacy Sabine Parent at the time.
Mr. Sambrooks also testified that, from his perspective, Legacy Sabine Parent and the
Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries operated as a single common enterprise prior and subsequent to the
Combination.
C. Mr. Thomas Chewning
Mr. Chewning, a member of the board of the Combined Company as well as the second
member of the Independent Directors’ Committee along with Mr. Foster, also testified as to the
process and analysis of potential claims and causes of action undertaken by the Independent
Directors’ Committee. 	Mr. Chewning described his vast experience in corporate finance,
corporate governance, and the oil and gas industry. 	He explained the process of selecting Mr.
Foster to join him as a member of the Independent Directors’ Committee and specifically
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testified that he chose Mr. Foster from the list of candidates provided to him based on Mr.
Foster’s background.
Mr. Chewning understood the Independent Directors’ Committee members to have an
“open mandate” to investigate the elements of the Combination for potential causes of action,77
that it was their responsibility to have an “open mind” with respect to the Committee’s theories
and what causes of action might be pursued,78 and that their duties to investigate were ongoing
even after the Debtors filed their complaint against the Second Lien Agent and Second Lien
Lenders. 	Mr. Chewning also testified that while the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries are legally
separate from Legacy Sabine Parent, he always viewed them as a single enterprise based on how
they operate.
Mr. Chewning explained how he was personally and actively involved in all aspects of
the Independent Directors’ Committee’s investigation process, and he provided a credible
explanation for why the Independent Directors’ Committee commenced its investigation with
fraudulent conveyances and why it reached the conclusions that it did. 	Mr. Chewning’s
testimony provided strong support for the good faith of the Independent Directors’ Committee in
analyzing and assessing potential causes of action.
D. Mr. Joshua Weiner
Mr. Weiner is a Managing Director of First Reserve. 	He focuses on capital markets
transactions, including managing relationships with third-party capital providers. 	Mr. Weiner
testified that he has been involved in prior financing transactions since the creation of NFR (the
77 	2/10/16 Hr’g Tr. 52:6-10 (Chewning) (“Our committee never felt there was any bar to looking at claims
against any party. If it had been that way during negotiations, interim, whatever, we never felt that we didn’t have
an open mandate to look at any and all things pertinent to the formation and the financing.”).
78 	2/10/16 Hr’g Tr. 68:12-17 (Chewning) (“We were responsible to the creditors of the company, we were
responsible to the whole enterprise. So it was important to get it right, it was important to be thorough, it was
important to be engaged, it was important to have an open mind, and to let the chips more or less fall where they
may.”).
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predecessor name of Legacy Sabine Parent) and was “heavily involved” in the negotiation of the
financing structure for the Combination, working closely with Mr. Sambrooks.79 Mr. Weiner
described the contentious negotiations between Legacy Sabine Parent and the New RBL Lenders
in December 2014 with respect to the terms of the New RBL and the Combined Company’s
request for covenant relief. 	As he explained, given the absence of any “out” from the
Combination, the Combined Company was facing a likely covenant breach upon closing under
the terms of the July Commitment Letter.80
Mr. Weiner further testified that, at all times, he undertook negotiations in the interests of
the Combined Company, not in the interests of First Reserve or any other insider of Legacy
Sabine Parent. Mr. Weiner also credibly testified that his role was to assist in the negotiation of
the financing, and he did not try to and did not control Legacy Sabine Parent’s board or
management team. He explained that, during the negotiations, he sought to be actively involved
to prevent the lenders from attempting to manipulate management for the lenders’ own benefit
and to ensure that the Combined Company maintained a good working relationship with its
lenders as providers of liquidity going forward. 	He credibly testified that First Reserve’s
business relationship with the New RBL Lenders was a secondary concern to the ability of the
Combined Company to continue to access capital, and that he was doing what he believed was
best for Legacy Sabine Parent to obtain the best financing package possible. Mr. Weiner was a
forthright and credible witness.
E. Mr. Steven M. Zelin
Mr. Zelin is a Managing Director of PJT Partners LP, the financial advisor to the
Committee. Mr. Zelin, who has decades of experience in major chapter 11 bankruptcies and out
79 2/10/16 Hr’g Tr. 106:5-15; 117:1-3 (Weiner).
80 2/10/16 Hr’g Tr. 131:22-24; 141:3-5; 169:4-24 (Weiner).
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of court restructurings, was called to testify regarding his conclusions with respect to potential
recoveries available from pursuit of the Committee’s proposed claims, as reflected more fully in
his expert report (the “Zelin Report”). 	Mr. Zelin testified that he was given a series of
assumptions from counsel to the Committee with respect to a number of “inputs,”81 including
assuming a one hundred percent chance of success on all of the Committee’s proposed claims,
and that his methodology involved “unwinding” the Combination and evaluating each of the
Legacy Forest and Legacy Sabine estates on a pre-Combination and post-Combination basis in
order to conduct his analysis.82
As discussed in greater detail hereinafter, Mr. Zelin’s testimony was consistent with the
conclusions set forth in the Zelin Report. 	Mr. Zelin testified that, under the assumptions he
applied, the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims would result in a recovery of $729 million
to the unsecured creditors of Legacy Forest and $265 million to the unsecured creditors of the
Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries. Mr. Zelin testified that he reached these conclusions by assuming a
one hundred percent likelihood of success on the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims and
allocating the recoveries between the pro forma Legacy Forest and Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries
using additional assumptions. 	He also provided his estimate of the plaintiffs’ cost of litigating
the entirety of the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims in the amount of $20-30 million.
81 	2/22/16 Hr’g Tr. 277:21-278:3 (Zelin) (“ . . . with respect to the . . . numbers to be used and where I derived
the numbers the logic of the calculation was the legal analysis provided by Ropes & Gray, but there’s [sic] a lot of
underlying mathematical assumptions and it’s the estimates and judgments that I had to make in the numbers that
gave rise to and modeled the legal analysis provided to me by Ropes & Gray.”).
82 	2/22/16 Hr’g Tr. 32:20-33:2 (Zelin) (“The approach that was outlined to me was one that attempted to look
at the two estates, Legacy Sabine, Legacy Forest – the Legacy Sabine subsidiaries and Legacy Forest and attempt to
calculate a separate recovery analysis at each of those two estates as if the combination did not occur, in essence,
attempting to unwind the transaction in a manner consistent with the law and the approach as described to me.”).
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Mr. Zelin further testified to the methodology he utilized to calculate potential recoveries
on the Bad Acts Claims in the amount of $1.17 to $1.19 billion;83 he only viewed the Bad Acts
Claims as a group and did not allocate potential damages and recoveries on a claim-by-claim
basis. 	Mr. Zelin also described his methodology for calculating the value of the New RBL
Lenders’ adequate protection claim in an amount between $0 and $50 million. In preparing his
report, Mr. Zelin did not conduct a valuation of his own; rather, he relied on the valuation work
done by Mr. Christopher Kearns of Berkeley Research Group (“BRG”) and on the asset values
utilized by Professor Williams in the Williams Report.
While it is clear that Mr. Zelin faithfully applied the assumptions underlying his analysis
and calculations, it was also readily apparent that he had been asked to use certain methodologies
and assumptions that he had never used in other cases, nor had he ever seen them used by others.
Criticisms of Mr. Zelin’s conclusions and report go not to his credibility and expertise but rather
to the assumptions that he was asked to apply and model.
F. Mr. Jonathan Mitchell
After serving as an advisor to the Combined Company beginning in March 2015, Mr.
Mitchell became the Chief Restructuring Officer of the Debtors on July 15, 2015. 	At the
Hearing, Mr. Mitchell testified to his prior experience as a CRO or interim CEO for a number of
other companies and to his prior work in the energy sector. Mr. Mitchell described the Debtors’
ongoing business activities and financial condition. He detailed his considerations in evaluating
potential 	claims 	that 	the 	Debtors 	could 	assert, 	including 	(i) 	the 	Independent 	Directors’
Committee’s views as to the colorability of and potential recoveries on such claims and (ii) the
83 2/22/16 Hr’g Tr. 163:14-21 (Zelin) (Q: “Sir, your methodology for calculating bad acts damages is based
on assumptions from counsel, correct?” A: “Yes, absolutely, yes.” Q: “You did not do anything to test the
reasonableness of those assumptions, true?” A: “Other than having conversations with counsel I didn’t go anywhere
else to test it with other lawyers or other third parties.”).
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size of the New RBL Lenders’ adequate protection claim. To determine the size of the adequate
protection claim, Mr. Mitchell utilized the value of the subject collateral as of the Petition Date
and then relied on recent valuation work performed by the Debtors’ financial advisor, Lazard
Freres, to obtain a resulting adequate protection claim of approximately $480 million. 	Mr.
Mitchell noted his disagreement with the methodology employed by the Committee’s expert, Mr.
Zelin, for calculating the New RBL Lenders’ adequate protection claim.
Mr. Mitchell also reinforced his understanding of his obligation to preserve value for the
Debtors’ estates; it is his belief that the cost of litigation (which he estimates at approximately
$30-$40 million), the low likelihood of success on the proposed claims, and the Debtors’ priority
of preserving liquidity in order to emerge from bankruptcy further militate against any benefit in
bringing the causes of action identified by the Committee. 	Mr. Mitchell also reconfirmed his
view that a sale process would not be value-enhancing to the Debtors.
G. Professor Jack F. Williams
Professor Williams, formerly of Mesirow Financial Consulting LLC and now of Baker
Tilly, was retained by the Independent Directors’ Committee to provide analysis and expertise as
to potential constructive fraudulent transfer claims arising out of the Combination. 	Professor
Williams was called to testify as an expert and fact witness as to the opinions set forth in the
Williams Report, and as an expert witness to rebut the testimony of the Committee’s expert, Mr.
Zelin.
Professor Williams’ testimony was consistent with the opinions reflected in the Williams
Report. As described more fully hereinafter, Professor Williams testified to the numerous bases
for his conclusion that Legacy Sabine Parent and the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries functioned as a
common enterprise from an economic perspective prior to the Combination, including the use of
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a centralized financing and cash management system. 	Professor Williams explained his
conclusion 	that 	each 	of 	Legacy 	Forest, 	Legacy 	Sabine 	Parent, 	and 	the 	Legacy 	Sabine
Subsidiaries was insolvent on the date of the Combination. Professor Williams walked through
his methodology for determining what he described as the transfer of value to certain creditor
constituencies as a result of the Combination. 	He explained that he assessed the impact of the
Combination from a creditor perspective because while the constructive fraudulent transfer
analysis focuses on what the Debtors received, he considers the creditors to be the component
parts of the Debtors’ estates for the purpose of a fraudulent transfer analysis because the law is
designed to protect unsecured creditors. 	He explained that he views the Combination as an
integrated economic event that included the Merger and the Debt Financing. 	When asked how
he determined whether a creditor group received “reasonably equivalent value,” Professor
Williams testified that he assessed whether the value transferred and value received was
“economically equivalent.”84 Professor Williams acknowledged that he did not do a separate
calculation of the value of the business synergies achieved by the Combination; he treated the
liens granted to the Second Lien Lenders as part of the Combination transaction because this was
a contractual obligation as of the Combination, but did not include the undrawn amount of the
New RBL because the Debtors had no obligation to incur that additional debt.
Most importantly, upon questioning by Debtors’ counsel, Professor Williams provided
persuasive testimony rebutting the methodology and conclusions of Mr. Zelin. 	Professor
Williams explained his belief that Mr. Zelin’s calculations relied on a “double-counting” of the
New RBL obligation and the corresponding liens, and that absent such “double-counting,” there
84 	2/26/16 Hr’g Tr. 212:1-7 (Williams) ( “. . . but for purposes of determining equivalent value from an
economic perspective, I was focused on harm, not necessarily to the extent of greater benefit, because reasonably
equivalent value – or the economic equivalent, excuse me, is assessed from the perspective of harm to the creditors.
That’s what I was primarily looking for.”).
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would be no value left for unsecured creditors to recover from encumbered assets of the Debtors’
estates.85
V. 	Discussion
A. 	Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims
The Court now turns to its analysis of each of the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer
Claims to determine if any of these claims is colorable. Under applicable statutory and case law,
including sections 544 and 548 of the Bankruptcy Code, a constructive fraudulent transfer
generally occurs when (i) the debtor receives less than reasonably equivalent value in exchange
for the property transferred or obligation incurred and (ii) the transfer of property or incurrence
of debt occurs when the debtor is insolvent. See Orr v. Kinderhill Corp., 991 F.2d 31, 35-36 (2d
Cir. 1993).
Each of the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims the Committee proposes to assert on
behalf of Legacy Forest and the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries arises from transfers made or
obligations incurred in connection with the Combination. The Movants and the Objectors agree
on the basic facts of the Combination; additionally, there is no dispute that Legacy Forest and the
Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries were balance sheet insolvent at the time of the Combination. 	The
Movants and the Objectors alike cite to Second Circuit precedent in Orr and HBE Leasing Corp.
v. Frank, 48 F.3d 623 (2d Cir. 1995), which directs the Court to consider, for purposes of
fraudulent transfer analysis, multiple transactions that occur pursuant to an integrated plan as a
whole – the so-called “collapsing doctrine.” 	Nonetheless, the parties have a fundamental
85 	2/26/16 Hr’g Tr. 101:1-9 (Williams) (Q: “How does Mr. Zelin allocate the $927 million total obligation
between the pro forma Forest estate and the pro forma Sabine estate?” A: “He does not. . . . he burdens both the pro
forma Forest estate and the pro forma Sabine estate with the entire $927 million, duplicating the obligations.”);
2/26/16 Hr’g Tr. 109:25-110:8 (Williams) (Q: “So assuming Mr. Zelin’s pro forma estates are created adopting his
assumptions with the one difference being that there is one set of obligations instead of Mr. Zelin’s duplication of
the $927 million of obligations and liens, . . . how much encumbered value would be available to preserve on behalf
of the estate and its unencumbered creditors?” A: “There would be none.”).
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threshold dispute as to exactly how the Court should analyze the various transfers and
incurrences incident to the Combination for purposes of fraudulent transfer law, and specifically
how and when the Court should apply the collapsing doctrine. 	This threshold dispute largely
drives the parties’ disagreement on whether the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims, which
the Committee values at more than $1 billion in the aggregate, assuming complete success on
such claims, are colorable.
1. 	Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims to Be Asserted on behalf of Legacy
Forest
a. 	The Committee’s Theory86
The theory of the Committee’s Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims as to Legacy
Forest involves two steps and is dependent on the Court adopting a segmented view of the
Combination. The Committee’s theory has been referred to from time to time in this proceeding
as a “freeze frame” or “snapshot” approach. 	First, the Committee argues that the result of the
Merger was that Legacy Forest (i) incurred a total of $1.26 billion in obligations of Legacy
Sabine Parent (i.e., the Legacy Sabine RBL, the Second Lien Loan, and the Legacy Sabine
Notes) and (ii) received only the negligible assets of Legacy Sabine Parent in return – far less
than reasonably equivalent value for the incurrence of $1.26 billion in debt.87 Therefore, says the
Committee, the Merger effected a constructive fraudulent transfer as to Legacy Forest and, thus,
each of the Legacy Sabine RBL, the Second Lien Loan, and the Legacy Sabine Notes are
avoidable obligations of Legacy Forest. In an indication that the focus of this STN proceeding is
more about shifting recoveries from secured creditors to unsecured creditors than protecting the
Debtors’ estates, the Committee, however, does not seek standing to challenge the incurrence of
86 	See First Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 102-108.
87 	Per the Committee’s theory, only the value of assets at Legacy Sabine Parent (approximately $216 million)
should be included in this step, not the value of assets held by the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries.
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the 	Legacy 	Sabine 	Notes, 	even 	though 	such 	notes 	are 	avoidable 	obligations 	under 	the
Committee’s theory.88
Next, the Committee asserts that the collapsing doctrine referred to in Orr v. Kinderhill
Corp., 991 F.2d 31 (2d Cir. 1993), and HBE Leasing Corp. v. Frank, 48 F.3d 623, 635 (2d Cir.
1995), should apply to Legacy Forest’s incurrence of portions of the New RBL, resulting in a
fraudulent transfer claim here as well. 	Specifically, the Committee contends that the Court
should collapse Legacy Forest’s (i) incurrence of the New RBL and (ii) use of $620 million of
the New RBL proceeds to pay off the Legacy Sabine RBL because “[t]here is no question that
the paydown of the Legacy Sabine RBL was to be, and could only have been, accomplished
through the [New RBL].” 89 In the Committee’s view, such application collapses these two
transactions into a single transaction in which Legacy Forest used $620 million of the New RBL
proceeds to pay an avoidable obligation, the Legacy Sabine RBL. 	Thus, contends the
Committee, “viewing the transaction as a whole,” Legacy Forest received no value for the
incurrence of the portion of the New RBL that was used to pay off the Legacy Sabine RBL,
making the incurrence of the New RBL itself an avoidable transfer and the New RBL an
avoidable obligation.90
The proposed Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims seek a number of remedies as
recompense to the creditors of the Legacy Forest estate for the allegedly fraudulent transfers
described above, including (i) avoidance of liens granted to secure the allegedly avoidable
obligations, including liens on the equity interests of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries; (ii)
88 	See Debtors’ Objection ¶ 69; New RBL Agent Fraudulent Transfer Objection p. 34 n. 61 (“Although the
Movants seem to favor this novel theory of unscrambling the Combination, they refuse to consider the implications
for the Forest Notes and the Sabine Notes, hiding behind their assertion that there is no deadline for them to bring
these constructive fraudulent transfer claims. Applying their theory to their own debt, among other matters, any
guarantees incurred in connection with the Combination in respect of the Forest Notes or the Sabine Notes would
also have to be avoided.”).
89 	First Committee STN Motion ¶ 106.
90 	First Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 105-106.
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recovery of the diminution in value of such avoidable liens since the Combination; (iii) recovery
of the December 18, 2014 $206 million paydown of the New RBL, and prejudgment interest on
the same; and (iv) recovery of fees paid in connection with the Combination, and prejudgment
interest on the same. 	The Committee’s financial expert, Mr. Zelin, estimates that complete
success on these Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims would result in an additional $729
million of value available to the unsecured creditors of Legacy Forest, as follows:91
 	Avoidance of Liens Improperly Granted to Secure
Avoidable Obligations – $111 million
 	Recovery of New RBL Paydown – $159 million
 	Merger & Financing Fees – $13 million
 	Prejudgment Interest – $24 million
 	Diminution in Value of Improperly Granted Liens to
Secure Avoidable Obligations – $422 million
 	Total – $729 million
During his testimony, Mr. Zelin conceded that if the Court finds that the New RBL is not an
avoidable obligation at Legacy Forest, the vast majority, if not all, of the above amounts would
not be recoverable.92
Accordingly, recovery of these amounts is dependent upon the Court adopting a
segmented view of the Combination and finding that (i) Legacy Forest did not receive reasonably
equivalent value in the Merger, rendering the Legacy Sabine RBL an avoidable obligation,
which conclusion indeed requires adopting a “freeze-frame” analysis, and (ii) the incurrence of
the New RBL and the paydown of the “avoidable” Legacy Sabine RBL are collapsed into a
single transaction such that the New RBL, save for $182 million used to pay down the valid
Legacy Forest RBL obligations, is itself an avoidable obligation.
91 	Mr. Zelin’s initial expert report included a category for recovery of adequate protection payments made to
the New RBL Lenders and to the Second Lien Lenders. As claims to recover such payments are not part of the STN
Motions, Mr. Zelin agreed with Debtors’ counsel that this category should be removed from his analysis, and he
submitted a revised expert report at the Hearing. See generally 2/22/16 Hr’g Tr. (Zelin).
92 	See 2/22/16 Hr’g Tr. 331:17-333:20.
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b. 	The Objectors’ Theories
Each of the Objectors contends that the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims that the
Committee argues can be asserted by Legacy Forest are not colorable. The Debtors and the New
RBL Lenders argue persuasively that the Committee’s argument rests on a false premise, namely
that Legacy Forest’s incurrence of the Legacy Sabine RBL in the Merger can be analyzed
separate and apart from the entire Combination for purposes of fraudulent transfer law. The New
RBL Lenders, citing to Liquidation Trust of Hechinger Inv. Co. v. Fleet Retail Fin. Grp. (In re
Hechinger Inv. Co. of Del.), 327 B.R. 537 (D. Del. 2005), assert that the entirety of the
Combination, i.e., the Share Exchange, Merger, and Debt Financing, should be viewed as a
single transaction.93 Similarly, the Debtors and the Second Lien Agent observe that the
Committee’s theory cannot be correct as a matter of law because it essentially provides a “magic
wand” which transforms valid obligations into avoidable obligations upon the borrower merging
into another entity and failing to provide reasonably equivalent value.94 In addition, as argued by
Debtors’ counsel during closing argument (echoing the views of Professor Williams), the math
tracks the analytics inasmuch as the Legacy Sabine RBL went into the Combination fully
secured and contributing its underlying collateral and cannot, as a result of the Merger, be
rendered an avoidable obligation.95
Accordingly, as a threshold issue, the Court must determine whether the Committee’s
theory that the Merger and the incurrence of the New RBL should be analyzed separately from
the entire Combination is tenable. 	If the Merger must instead be analyzed with the Share
Exchange and Debt Financing as part of a single transaction, the Committee’s claims to avoid the
New RBL obligation (based on the theory that Legacy Forest did not receive reasonably
93 	See New RBL Agent Fraudulent Transfer Objection ¶ 70.
94 	See Objection of Second Lien Agent ¶ 52; Debtors’ Objection ¶ 68.
95 	See 3/14/16 Hr’g Tr. 19-36 (Balassa); 2/26/16 Hr’g Tr. 37:11-38:19 (Williams).
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equivalent value when it incurred the Legacy Sabine RBL in connection with the Merger) are not
colorable.
c. 	The Merger Must Be Analyzed as One Part of a Single,
Integrated Transaction – The Combination
The Committee’s constructive fraudulent transfer theory requires the Court to apply the
collapsing doctrine to find that (a) the Merger is not collapsible into a single transaction with the
Share Exchange and the Debt Financing and therefore Legacy Forest’s incurrence of the Legacy
Sabine RBL is a fraudulent transfer and (b) Legacy Forest’s incurrence of $620 million of the
New RBL and the paydown of the $620 million Legacy Sabine RBL are collapsible into a single
transaction. The Committee contends that this selective application of the collapsing doctrine is
appropriate because, in its view, the application of the collapsing doctrine is limited to
consideration of whether a transfer was made or an obligation incurred for reasonably equivalent
value. In other words, the Committee’s view of the collapsing doctrine is that (i) the Court can
analyze any one transfer related to the Combination, including Legacy Forest’s incurrence of
Legacy Sabine Parent’s debt through the Merger, in isolation from other possibly related
transfers and (ii) the Court may collapse value received or value given in related transactions for
purposes 	of 	determining 	whether 	the 	transferee 	received 	reasonably 	equivalent 	value 	in
connection with a transfer.
The Court declines to adopt the Committee’s view of the collapsing doctrine. While the
collapsing doctrine seems to be employed most often in the context of assessing reasonably
equivalent value, counsel for the Committee, when questioned by the Court, was unable to point
to any case limiting its application to that context. 	Further, the Committee’s theory is at odds
with the Second Circuit’s articulation of the collapsing doctrine. In Orr v. Kinderhill Corp., the
Second Circuit held “[w]here a transfer is only a step in a general plan, the plan must be viewed
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as a whole with all its composite implications.”96 Notably this language refers to all composite
implications, not just implications for assessing reasonably equivalent value. 	In fact, Judge
Gropper in Tronox Inc. v. Kerr McGee Corp. (In re Tronox Inc.), 503 B.R. 239 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.
2013), citing to Orr v. Kinderhill Corp., recently applied the collapsing doctrine to assess
whether a claim to avoid a fraudulent transfer was timely brought, an application outside the
context of assessing reasonably equivalent value. See id. at 267 (“[i]n any event, the law is clear
that for statute of limitations purposes fraudulent conveyances are examined for their substance,
not their form.”). 	Accordingly, the Court concludes that the better view is that a proper
application of the collapsing doctrine, as articulated by the Second Circuit, requires collapsing all
transfers that are part of a single plan and viewing that single plan as a whole, with all its
composite implications, for reasonably equivalent value and otherwise.
In determining whether to treat a transfer as part of a general plan, courts in this District
and elsewhere have focused on the knowledge and intent of the parties.97 In the recent decision
of Adelphia Recovery Trust v. FPL Group, Inc. (In re Adelphia Commc’ns Corp.), 512 B.R. 447,
491 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2014), Judge Gerber identified three factors to consider in such analysis:
a. 	Whether all of the parties involved had knowledge of the multiple transactions;
b. 	Whether each transaction would have occurred on its own; and
c. 	Whether each transaction was dependent or conditioned on other transactions.
Applying these factors here, it is clear that the Merger, along with the Share Exchange and the
Debt Financing, must be treated as parts of a general plan, and that the Combination must be
96 	Orr, 991 F.2d at 35.
97 	See e.g., In re Sunbeam Corp., 284 B.R. 355, 370 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2002) (stating that “[c]ourts have
‘collapsed’ a series of transactions into one transaction when it appears that despite the formal structure erected and
the labels attached, the segments, in reality, comprise a single integrated scheme when evaluated focusing on the
knowledge and intent of the parties involved in the transaction”) (citation omitted); Liquidation Trust of Hechinger
Inv. Co. v. Fleet Retail Fin. Grp. (In re Hechinger Inv. Co. of Del.), 327 B.R. 537 (D. Del. 2005).
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analyzed as a whole for purposes of fraudulent transfer law. 	First, as the Committee itself
alleges, the parties negotiated with full knowledge that the Combination would occur as a share
exchange and merger of the two companies and a simultaneous refinancing; the Committee’s
view of the facts was confirmed by each of the testifying witnesses who were involved with the
structuring and negotiation of the Combination and no contradictory evidence was introduced at
the Hearing. 	Indeed, the facts as alleged by the Committee clearly demonstrate that the M&A
structure and consideration were negotiated contemporaneously with the financing and that
negotiations on one piece of the Combination informed and influenced negotiations on the other
pieces of the Combination. For example, the parties’ concerns that, amid declining hydrocarbon
prices, the post-Combination company would close into a breach of the New RBL Debt-
EBITDA Covenant drove both renegotiation of the May 2014 and July 2014 financing terms and
a reconsideration of the post-Combination capital structure that directly led to the final
Combination structure and terms implemented at closing in December 2014.98
The 	facts 	alleged 	by 	the 	Committee 	further 	demonstrate 	that 	each 	step 	of 	the
Combination was dependent upon and contingent on each other step and could not have
happened on its own. 	The Debt Financing was always dependent upon and contingent on
Legacy Forest and Legacy Sabine Parent becoming the “Combined Company” referenced in the
resolutions of the 3:30 Board approving the Debt Financing. 99 Similarly, contemporaneous with
completion of the Share Exchange, the documents that would effect the Merger were on their
way to the New York and Delaware secretaries of state. 	Finally, and contrary to the
Committee’s unsubstantiated contention, there is nothing in the facts pleaded by the Committee
98 	See e.g., Proposed Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Complaint annexed to First Committee STN Motion
(“Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Complaint”), ¶¶ 123, 146 (describing negotiations in which structuring concerns
and financing concerns were discussed simultaneously).
99 	See e.g., Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Complaint ¶ 202 (describing Mr. Sambrooks’ e-mail to the 3:30
Board indicating that “formal” approval of Debt Financing would occur “immediately after closing.”).
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(or in the record developed at the Hearing) suggesting that the Combination could somehow have
been stopped or have been reversed after the Share Exchange and/or Merger. 	Mr. Sambrooks,
who was intimately involved in every aspect of the Combination and served on the 3:30 Board,
testified that leaving Legacy Forest and Legacy Sabine Parent to function with separate capital
structures was never considered; he expressed doubt over whether such an arrangement would
have been feasible both as a matter of operational efficiency and as a matter of remaining in
compliance with the debt covenants of each of Legacy Forest and Legacy Sabine Parent.100
Simply put, the Committee’s characterization of the possible reversal of the Share Exchange and
Merger as a “simple paper transaction” is simplistic and implausible.
Accordingly, the Court finds that the Combination must be viewed as a whole for
purposes of fraudulent transfer law. 	This conclusion is further buttressed by the Williams
Report, which regards the Combination as an integrated event from an economic perspective.101
Neither the Zelin Report nor Mr. Zelin’s testimony challenged Professor Williams’ conclusion
that, from an economic perspective, the Combination was an integrated event.102
d. 	The Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims to Be
Asserted on behalf of Legacy Forest Are Not Colorable
Having concluded that the Combination must be evaluated as a whole, the Court next
turns to the question of whether the Committee has stated colorable constructive fraudulent
transfer claims on behalf of Legacy Forest. 	It has not. 	As already discussed, the Committee’s
100 	See 2/9/16 Hr’g Tr. 233:5-10 (Sambrooks) (Q: “What’s your understanding, sir, of what would have
happened to the combined company if in the December 16, 2014 board meeting . . . the board had not approved the
combined company financing?” A: “Well we would have no effective financing, we’d have no liquidity as a
company. We wouldn’t be able to operate.”).
101 	See Williams Report p. 121; 2/26/16 Hr’g Tr. 12:21-13:18 (Williams).
102 	See 2/22/16 Hr’g Tr. 26:16-27:3 (Zelin) (Q: “But what is your understanding of the general economic
impact of the transaction on the Legacy entities?” A: “By virtue, of reviewing both Professor Williams’ analysis,
you have one entity, again, that . . . had a value according to Professor Williams less than its obligations, the funded
indebtedness. You then had the Legacy Sabine subsidiaries who had obligations that were less than the value of
those entities. And combining, you took one insolvent company, combined it with another insolvent company and
put each of the separate subsidiaries and the parent on the hook for a significantly larger amount of indebtedness.”).
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claims are premised on the notion that the Court will apply a selective collapsing analysis and
(i) view the Merger in a “freeze frame,” as an occurrence separate from the Combination as a
whole, to find fraudulent incurrences of Legacy Sabine debt by the Legacy Forest estate, and
(ii) collapse the incurrence of the New RBL and the use of the New RBL proceeds to pay off the
allegedly avoidable Legacy Sabine RBL, rendering $620 million of the New RBL proceeds a
fraudulent incurrence of debt. Such a selective collapsing approach is inconsistent with the law
in this Circuit and elsewhere, which directs the Court to consider as a whole all transaction steps
that are part of an integrated plan. Without application of the Committee’s selective collapsing
approach, the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims to be asserted on behalf of Legacy Forest
fail.
The Court concurs with the observations of the New RBL Lenders that the case most
analogous to the instant case is Hechinger,103 in which, as here, a new secured credit facility was
used to provide financing to the post-merger entity, which used proceeds of the financing to pay
a pre-merger creditor. The New RBL Lenders maintain that “[w]hen viewed correctly, the New
RBL Lenders indisputably provided value in the form of a new money, oversecured RBL
Facility to the Combined [Company] at the time of the closing of the Combination.”104
It has been suggested, however, that it defies common sense to conclude that the Movants
have alleged no colorable claim to right the wrongs to Legacy Forest unsecured creditors,
particularly given that Professor Williams himself identified, in the words of counsel to the
Legacy Sabine Notes Trustee, an “acknowledged harm” flowing from the Combination.105
Specifically, Professor Williams’ analysis concludes that recoveries to Legacy Forest unsecured
103 327 B.R. 537 (D. Del. 2005).
104 	Objection of the New RBL Agent [ECF No. 717] ¶ 71.
105 	3/17/16 Hr’g Tr. 92:18 (Golden).
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creditors fell from 60.9% pre-Combination to 36.7% post-Combination.106 But, as the Movants
have repeatedly confirmed when queried by the Court, the Committee is not interested in
pursuing a cause of action that could compensate the Legacy Forest unsecured creditors for this
alleged harm. In any event, the Debtors have filed an adversary proceeding in this Court seeking
to, in effect, recover this amount on behalf of the Legacy Forest unsecured creditors by
challenging certain liens granted to the Second Lien Lenders in the Combination; there is thus no
need for the Court to address STN standing for the Committee on such claim.
2. 	Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims to Be Asserted on behalf of the
Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries
a. 	The Committee’s Theory
Unlike the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims the Committee seeks to assert on
behalf of the Legacy Forest estate, the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims to be asserted on
behalf of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries’ estates do not require the Court to view any step of the
Combination apart from the whole. 	As described in the First Committee STN Motion, the
Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims that the Committee seeks to pursue on behalf of the
Legacy 	Sabine 	Subsidiaries’ 	estates 	are 	relatively 	straightforward: 	the 	avoidance 	of 	the
“upstream” 	guarantees 	and, 	as 	applicable, 	related 	liens 	granted 	by 	the 	Legacy 	Sabine
Subsidiaries, in connection with (i) the New RBL in amounts greater than the Legacy Sabine
RBL at the time of the Combination and (ii) the incremental $50 million obligation incurred
under the Second Lien Loan in connection with the Combination.107 The Committee’s theory for
avoidance of the guarantees is also straightforward: as a result of the Combination, the Legacy
Sabine Subsidiaries guaranteed an additional $980 million in debt comprised of (a) the additional
$130 million of borrowings on the New RBL as compared to the Legacy Sabine RBL; (b) the
106 	Williams Report p. 142.
107 	First Committee STN Motion ¶ 109.
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incremental $50 million incurred under the Second Lien Loan; and (c) the $800 million of
Legacy Forest Notes, and the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries granted liens on assets to secure the
incremental borrowings on the New RBL and the Second Lien Loan. In the Committee’s view,
the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries received no value in return for the guarantees issued and liens
granted to secure such guarantees.108 Notably, the Committee does not seek standing to
challenge the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries’ guarantees of the Legacy Forest Notes, even though
such guarantees would be avoidable obligations under the Committee’s theory.
The Committee’s expert, Mr. Zelin, did not perform a separate valuation of the
Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims to be asserted on behalf of the Legacy Sabine
Subsidiaries. Instead, he assumed complete success on each and every Constructive Fraudulent
Transfer Claim proposed to be asserted by the Committee (i.e., those to be asserted on behalf of
Legacy Forest and on behalf of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries), and he allocated the recoveries
from such claims between Legacy Forest and the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries using additional
assumptions. 	Applying these assumptions, Mr. Zelin estimated that complete success on the
Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims would result in an additional $265 million of value
available to unsecured creditors of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries, as follows:
 	Avoidance of Liens Improperly Granted to Secure Guarantees – $68 million
 	Recovery of New RBL Paydown – $47 million
 	Merger & Financing Fees – $20 million
 	Prejudgment Interest – $9 million
 	Diminution in Value of Liens Improperly Granted to
Secure Guarantees – $121 million
 	Total – $265 million
As discussed in further detail below, the assumptions supplied by Committee counsel to
Mr. Zelin are deeply flawed. 	They do not take into account the possibility that some of the
108 	See First Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 109-112.
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assumed recoveries allocated to Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries are based on payments actually
made by Legacy Forest, not by the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries.109 In addition, if the
Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims to be asserted on behalf of Legacy Forest are not
colorable and the Court declines to recognize, as a matter of law, any claim for the diminution in
value of liens allegedly improperly granted, then only the first category identified by Mr. Zelin –
Avoidance of Liens Improperly Granted to Secure Guarantees – reflects value hypothetically
available to the estates of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries on account of the Constructive
Fraudulent Transfer Claims.
The bottom line is that the only remedy potentially available to the Legacy Sabine
Subsidiaries if their Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims are successful would be the
avoidance of liens actually granted to secure the incremental borrowings on the New RBL and
the Second Lien Loan. 	The maximum value of these claims is $68 million, reflecting Mr.
Zelin’s assumptions as to the value of the assets pledged to secure the incremental borrowings.
Further, and as described hereinafter, the Zelin Report does not disclose which liens he assumes
would be avoided to yield that $68 million figure. That omission is especially glaring in light of
testimony and documentary evidence that the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries did not grant any new
liens to secure the incremental borrowings on the New RBL and Second Lien Loan. Thus, while
the maximum recoverable amount on the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims asserted by
the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries is, per Mr. Zelin, $68 million, such amount is limited to the value
of the actual liens granted by the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries. The facts alleged, and the record
109 	See Proposed Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Complaint annexed to First Committee STN Motion ¶¶
149-160; 2/22/16 Hr’g Tr. 190:13-18 (Zelin) (Q: “Now, turning to the next line item, which is the recovery of the
RBL pay down, do you see that sir?” A: “I do . . . yes.” Q: “That’s $206 million that the combined company paid
on its RBL indebtedness after the combination, correct?” A: “That’s correct.”).
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thus far, suggest that such value would be closer to $0 than to $68 million, without any
consideration of litigation costs.
b. 	The Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims to Be Asserted on
behalf of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries Are Colorable
The Objectors concede that the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries were insolvent when they
granted the upstream guarantees. 	However, they advance three theories as to why the Legacy
Sabine Subsidiaries received reasonably equivalent value for the upstream guarantees. None of
the Objectors’ theories is dispositive of the issue of colorability, however. 	First, the Debtors,
supported 	by 	the 	Williams 	Report, 	argue 	that 	the 	Legacy 	Sabine 	Subsidiaries 	received
reasonably equivalent value because Legacy Sabine unsecured creditors’ recoveries increased
from 30.7% prior to the Combination to 36.7% following the Combination. 110 While the Debtors
are correct that fraudulent transfer law is designed to protect creditors, the Debtors’ theory
ignores the text of section 548 of the Bankruptcy Code, which states that a transfer is avoidable
“if the debtor . . . received less than reasonably equivalent value in exchange for such transfer or
obligation.” 11 U.S.C. § 548(c) (emphasis added). Delaware and Texas state law, which could
potentially 	be 	applied 	through 	section 	544(b)(1) 	of 	the 	Bankruptcy
Code,111 similarly refer to the debtor’s receipt of reasonably equivalent value in the transfer, not
whether creditors were harmed by the transfer.112 Thus, the relevant question is whether the
Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries’ estates received reasonably equivalent value for the upstream
guarantees extended in connection with the Combination, not whether, as the Debtors would
have it, any class of Legacy Sabine creditors was harmed as a result of the Combination.
110 	See, e.g., Debtors’ Objection ¶¶ 122-126.
111 	Section 544(b)(1) of the Bankruptcy Code provides that “[e]xcept as provided in paragraph (2), the trustee
may avoid any transfer of an interest of the debtor in property or any obligation incurred by the debtor that is
voidable under applicable law by a creditor holding an unsecured claim that is allowable under section 502 of this
title or that is not allowable only under section 502(e) of this title.” 11 U.S.C. § 544(b)(1).
112 	See Del. Code ann. tit. 6 §§ 1304-1305; TEX. BUS . & COMM. CODE §§ 24.005-24.006.
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Second, the New RBL Lenders argue that the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries received
reasonably equivalent value for the upstream guarantees in the form of contingent contribution
and subrogation rights. 	The New RBL Lenders contend that such rights constitute reasonably
equivalent value as a matter of law “[b]ecause there was more collateral than obligations
outstanding under the [RBL], any Debtor subsidiary guarantor had the right to recover an amount
from any other co-obligor that would be greater than the amount for which it could be liable.”113
The value of these rights, and whether such value constitutes reasonably equivalent value, is a
question of fact which the Court cannot address in the context of an STN motion.
Third, the Debtors and the New RBL Lenders argue that the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries
could not function independently and therefore the reasonably equivalent value analysis must
include the benefits the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries received as members of a single enterprise,
including the benefits of increased liquidity and access to additional borrowings. 	The Debtors,
joined by the New RBL Lenders, argue that, because the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries are
members of a single enterprise, they shared dollar for dollar in any value or benefits received by
Legacy Sabine Parent before the Combination and Legacy Forest/the Combined Company
following the Combination. 	The Debtors and the New RBL Lenders further contend that,
because Legacy Forest received reasonably equivalent value in the Combination, the Court
should find that such reasonably equivalent value was also received by the Legacy Sabine
Subsidiaries as members of a single enterprise, without the need to perform a specific reasonably
equivalent value analysis with respect to the amount of indirect benefits received by the Legacy
Sabine Subsidiaries.
The record developed at the Hearing, including the undisputed facts that the Legacy
Sabine Subsidiaries do not have employees or enter into contracts, among others, strongly
113 	New RBL Agent Fraudulent Transfer Objection ¶ 77.
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indicates that the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries and Legacy Sabine Parent, and post-Combination,
the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries and Legacy Forest, functioned as a single enterprise.114
Nevertheless, at this stage of the proceedings, the Court cannot make a determination as a matter
of law that the Debtors are a single enterprise. 	But, even assuming the existence of a single
enterprise, the Court cannot accept the argument of the Debtors and the New RBL Lenders that
such a conclusion obviates the need to conduct a reasonably equivalent value analysis with
respect to the amount of indirect benefits received by the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries.
In support of their argument, the Debtors and New RBL Lenders rely principally on
Tronox Inc. v. Kerr McGee Corp. (In re Tronox Inc.), 503 B.R. 239 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2013), and
PSN Liquidating Trust v. Intelsat Corp. (In re PSN USA, Inc.), 2011 WL 4031147 (Bankr. S.D.
Fla. Sept. 9, 2011). Neither case stands for the proposition asserted. In Tronox, Judge Gropper
considered an alleged intentional fraudulent transfer in which a conglomerate spun off its oil and
gas business, leaving behind its chemical business and the substantial liabilities associated with
such business, through (i) a series of integrated transfers of the assets of the oil and gas entity
into a new enterprise and transfers of the assets comprising the chemical business and cash into
three separate Tronox entities and (ii) an IPO of such Tronox entities. 	Each of the Tronox
entities sued to avoid the transfers and the IPO as an intentional fraudulent conveyance aimed at
allowing the conglomerate to shed its legacy liabilities associated with the chemical business.
One of the Tronox entities, Tronox LLC, received property that the parties in the case agreed was
worth more than the property it had transferred out, prompting the defendants to argue that
Tronox LLC had received reasonably equivalent value, notwithstanding that, as a whole, the
114 	See generally 2/10/16 Hr’g Tr. 238:8-239:21 (Sambrooks) (discussing the relationship between the Legacy
Sabine Subsidiaries and Legacy Sabine Parent); 2/25/16 Hr’g Tr. 103:9-135:5 (Williams) (discussing the bases for
his conclusion that the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries and Legacy Sabine Parent functioned as an economic common
enterprise prior to the Combination).
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three Tronox entities had transferred out, in total, more than $17 billion in assets and received
only $2.6 billion in assets in return. 	Judge Gropper held that, because, in substance, creditors
looked to the three Tronox entities on a consolidated basis as responsible for the legacy
liabilities, the Tronox plaintiffs were able to satisfy their burden of proof that Tronox LLC had
not received reasonably equivalent value in the transfers by demonstrating that the three Tronox
entities on a consolidated basis had not received reasonably equivalent value. 	See 503 B.R. at
294-95.
In PSN, the debtor, which operated a television network, made market rate payments for
satellite services necessary to operate such network pursuant to a contract entered into by its
parent company. 	The liquidating trust of the debtor’s estate argued that such payments
constituted constructive fraudulent transfers because, pursuant to the contract at issue, the
satellite services were “owned” by the parent company and thus provided no value to the debtor.
The Court held that, because the debtor actually used the satellite services, it received reasonably
equivalent value in exchange for its payments on the contract. PSN, 2011 WL 4031147 at *4. In
addition, and in response to the liquidating trust’s argument that only the debtor’s parent
benefitted from the satellite services contract because the debtor did not “own” the contract, the
court held that “the relationship between the Debtor and [parent] was that of a single enterprise.
Accordingly, even if the Court were to conclude that [parent] received the benefit of the satellite
services, the Debtor indirectly benefitted as well. These indirect benefits to the Debtor constitute
reasonably equivalent value and shield the Transfers from avoidance.” Id. at *6. While Tronox
and PSN are instances in which courts did not need to consider reasonably equivalent value on an
estate-by-estate basis within a single enterprise, it is the specific facts of those cases, not the
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findings that the estates operated as members of a single enterprise, which obviated the need for
an estate-by-estate analysis.
In re Jesup & Lamont, Inc., 507 B.R. 452, 471-72 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2014), which Judge
Gropper decided subsequent to Tronox and involved facts somewhat more analogous to the facts
here, is particularly instructive. In that case, a wholly-owned subsidiary, JLSC, pledged funds to
secure a loan obligation incurred by its parent company, JLI, and such pledge was challenged as
a fraudulent transfer. 	Judge Gropper held that there was a triable issue of fact as to whether
JLSC, the subsidiary, had received benefits from the loan sufficient to constitute reasonably
equivalent value for the pledge of its assets to secure such loan. See id. at 472.
The Committee asserts in its reply brief that the question of whether indirect benefits,
whether received by entities as members of a single enterprise or otherwise, can constitute
reasonably equivalent value for a guarantee is a question of fact that cannot be determined at this
stage of the proceedings.115 The Court agrees. While the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries may have
received substantial indirect benefits from the Combination as members of a single enterprise,
and such benefits must be considered when assessing reasonably equivalent value, the value of
the indirect benefits (and any contingent contribution and subrogation rights), and whether such
indirect benefits provide reasonably equivalent value for the guarantees the Legacy Sabine
Subsidiaries issued in connection with the Combination, raises a question of fact.116
Accordingly, the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims the Committee seeks to assert
on behalf of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries clear the hurdle of colorability. It is undisputed that
115 	Omnibus Reply of Committee to Objections to STN Motions ¶ 42 (“Alleging that the ‘fortunes’ of the
Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries and the Combined Company rise and fall together, or that the companies shared a cash
management system, is insufficient to demonstrate reasonably equivalent value, even at trial, let alone [at] an STN
hearing. . . . An STN motion is an especially inappropriate place for determinations regarding indirect benefits.”).
116 	The Debtors made no attempt to quantify the value of those benefits. 	See 3/3/16 Hr’g Tr. 64:17-23
(Williams) (describing quantification of indirect benefits including synergies in directional, not quantitative terms).
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the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries, while insolvent, guaranteed an additional $980 million in debt in
connection with the Combination. Further development of the factual record would be required
for the Court to determine whether the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries received reasonably
equivalent value in exchange for such guarantees and the liens that were granted to secure them.
However, for the reasons discussed below, it does not appear that asserting such claims (which,
as discussed below, would be worth $68 million in value at most) would be in the best interests
of the estates.
B. 	The Bad Acts Claims
As described above, the Bad Acts Claims consist of claims for (i) intentional fraudulent
transfers related to the Combination; (ii) breaches of fiduciary duty against (a) the Legacy Forest
Directors and Officers, (b) the Legacy Sabine board of directors, (c) Mr. David J. Sambrooks, as
fiduciary for the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries, and (d) the 3:30 Board; (iii) aiding and abetting
breaches of fiduciary duty against the New RBL Lenders, the Legacy Forest Directors and
Officers, 	the 	Second 	Lien 	Lenders, 	and 	the 	First 	Reserve 	Defendants; 	(iv) 	equitable
subordination of the claims of the New RBL Lenders and the Second Lien Lenders; and (v)
recharacterization as equity of the $50 million borrowed from the Second Lien Lenders by the
Combined Company in connection with the Combination.117 At the direction of counsel to the
Committee, Mr. Zelin assumed that damages from the entirety of the Bad Acts Claims would be
equal to the difference between “what recoveries to unsecured creditors would have been at the
time of the Combination” and what recoveries to unsecured creditors are under the Debtors’
proposed plan of reorganization.118 Using that flawed assumption, Mr. Zelin estimates that, if
the Committee succeeds on the Bad Acts Claims, recoveries to unsecured creditors would be
117 	The Committee’s proposed complaint asserting the Bad Acts Claims will be referred to herein as the “Bad
Acts Complaint.”
118 	Zelin Report p. 27.
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approximately $1.17 to $1.19 billion, inclusive of prejudgment interest.119 The Zelin Report
does not allocate potential damages and recoveries on a claim-by-claim basis. 120 Because the
Court finds that none of the Bad Acts Claims is colorable as a matter of law, however, the failure
to perform such allocation is immaterial, as are the myriad other flaws in the Committee’s
damage calculation assumptions.
1. 	The Committee’s Alleged Theory of the Bad Acts Claims
is Implausible and is Contradicted by the Record
Each of the Committee’s proposed Bad Acts Claims arises from allegations concerning
the conduct of various parties during the negotiation and execution of the Combination. 	The
Committee’s assertion that such claims are colorable is animated by the Committee’s narrative of
the Combination, stated succinctly in the Second Committee STN Motion as follows:
Two struggling companies decided to combine, when prices were high. 	Prices
declined, and they should have called off their planned transaction. 	Instead, the
parties with a long-standing relationship—an equity holder that faced recognizing
losses 	(First 	Reserve) 	and 	banks 	facing 	immediate 	losses 	on 	their 	loan
commitments (Wells Fargo, Barclays and other banks)—undertook a transaction
that preserved and enhanced their own interests at the expense of unsecured
creditors.121
More specifically, the Committee asserts that First Reserve and the New RBL Lenders, notably
Wells Fargo and Barclays, re-engineered the Combination in December 2014 to shift losses to
unsecured creditors that the New RBL Lenders would have suffered from closing on the Bridge
Loan, thereby allowing First Reserve to delay recognizing a loss on its investment in Legacy
Sabine Parent and to preserve First Reserve’s institutional relationship with the New RBL
Lenders.122 Then, alleges the Committee, First Reserve and the New RBL Lenders, using First
Reserve’s effective control over the Legacy Sabine Parent board and the 3:30 Board and with the
119 	Zelin Report p. 27.
120 	Zelin Report p. 27.
121 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 16.
122 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 7-8.
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help of certain of the Legacy Forest Directors and Officers and Mr. Sambrooks, were able to
ensure that each of the Legacy Forest board, the Legacy Sabine Parent board, and the 3:30 Board
would execute the re-engineered Combination, notwithstanding that doing so constituted a
breach of each board’s fiduciary duties. 	Indeed, the entire focus of counsel for the Forest Notes
Indenture Trustees during closing arguments was the theory that, in the days before the
Combination closed, the New RBL Lenders knowingly shifted to the holders of the Legacy
Forest Notes the risks that the lenders had previously assumed. 123 The Committee’s narrative,
however, is not only at odds with common sense but is overwhelmingly contradicted by the
voluminous record established thus far in this proceeding. Simply put, the Committee’s theory is
implausible and the claims premised upon it are not colorable.
First, the parties agree that the final structure and steps of the Combination were first
presented by Legacy Forest board member Dod Fraser on December 9, 2014.124 Mr. Fraser
testified that he developed the modified structure on December 3, 2014, with input from Mr.
Gordon of Wachtell.125 Mr. Fraser further testified that, while he was aware of the contentious
relationship between the New RBL Lenders and Legacy Sabine Parent/First Reserve with respect
to funding the Combination and the New RBL Lenders’ desire not to fund the Bridge Loan,126 he
and Mr. Gordon devised the structure without input from Legacy Sabine Parent, First Reserve, or
123 	See 3/11/16 Hr’g Tr. 195:6-14 (Stark) (“We have the reallocation of risk in the days before. The Forest
noteholders were not here. 	And in the end the allocation of risk was re-positioned back towards the Forest
noteholders and the transaction. It wasn’t the lottery ticket. It was the transaction that they constructed, the risk
allocation that they put together, they themselves. The banks assumed the lending risk. They assumed the risk of
positioning where we sit now. And that got shifted in the last two days before the deal closed.”).
124 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 89-94.
125 	See Fraser Dep. Tr. 92:14-94:14.
126 	See Fraser Dep. Tr. 90:7-92:7.
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the New RBL Lenders.127 In fact, Mr. Fraser did not share the final structure with Legacy Sabine
Parent until December 9, 2014.128
Further, although structures similar to the final structure and steps of the Combination
(i.e., structures in which the New RBL Lenders did not fund the Bridge Loan and the Legacy
Forest Notes remained in place) were discussed prior to December 9, 2014, 129 there is nothing
indicating that First Reserve or the New RBL Lenders were the driving force behind the final
structure of the Combination. 	To the contrary, the testimony elicited at the Hearing indicates
that Legacy Sabine Parent deliberately excluded the New RBL Lenders from discussions of a
Combination structure that did not include the Bridge Loan in order to ensure that the lenders
focused on revising the terms of the New RBL and Bridge Loan and being prepared to close
under the original structure. Indeed, the record indicates that, even as of December 9, 2014, after
Mr. Fraser had introduced the final Combination structure and steps to Legacy Sabine Parent, the
New RBL Lenders were continuing negotiation on financing under the original structure
including the Bridge Loan.130
Second, there is no reasonable basis for the Committee’s allegations that the New RBL
Lenders and First Reserve were conspiratorially working together to protect the New RBL
127 	Fraser Dep. Tr. 235:22-236:8 (Q: “Prior to the December 9, 2014 telephone conference between
representatives of Sabine and Forest, you had never presented the substance of your modified deal structure to
anyone at Sabine; correct?” A: “That’s correct.” Q: “Prior to December 9, 2014, did you have any discussions with
anyone at Barclays or Wells Fargo regarding the modified deal structure?” A: “No.”).
128 	See Fraser Dep. Tr. 126:15-127:15; Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 86-94.
129 	Such structures would include (i) Wells Fargo’s December 4, 2014 proposal to First Reserve that First
Reserve give up some of its equity to avoid the Change of Control provisions of the Legacy Forest Notes and (ii) the
December 7, 2014 proposal Wells Fargo and Barclays sent to Mr. Weiner, apparently at his request. While each
proposal may have envisioned a final Combination structure that did not include the Bridge Loan, neither structure
matured into the final Combination structure. Moreover, it is not at all unusual that parties to a transaction in which
debt carrying interest rates of 7.25% and 7.50%, respectively, would be replaced with debt carrying an interest rate
of 9.75% would, as a matter of common sense, be exploring options for avoiding executing such transaction and
thereby avoid taking on more expensive financing.
130 	See 2/9/16 Hr’g Tr. 214:11-14 (Sambrooks) (Q: “At that point in time [December 9, 2014] was Sabine still
trying to work out with the lenders financing in the event the original structure closed?” A: “Yes.”); UCC Ex. 1154
(e-mail from Mr. Weiner, dated December 11, 2014, to Barclays and Wells Fargo discussing modifications to
Bridge Loan); see also 2/10/16 Hr’g Tr. 229:15- 231:18 (Weiner) (discussion of UCC Ex. 1154).
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Lenders’ interests at the expense of Legacy Forest and Legacy Sabine unsecured creditors. The
Committee attempts to substantiate its allegations by pointing to a November 5, 2014 e-mail
from First Reserve Managing Director Joshua Weiner in which Mr. Weiner remarked that “[n]ot
getting to a deal [would be] almost mutually assured destruction.”131 The Committee infers from
this e-mail that the referenced “mutually assured destruction” is that of the New RBL Lenders
and First Reserve if the Combination closed with the inclusion of the Bridge Loan and that First
Reserve and the New RBL Lenders were working together to avoid this outcome. Placed into its
proper context, however, Mr. Weiner’s remark tells a very different story. 	As the Committee
acknowledges, the “deal” to which Mr. Weiner referred was his request, on behalf of the
prospective combined company, for covenant relief on the planned New RBL. 132 As the
Committee concedes, the request was necessitated by declining operating performance at both
Legacy Forest and Legacy Sabine Parent that resulted in projections indicating that the
Combined Company would be in breach of its New RBL Debt-to-EBITDA Covenant by year-
end 2014; to avoid that breach, Legacy Sabine Parent requested a modification of the New RBL
Debt-to-EBITDA Covenant.133 Thus, the “mutually assured destruction” to which Mr. Weiner
referred was that of the New RBL Lenders and the Combined Company, each of whom would be
faced with difficult scenarios if the New RBL Debt-to-EBITDA Covenant were breached.
In response to the request for covenant relief, Wells Fargo and Barclays, the lead New
RBL Lenders and the lenders committed to funding the Bridge Loan, indicated to Mr. Weiner
that they would grant the requested covenant relief but would require modifications to the Bridge
Loan in return. 134 What followed, as meticulously detailed in the Second Committee STN
131 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 292.
132 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 52.
133 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 40-45.
134 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 46, 49.
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Motion and as recounted by Mr. Weiner during his testimony, were weeks of negotiations to
revise the terms of the New RBL to provide the Combined Company with covenant relief while
providing the lenders with a higher rate of interest and/or more security on their Bridge Loan
commitment.135 These negotiations were contentious and demonstrate that the New RBL
Lenders on the one hand, and First Reserve, on the other, had assumed an adversarial posture and
were not working together to protect the New RBL Lenders’ interests.
Third, the Committee has provided no reasonable basis for its assertion that First
Reserve, in the person of Mr. Weiner, negotiated at any point or in any way against the
Combined Company’s interests. 	The Committee primarily relies on two e-mails from Mr.
Weiner to portray First Reserve as (i) controlling Legacy Sabine Parent’s capital markets
decisions related to the Combination, regardless of the position of Legacy Sabine Parent’s
management or board and (ii) using such control to protect the New RBL Lenders and, in
particular, Barclays and Wells Fargo. 	The first such e-mail, sent by Mr. Weiner to a First
Reserve colleague, states “I don’t care what mgmt says – anything cap markets relates [sic]
needs to be approved by me and [it] is their job to make sure i am in the loop[.]”136 The
Committee contends that this e-mail establishes that “[Mr.] Weiner exercised full control over
capital markets decisions related to the Combination, regardless of the positions taken by Legacy
Sabine Parent’s management.” 137 In the second e-mail, sent on November 7, 2014,138 Mr.
Weiner observes that it was better to handle the transaction “as a deal with the banks vs. flame
them,” because the “[i]dea of flaming them” made him “really nervous.” 	According to Mr.
Weiner, “flaming” the banks “[w]ould be really bad for future biz.” 	The Committee contends
135 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 52-68.
136 	Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 104; UCC Ex. 75.
137 	Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 104, 237, 243, 246.
138 	UCC Ex. 135.
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this e-mail shows Mr. Weiner being “particularly vocal about the need to maintain First
Reserve’s relationships with the banks.” 139
Mr. Weiner’s testimony at the Hearing credibly contradicts the Committee’s speculative
interpretation 	of 	both 	e-mails 	and, 	further, 	forcefully 	debunks 	the 	Committee’s 	baseless
conspiracy theory. 	With respect to the first e-mail, Mr. Weiner explained, while “[u]ltimately,
it’s the board and management that control the decision-making,” his role at First Reserve is to
assist portfolio companies’ management teams in negotiating capital markets and financing
terms, a role that requires him to be apprised of negotiations between lenders and portfolio
companies. 	Mr. Weiner clarified that he sent the first e-mail to a colleague in response to a
report that Barclays and Wells Fargo were attempting to meet with Mr. Sambrooks “because I
felt like the banks were trying to convince management to do something silly – was that they
need to keep me in the loop so I can stop this kind of stuff from happening.”140 With respect to
the second e-mail, Mr. Weiner testified that “flaming” Wells Fargo and Barclays by forcing them
to close on the Bridge Loan would have been bad for the future business of the Combined
Company because Barclays and Wells Fargo were “Sabine’s core relationships and the providers
of liquidity directly to Sabine.”141 By contrast, Mr. Weiner testified that neither Wells Fargo nor
Barclays was a “top five” relationship for First Reserve.142
Perfectly illustrating the fallacy of the Committee’s narrative that the New RBL Lenders
and First Reserve were working together to protect each other’s interests is the fact that First
Reserve and Legacy Sabine Parent, negotiating on behalf of the prospective combined company,
turned down the New RBL Lenders’ November 7, 2014 proposal, which called for (i) replacing
139 	Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 117.
140 	See 2/10/16 Hr’g Tr. 121:8-122:5 (Weiner).
141 	2/10/16 Hr’g Tr. 200:23-201:11 (Weiner).
142 	2/10/16 Hr’g Tr. 165:2-7 (Weiner).
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the New RBL Debt-to-EBITDA Covenant with an “easy-to-meet” first lien debt-to-EBITDA
covenant and (ii) increasing the total interest rate cap on the Bridge Loan from 9.75% to
15.5%.143 This proposal would have protected the alleged interests of both the New RBL
Lenders, who of course had made the proposal, and First Reserve, in that the “easy-to-meet”
covenant relief would have delayed the default that would cause First Reserve to write down its
investment while at the same time allowed First Reserve to accede to the wishes of Barclays,
Wells Fargo, and the New RBL Lenders. Nonetheless, despite an alleged alignment of interests
and a proposal that served such alleged alignment of interests, First Reserve and Legacy Sabine
Parent declined to accept the proposal and instead continued negotiations.
The Committee’s Bad Acts Complaint and the factual record completely contradict the
Committee’s narrative. 	It is clear beyond peradventure that the parties were working diligently
to make the best of a difficult situation, a situation driven largely by commodity market forces
entirely beyond their control. Against this backdrop, the Court will analyze each of the Bad Acts
Claims in turn.
2. 	The Intentional Fraudulent Transfer Claims are Not Colorable
The Committee seeks standing to assert each of the constructive fraudulent transfer
claims described above as intentional fraudulent transfer claims. 	Section 548(a)(1)(A) of the
Bankruptcy Code provides that a bankruptcy trustee may avoid a transfer of an interest of the
debtor in property, or an obligation incurred by the debtor, that was made or incurred with
“actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any entity to which the debtor was or became . . .
indebted.” 	11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(1)(A). 	Second, pursuant to section 544(b) of the Bankruptcy
Code, the bankruptcy trustee may avoid a transfer of property or obligation that is voidable under
state fraudulent transfer law by an unsecured creditor with an allowable claim against the debtor.
143 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 54-55.
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11 U.S.C. § 544(b). 	Potentially applicable state intentional fraudulent transfer laws (those of
New York, Texas, and Colorado) are substantially similar to section 548(a)(1)(A) of the Code.
See N.Y. D EBT . & CRED. LAW § 276 (“Every conveyance made and every obligation incurred
with actual intent . . . to hinder, delay, or defraud either present or future creditors, is fraudulent
as to both present and future creditors.”); TEX. BUS . & COMM. CODE § 24.005(a)(1) (providing
for avoidance of transfers made, or obligations incurred, “with actual intent to hinder, delay, or
defraud any creditor of the debtor”); COLO. REV. STAT . § 38-3-105(1)(a) (same); see also Drenis
v. Haligiannis, 452 F. Supp. 2d. 418, 426 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (noting that “the UFCA and UFTA
are substantially similar” with respect to intentional fraudulent conveyances).
To find the requisite intent, the hindering or delaying must have been the “clear and
intended consequences of the act, substantially certain to result from it.” In re Tronox Inc., 503
B.R. 239, 280 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2013). The intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors can be
proven not only by direct evidence but also by inference from a debtor’s conduct and the
circumstances surrounding a transaction. 	In determining whether a debtor acted with actual
fraudulent intent in making transfers or incurring obligations, courts within the Second Circuit
have recognized various “badges of fraud” to determine intent. 	These circumstances are “so
commonly associated with fraudulent transfers that their presence gives rise to an inference of
intent.” Id. at 282-283.144
144 	Such “badges of fraud” include:
(i) 	the financial condition of the transferor at the time of the transfer;
(ii) 	concealment of facts and false pretenses by the transferor;
(iii) 	an unconscionable discrepancy between the value of the property transferred and the
consideration received;
(iv) 	a close relationship between the parties to the alleged fraudulent transaction;
(v) 	the reservation of rights in or control over the transferred property after the alleged
conveyance;
(vi) 	the existence or cumulative effect of a pattern or series of transactions or course of
conduct after the incurring debt, onset of financial difficulties, or pendency or threat of
suits by creditors; and
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The Committee points to the approval of the Merger and Debt Financing by the 3:30
Board as signifying that the 3:30 Board possessed the requisite intent to hinder, delay, or defraud
creditors.145 Specifically, the Committee contends that the 3:30 Board was focused on carrying
out the agenda of First Reserve, who, consistent with the Committee’s view of events, was
seeking to (a) delay a restructuring of the Combined Company until after closing its latest
fundraising efforts and (b) shift losses from the lenders, with whom First Reserve had a
relationship, to unsecured creditors.146
The Committee’s theory of intent fails for two reasons. First, it relies on a flawed view
of the Merger and approval of the Debt Financing as events independent of the Combination. As
detailed above, the application of the law to the undisputed record compels the conclusion that
the Merger and Debt Financing were part of the integrated Combination and thus cannot be
viewed separately. Moreover, and critically, for the question of intent, the record is clear that the
3:30 Board did not view the Merger and Debt Financing as separate transactions. 	As Mr.
Sambrooks, a member of the 3:30 Board, testified, the 3:30 Board (i) considered the Merger as
having been completed at the time the 3:30 Board met and was unaware that there was any
opportunity to stop it and (ii) regarded the Debt Financing as a mere execution of the final steps
of the Combination previously approved by the boards of Legacy Sabine Parent and Legacy
Forest, a step which ensured that the Combined Company would have the liquidity needed to
operate.147 The Committee fails to allege any facts in the Bad Acts Complaint which support an
(vii) 	the general chronology of the events and transactions under inquiry.
In re MarketXT Holdings Corp., 376 B.R. 390, 405-06 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2007) (citing In re Kaiser, 722 F.2d 1574,
1582-83 (2d Cir. 1983)). Potentially applicable state law in New York, Texas, and Colorado provide similar badges
of fraud. A&M Global Mgmt. Corp. v. Northtown Urology Assocs., 115 A.D.3d 1283, 1288–89 (N.Y. App. Div. 4th
Dept. 2014); TEX. BUS . & C OMM. C ODE § 24.005(b); COLO. REV. S TAT. § 38-3-105(2) (same).
145 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 174-177.
146 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 178-185.
147 	See 2/9/16 Hr’g Tr. 173:1-174:21 (Sambrooks).
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inference that the clear and intended consequences of the actions of the 3:30 Board were to
hinder, delay, or defraud creditors.
Second, and as detailed above, the Committee’s narrative that First Reserve pressed on to
complete the Combination in service of its own interests is implausible and the Committee has
not alleged sufficient facts that could substantiate such a theory. 	Thus, even if the 3:30 Board
had been acting in accordance with First Reserve’s intent – a baseless inference that the
Committee does not support with actual facts – it is entirely without merit to allege that First
Reserve’s intent was to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors. 	Accordingly, the intentional
fraudulent transfer claims that the Committee seeks to assert do not allege plausible facts which
would allow the Court to reasonably infer the requisite intent to hinder, delay, or defraud
creditors. Therefore, such claims are not colorable.
Moreover, the Court can infer no intent to delay, hinder, or defraud creditors from the
fact that the new structure for the Combination, which did not include the Bridge Loan and
therefore left the Legacy Forest Notes outstanding, was not disclosed publicly until after the
Share Exchange. 	As the press release148 disclosing the new structure indicated, leaving the
Legacy Forest Notes outstanding with interest rates of 7.25% and 7.50%, respectively, as
opposed to redeeming them with indebtedness under the Bridge Loan (which would have carried
an interest rate of 9.75%), was designed to save the Combined Company a significant amount in
interest payments and inure to the benefit of the enterprise and creditor body as a whole.
Further, the decision to modify the Combination structure to obviate the need to redeem
the Legacy Forest Notes at a premium above par when such notes did not mature for several
years cannot logically evidence an intent to hinder, delay, or defraud the Legacy Forest
148 	Attachment to UCC Ex. 1173 (Combined Company Press Release, December 16, 2014, Sabine Oil & Gas
and Forest Oil Complete All-Stock Business Combination).
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noteholders. 	As the Delaware Chancery Court has recently held, “efforts to structure a
transaction to avoid tripping the terms of an indenture are perfectly permissible.”149 The Legacy
Forest noteholders did not hold an absolute right to collect an early redemption premium.
Rather, early redemption was a conditional contractual right that was triggered only upon a
“Change of Control,” as defined in the Legacy Forest Notes indentures. 	The Legacy Forest
board took the good faith position that the revised Combination structure avoided a “Change of
Control” as defined in such indentures, thereby enabling the Combined Company to preserve
much needed capital while still upholding its contractual obligations to the Legacy Forest
noteholders.150 The Legacy Forest noteholders’ contention that the revised Combination
structure did in fact trigger the “Change of Control” provisions of the applicable indentures is a
question of law that is not before the Court and has no bearing on the intent of the Legacy Forest
board. 	That intent, as the record and common sense make indisputably clear, was to comply
with the provisions of the indentures.
3. 	The Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claims are Not Colorable
The Committee seeks standing to assert breach of fiduciary duty claims against each of
(i) the Legacy Forest Directors and Officers for (a) neither terminating the Combination when
offered the chance by Mr. Sambrooks and Legacy Sabine Parent nor forcing the Combination to
close with the Bridge Loan and (b) failing to use the proceeds of the pre-Combination sale of
Legacy Forest’s Arkoma assets to pay the unsecured creditors of Legacy Forest;151 (ii) the 3:30
149 	Wilmington Sav. Fund Soc’y FSB v. Foresight Energy LLC, C.A. No. 11059-VCL, 2015 WL 7889552 at *9
(Del. Ch. Dec. 4, 2015).
150 	See Fraser Dep. Tr. 94:3-14 (“. . . as I might point out, the idea of having the economic interest different
from the voting interest was not a new idea, that was inherent in the July restructuring, it was from that conversation
I believe, that the later restructuring evolved which was to have in this case not a high vote but a low vote preferred
in order that we could meet our contractual obligations to the Forest Oil bondholders, and yet preserve the benefits
of the transaction for the company and its shareholders.”).
151 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 219-220.
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Board, for approving the Debt Financing, rather than terminating the Combination;152 (iii) First
Reserve, as controlling equity holder, and Mr. Sambrooks for allowing the Legacy Sabine
Subsidiaries to incur additional guarantees;153 and (iv) the Legacy Sabine board of directors, for
approving the Debt Financing that led to the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries incurring additional
guarantees.154 None of these claims is colorable.
a. 	Standard Under New York Law and Delaware Law
Legacy Forest was a New York corporation, as is the Combined Company. 	Legacy
Sabine Parent was, and the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries were and are, for purposes of the Second
Committee STN Motion, Delaware limited liability companies.155 Therefore, the Court must
look to (i) New York law when considering the claims against the Legacy Forest Directors and
Officers and the 3:30 Board and (ii) Delaware law when considering the claims against the
Legacy Sabine Parent board, Mr. Sambrooks, and the First Reserve Defendants. 	Under both
New York law and Delaware law, directors owe fiduciary duties of care and loyalty and, absent
specific allegations that the directors breached such duties, the business judgment rule of each
state’s law prevents a court from second guessing such directors’ business decisions. 	See
Hughes v. BCI Int’l Holdings, Inc., 452 F. Supp. 2d 290, 308 (S.D.N.Y. 2006); N. Am. Catholic
Educ. Programming Found., Inc. v. Gheewalla, 930 A.2d 92, 101 (Del. 2007). The duty of care
generally requires a director to perform his duties as a director in good faith and with that degree
of care which an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar
circumstances. The duty of loyalty requires a director to subordinate his own personal interests
to the interests of the corporation. 	Under both New York and Delaware law, when an entity is
152 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 232-233.
153 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 241-242; ¶ 246.
154 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 243-245.
155 	In fact, not all of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries are Delaware limited liability companies. However, the
Committee treats them all as such for purposes of its motion. See Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 211.
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insolvent, fiduciary duties, which are typically owed only to shareholders and the entity itself,
also extend to creditors. See id.; Hughes, 452 F. Supp. 2d at 308.
Under Delaware law, directors of an insolvent entity discharge their fiduciary duties by
maximizing the value of the insolvent entity for the benefit of all stakeholders, and they do not
owe any specific duty to a particular constituency, creditor, or otherwise. 	See Quadrant
Structured Prods. Co. v. Vertin, 115 A.3d 535, 546 (Del. Ch. 2015) (“[t]he directors of an
insolvent firm do not owe any particular duties to creditors”); Gheewalla, 930 A.2d at 103 (“[t]o
recognize a new right for creditors to bring direct fiduciary clams against . . . directors would
create a conflict between those directors’ duty to maximize the value of the insolvent corporation
for the benefit of all those having an interest in it, and the newly recognized direct fiduciary duty
to individual creditors”).
The Debtors and the Legacy Forest Directors and Officers contend that New York law,
consistent with Delaware law, requires directors of an insolvent entity to discharge their
fiduciary duties by maximizing the value of the insolvent entity for the benefit of all
stakeholders, and does not impose fiduciary duties owed specifically to creditors. 	New York
courts and courts applying New York law have held, consistent with Delaware law, that claims
for breach of fiduciary duties owed to creditors when a company is in the zone of insolvency are
“derivative of claims of breach of fiduciary duty to the company itself,” In re I Successor Corp.,
321 	B.R. 	640, 	659 	(Bankr. 	S.D.N.Y. 	2005), 	and 	that 	such 	duties 	are 	discharged 	by
“maximiz[ing] the corporation’s long-term wealth creating capacity.” 	In re Glob. Serv. Grp.,
LLC, 316 B.R. 451, 460 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2004) (citations omitted).
The Committee contends, however, that under New York law, the so-called “trust-fund
doctrine” imposes upon directors the additional duty “to hold the remaining corporate assets in
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trust for the benefit of its general creditors.” Credit Agricole Indosuez v. Rossiyskiy Kredit Bank,
94 N.Y.2d 541, 549 (N.Y. 2000) (citations omitted). 	The Second Circuit has characterized the
trust fund doctrine as “ensur[ing] that the directors do not funnel the assets of the corporation to
themselves or to other shareholders, subverting the creditor’s rights in bankruptcy.” 	Geren v.
Quantum Chem. Corp., No. 95-7554, 1995 WL 737512, at *1 (2d Cir. Dec. 13, 1995). Further,
in Credit Agricole, the New York Court of Appeals provided a significant limitation on the
applicability of the doctrine, holding that “a simple contract creditor may not invoke the doctrine
to reach transferred assets before exhausting legal remedies by obtaining judgment on the debt
and having execution return unsatisfied.” Credit Agricole, 94 N.Y.2d at 550. This formulation
has been subsequently applied by both state and federal courts to bar contract creditors from
asserting the trust fund doctrine. See, e.g., Aldoro, Inc. v. Gold Force Int’l., Ltd., 859 N.Y.S.2d
154, 155 (N.Y. App. Div. 1st Dep’t 2008); Staudinger+Franke GMBH v. Casey, No. 13 CV.
6124 (JGK), 2015 WL 3561409, at *13 (S.D.N.Y. June 8, 2015).
Any additional duty the “trust fund doctrine” imposes upon directors of a New York
corporation is not applicable here. 	There is no allegation that the Legacy Forest Directors and
Officers or the 3:30 Board funneled assets to themselves and, even if they had, the Committee
has not identified a fiduciary duty owed to a non-contract creditor. Therefore, the Legacy Forest
Directors and Officers and the 3:30 Board were subject only to the general duties of care and
loyalty imposed on directors of an insolvent entity, including duties to creditors. Such duties to
creditors, under both New York law and Delaware law, are discharged by maximizing the value
of the enterprise for the benefit of all stakeholders.
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b. 	Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claims Against the Legacy Forest Directors
and Officers
The Committee alleges that the Legacy Forest Directors and Officers breached both their
duty of care and their duty of loyalty in approving the Combination instead of (i) terminating the
Combination when offered the opportunity to do so by Mr. Sambrooks and Legacy Sabine Parent
or (ii) insisting that the Combination close under the original financing structure with the Bridge
Loan, the proceeds of which would have funded the redemption of the Legacy Forest Notes, and
then using proceeds of the Arkoma sale to pay unsecured creditors of Legacy Forest.
Neither claim is colorable. For a director or officer to breach the duty of care, a plaintiff
must show a “reckless indifference to or a deliberate disregard” of the interests of those to whom
fiduciary duties are owed or “actions which are with out the bounds of reason.” 	In re Trinsum
Group, Inc., 466 B.R. 596, 610 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2012) (citing to In re Walt Disney Co.
Derivative Litig., 907 A.2d 693, 749 (Del. Ch. 2005)). The Committee contends that the Legacy
Forest Directors and Officers breached their duty of care to creditors by failing to obtain outside
advice on the solvency of the prospective combined company (i) after reviewing Mr. Sambrooks’
December 2, 2014 letter expressing concern that the prospective combined company would be in
default on the New RBL immediately after closing and would face liquidity challenges and (ii)
prior to the Legacy Forest Directors and Officers formally approving the final Combination
structure.156 But any allegation that the Legacy Forest Directors and Officers acted with reckless
indifference is not sustainable. The Committee has not alleged sufficient facts which, if proven,
would establish that the Legacy Forest Directors and Officers responded to Mr. Sambrooks’
letter in a manner inconsistent with a proper discharge of their duty of care.
156 	Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 224.
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Specifically, prior to approving the revised Combination structure, the Legacy Forest
Directors and Officers requested new financial analyses and advice from outside advisors
JPMorgan and Wachtell as to (i) whether Legacy Forest would be better off proceeding with the
Combination or remaining as a stand-alone entity and (ii) the financial condition of the
prospective combined company.157 These analyses led the Legacy Forest Directors and Officers
to conclude, perhaps not surprisingly given Legacy Forest’s impending covenant breach and
going concern qualification, that Legacy Forest as an enterprise would be better positioned as
part of the Combined Company than as a standalone entity, notwithstanding Mr. Sambrooks’
concerns. 	Although the Committee alleges, in essence, that the fact that the Legacy Forest
Directors and Officers did not obtain a solvency analysis is by itself sufficient to state a claim for
breach of their duty of care, this is manifestly incorrect; a solvency analysis is just one piece of
information among many that a board may consider in discharging its duty of care. 	As the
Legacy Forest Directors and Officers correctly point out in their objection to the STN Motions,
the Committee’s argument amounts to a “mere disagreement” with the decision of the Legacy
Forest Directors and Officers as to what analysis was necessary, and “New York law did not and
does not impose a requirement for the Legacy Forest Board to conduct any specific type of
financial analysis in reaching its decision.”158
Further, the Committee’s allegations that the Legacy Forest Directors and Officers
breached their duty of care in approving Legacy Forest’s entry into the Combination instead of
selecting a different path also fail to support a colorable claim for breach of the duty of care. An
allegation that directors “made the wrong decision. . . is precisely the type of second-guessing
157 	Fraser Dep. Tr. at 275:5-17; 281:19-282:4; Lightner Dep. Tr. at 219:21-23; Bad Acts Complaint ¶ 126.
158 	Objection of Legacy Forest Directors and Officers at ¶ 17.
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that the business judgment rule is designed to prevent.”159 The facts alleged by the Committee
demonstrate that the Legacy Forest Directors and Officers informed themselves of material
information relevant to the decision of whether the Combination would maximize the value of
Legacy Forest for all stakeholders, as required by their duty of care. 	Moreover, the Legacy
Forest certificate of incorporation contains an exculpation for such breaches, which the Debtors
and Legacy Forest Directors and Officers argue forcefully would be applicable in the case of a
finding of a breach of the duty of care by the Legacy Forest Directors and Officers based on facts
alleged by the Committee. 160
Similarly, the Committee fails to state a colorable claim for a breach of the duty of
loyalty by the Legacy Forest Directors and Officers. The Committee’s proposed claim is based
entirely on the assumption that the trust fund doctrine applies and that the Legacy Forest
Directors and Officers owed specific duties to creditors to preserve assets; therefore, the
Committee argues, the Legacy Forest Directors and Officers breached a duty of loyalty owed to
creditors by considering the interests of other constituencies and the company as a whole. 	In
159 	Objection of Legacy Forest Directors and Officers at ¶ 16 (citing Shapiro v. Rockville Country Club, Inc.,
No. 15308-02, WL 398980, at *9 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Feb. 23, 2004)).
160 	Legacy Forest’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, dated October 21, 1993, limits the liability of its
directors to the fullest extent permitted by the New York Business Corporation Law. Specifically, it provides that:
A director of the Corporation shall not be liable to the Corporation or its shareholders for damages
for any breach of duty in such a capacity unless a judgment or other final adjudication adverse to
the director establishes that: (a) The director’s acts or omissions were in bad faith or involved
intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law; (b) The director personally gained in fact a
financial profit or other advantage to which the director was not legally entitled; or (c) The
director’s acts violate Section 719 of the New York Business Corporation Law (the “BCL”). A
director’s liability for any act or omission prior to the adoption of this paragraph 8 shall not be
eliminated or limited by virtue hereof and any repeal or modification of the foregoing provisions
of, or the adoption of any provision of, the Restated Certificate of Incorporation inconsistent with
this paragraph 8 shall not adversely affect any right, immunity or protection of a director existing
hereunder with respect to any act or omission occurring prior to or at the time of such repeal or
modification or the adoption of such inconsistent provision. If, after approval by the shareholders
of this paragraph 8, the BCL is amended to permit the further elimination or limitation of the
personal liability of a director, then the liability of the director shall be eliminated or limited to the
fullest extent permitted by the BCL as so amended.
Legacy Forest Restated Certificate of Incorporation, at 30-31.
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support of its assertion, the Committee points to the testimony of Mr. McDonald, former Chief
Executive Officer of Legacy Forest, that he and the board of Legacy Forest took into account the
interests of “the company” and “all stakeholders.” 161
The Committee misstates the duty of loyalty, which, under New York law, “requires a
director to subordinate his own personal interests to the interests of the corporation,” In re
Marine Risks, 441 B.R. 181, 200 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2010), and “derives from the prohibition
against self-dealing that inheres in the fiduciary relationship.” 	Id. (citation omitted). 	The
Legacy Forest Directors and Officers assert that an allegation that the board favored one class of
stakeholders over another, as the Committee alleges occurred here, fails to state a claim for
breach of the duty of loyalty.162 The Court agrees. 	With respect to allegations of self-dealing,
the proposed Bad Acts Complaint does not allege that any of the members of the board of
Legacy Forest other than Mr. McDonald has a personal interest in the Combination. There can
be no colorable claim for a breach of the duty of loyalty where a plaintiff fails to plead that a
majority of the directors were not disinterested. See, e.g., Giuliano v. Gawrylewski, 40 Misc. 3d
1210(A), 2013 WL 3497611, at *11 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2013), aff'd, 122 A.D.3d 477 (1st Dep’t
2014); Stoner v. Walsh, 772 F.Supp. 790, 801 (S.D.N.Y. 1991). 	The Committee’s assertions are
incorrect as a matter of law and its claim that the Legacy Forest Directors and Officers breached
their duty of loyalty is not colorable.
At bottom, the Legacy Forest Directors and Officers acted in a manner consistent with
their duties to creditors under New York law in (i) declining to terminate the Combination or
force the Combination to close with the Bridge Loan financing and (ii) determining to use the
Arkoma proceeds for the benefit of the Combined Company, rather than distributing such
161 	Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 225.
162 	Objection of Legacy Forest Directors and Officers at ¶ 31.
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proceeds to creditors of Legacy Forest. 	Simply put, the Legacy Forest Directors and Officers
had no duty to walk away from the proposed Combination and liquidate; nor did they have a
duty to lead Legacy Forest into a Combination premised on an expensive bridge to nowhere.
c. 	Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claims Against the 3:30
Board and First Reserve on behalf of Legacy Forest
The Committee next contends that the 3:30 Board breached its duty of loyalty by
approving the Debt Financing, rather than terminating the Combination, and that First Reserve
breached its duties as a controlling shareholder in connection with the actions of the 3:30
Board.163 Specifically, the Committee asserts that the Debt Financing was an “interested
transaction” and, therefore, its approval constitutes a breach of the duty of loyalty because
(i) four of the seven 3:30 Board members present for the meeting had connections to First
Reserve and (ii) First Reserve was motivated to protect its relationships with the lenders and to
avoid writing down its investment in Legacy Sabine Parent. 	The record as developed at the
Hearing, however, confirms that the Committee’s hypothesis that First Reserve was motivated to
pursue its own interests and those of the New RBL Lenders at the expense of the Combined
Company is facially implausible. 	There is no merit to the claim that the 3:30 Board was
conflicted by its connection to First Reserve, and the Committee’s claim based on the 3:30
Board’s alleged breach of the duty of loyalty is not colorable.
Moreover, it is arguable that, had the 3:30 Board pursued the Committee’s quixotic
course of action – electing not to approve the Debt Financing and then somehow terminating the
Combination and embarking on a workout with holders of the Legacy Forest Notes, the lenders
under the Legacy Sabine RBL, and the Second Lien Lenders – such action itself would have
been a violation of the fiduciary duties of the 3:30 Board. First, at the time the 3:30 Board met,
163 	Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 232, 237.
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the Share Exchange was completed and the Merger was in process, to be formally completed
upon the filing by the Delaware secretary of state. 	Given that the Delaware secretary of state
filed the merger certificate at 3:48 EST, under the Committee’s theory, the 3:30 Board had all of
eighteen minutes to stop the Merger and then, somehow (the Committee does not say how),
terminate the Combination, including the already completed Share Exchange. To fulfill its duty
of care with respect to such a decision, the 3:30 Board would have had to inform itself of all
material considerations associated with halting the Merger, including (i) whether the Share
Exchange could be terminated and (ii) the consequences of (a) Legacy Forest returning to being
a standalone company in the event the 3:30 Board were somehow able to terminate the Merger
and reverse the Share Exchange and (b) Legacy Forest operating with Legacy Sabine Parent and
the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries as indirect subsidiaries, in the event the Share Exchange could
not be terminated, including the possibility that principal amounts due under each of the Legacy
Sabine RBL and Legacy Forest RBL would have been accelerated by the Share Exchange and
would be due and owing. 	That the 3:30 Board could have informed itself of these complex
matters, made a decision to terminate the Merger, and then executed on that decision, all in
eighteen minutes, is simply implausible, and so are the Committee’s claims that suggest
otherwise.
d. 	Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claims Against Mr. Sambrooks and
First Reserve on behalf of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries
The Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries consist of (i) seven limited liability companies organized
under Delaware law; (ii) one corporation, Sabine Oil & Gas Finance Corp., organized under
Delaware law; and (iii) one limited liability company, Giant Gas Gathering LLC, organized
under Oklahoma law. 	The Second Committee STN Motion and proposed Bad Acts Complaint
do not appear to make any distinction among the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries, choosing to treat
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them all as Delaware LLCs and to analyze all fiduciary duty claims solely under Delaware
law. 164
The Committee contends that Mr. Sambrooks, as appointed manager, and First Reserve,
as controlling equity holder, each owed fiduciary duties to “the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries.”165
The Committee further contends that, in evaluating the Combination, Mr. Sambrooks only
considered the interests of Legacy Sabine Parent and did not consider the interests of the Legacy
Sabine Subsidiaries, thereby violating both his duty of care and his duty of loyalty to the Legacy
Sabine Subsidiaries.166 The Committee contends that First Reserve violated its duty of loyalty to
the creditors of Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries by prioritizing its interests over those of the Legacy
Sabine Subsidiaries.167 Both claims are facially defective in that the Committee has failed to
allege that either Mr. Sambrooks or First Reserve owed fiduciary duties to the Legacy Sabine
Subsidiaries.
First, Legacy Sabine Parent, itself a Delaware LLC, directly or through an intermediary –
and not Mr. Sambrooks – was the sole managing member of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries that
are LLCs.168 Mr. Sambrooks was authorized to manage such subsidiaries but was at all times
subject to the authority of the managing member. 	Under Delaware law, only directors and
managing members of an LLC (and not parties to whom such managing members delegate
authority, such as Mr. Sambrooks) owe fiduciary duties, if any,169 to the LLC. 	See Coventry
Real Estate Advisors, LLC v. Developers Diversified Realty Corp., 923 N.Y.S.2d 476, 477–78
(N.Y. App. Div. 1st Dep’t 2011) (applying Delaware law and holding that only managing
164 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 211 n. 28.
165 	See Bad Acts Complaint, Count III.
166 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 241.
167 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 246.
168 	See Limited Objection of Sabine Directors ¶ 10 (citing to Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries’ LLC Agreements
§ 7).
169 	The Committee concedes that Delaware law permits a limited liability company to eliminate fiduciary
duties under certain circumstances.
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member owed fiduciary duties to company and not member who was authorized by LLC
agreement to manage day-to-day operations). 	Accordingly, as counsel for Mr. Sambrooks
correctly asserts, Mr. Sambrooks owed no fiduciary duties to the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries.170
Second, the Committee has failed to allege any legally cognizable basis on which First
Reserve, as a controlling equityholder, owes fiduciary duties to the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries.
The Committee simply states, without citation to authority, that First Reserve owed fiduciary
duties to the creditors of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries.171 Thus, the Committee has failed to
plead an essential element of its claim, rendering the claim not colorable for that reason alone.
Moreover, as noted by First Reserve in its objection to the STN Motions, First Reserve was only
an indirect controlling equity holder, through Legacy Sabine Parent, of the Legacy Sabine
Subsidiaries.172 To the extent a parent entity is found to owe any fiduciary duties to its wholly-
owned LLC, 173 the Committee, seeking to assert claims on behalf of the wholly-owned
subsidiaries, would first have to pierce the corporate veil to reach First Reserve in order to assert
such a claim. 	The Committee has not argued in the Second Committee STN Motion or in its
proposed complaint that the corporate veil should be pierced, providing yet another reason why
the proposed claims against the First Reserve Defendants are not colorable.
170 	See Limited Objection of Sabine Directors ¶¶ 70-73.
171 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 246; see also Omnibus Reply of Committee to Objections to STN
Motions ¶ 75 (“As to other allegations of First Reserve as controlling equity holder, the Committee’s STN Motion
provides sufficient bases for standing to be granted.”).
172 	See Objection of First Reserve Defendants ¶ 78 (arguing that “[a]lthough under certain circumstances a
controlling stockholder may owe fiduciary duties to minority stockholders, that is not remotely applicable where, as
here, the subsidiaries are wholly-owned and no minority stockholders exist”).
173 	Under Delaware law, a corporation does not owe fiduciary duties to its wholly-owned subsidiaries or their
creditors. See Trenwick Am. Litig. Trust v. Ernst & Young, L.L.P., 906 A.2d 168, 191 (Del. Ch. 2006), aff’d sub
nom., Trenwick Am. Litig. Trust v. Billett, 931 A.2d 438 (Del. 2007).
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e. 	Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claims Against the Legacy Sabine
Parent Board on behalf of Legacy Sabine Parent
The Committee contends that the Legacy Sabine Parent board of directors breached its
fiduciary duty of loyalty to Legacy Sabine Parent when it approved the Debt Financing because
(i) the Legacy Sabine Parent board was acting at the direction of First Reserve and (ii) the Debt
Financing “benefitted First Reserve but put more debt onto the Legacy Sabine entities.”174 Mr.
Weiner provided credible and uncontroverted testimony that establishes that the Legacy Sabine
Parent board was not acting at the direction of First Reserve. 	Moreover, the facts in the record
offered in support of the Committee’s scant allegations are insufficient to support a plausible
inference that First Reserve was motivated to pursue its own interests and those of the New RBL
Lenders at the expense of Legacy Sabine Parent or the Combined Company at all, let alone in a
way that would have created a conflict for the Legacy Sabine Parent board. 	The claim as
pleaded is not sustainable.
In addition, the Committee’s claim for breach of the duty of loyalty by the board of
Legacy Sabine Parent not only relies on treating the Debt Financing as a separate transaction but
also ignores the fact that the Legacy Sabine Parent board did not act on behalf of the “Legacy
Sabine entities” that incurred additional debt as a result of the Debt Financing, i.e., the Legacy
Sabine Subsidiaries. 	As described herein, the Legacy Sabine Parent board did not approve the
Debt 	Financing; 	the 	3:30 	Board 	did. 	The 	Legacy 	Sabine 	Parent 	board 	approved 	the
Combination, of which the Debt Financing was but one step. 	Thus, to even state a claim, the
Committee would have to plead some harm to Legacy Sabine Parent, as opposed to the Legacy
Sabine Subsidiaries, resulting from entry into the Combination, not the Debt Financing. This, of
174 	Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 246; Bad Acts Complaint ¶ 222 (Count IV).
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course, is impossible because, according to the Committee’s theory of the Combination, the
debts of Legacy Sabine Parent were assumed by Legacy Forest for no consideration.
Finally, even assuming that a claim for a breach of fiduciary duty on behalf of Legacy
Sabine Parent were colorable, the Debtors and the directors of Legacy Sabine Parent contend
(likely correctly) that the Legacy Sabine Parent operating agreement waives such claims on
behalf of Legacy Sabine Parent in the absence of bad faith, providing another potential basis for
a finding that the claims are not colorable.175
4. 	The Aiding and Abetting Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claims are Not Colorable
The Committee also seeks standing to assert claims for aiding and abetting breaches of
fiduciary duties against (i) the Legacy Forest Directors and Officers, the Legacy Sabine Parent
board, Mr. Sambrooks, and the First Reserve Defendants for allegedly aiding and abetting
breaches of fiduciary duties in connection with the Share Exchange and the Merger and (ii) the
New RBL Lenders, the Second Lien Lenders, Wells Fargo, and Barclays for allegedly aiding and
abetting breaches of fiduciary duties in connection with the Debt Financing.176 To state a claim
for aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty under New York law, the following three
elements must be pled: (1) a breach of fiduciary obligations, of which the aider and abettor had
actual knowledge; (2) the defendant knowingly induced or participated in the breach; and (3) the
plaintiff suffered damages as a result of the breach. In re Sharp Int’l Corp., 403 F.3d 43, 49-50
(2d Cir. 2005); Kaufman v. Cohen, 307 A.D.2d 113, 125 (N.Y. App. Div. 1st Dep’t 2003).
As the Court has found no colorable claims for breaches of fiduciary duties, it is
elementary that the first requirement, a breach of fiduciary obligations, is not met. 	Moreover,
even if the first element were met, the Committee’s allegations that the ultimate decision with
175 	See Ex. 1019 (Third Amended and Restated Operating Agreement of Sabine Oil & Gas LLC, dated as of
January 7, 2013) at §§ 9.3 & 9.7.
176 	Bad Acts Complaint ¶¶ 230-231 (Count VI).
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respect to structure and execution of the Combination, including the Debt Financing, was
influenced or directed by any third parties are without merit. 	Although First Reserve and the
various lenders did indeed participate in negotiating the Debt Financing – and the progress of
such negotiations informed the negotiations and decisionmaking of the legacy boards – the
Committee has not alleged facts sufficient to establish an aiding and abetting claim under the
relevant standard.
With respect to the First Reserve Defendants, the Court agrees that “[i]t would be a
bizarre perversion of corporate law to hold [] First Reserve . . . liable for trying to negotiate
against its counterparty for the best deal possible.”177 Moreover, with respect to the New RBL
Lenders, the proposed Bad Acts Complaint is utterly devoid of any allegation that the New RBL
Lenders had actual knowledge of a breach of fiduciary duty by some other party.178 Similarly,
the Second Lien Lenders argue that the Movants “have not alleged a single fact that any Second
Lien Lender had actual knowledge of any breach of fiduciary duty or that any Second Lien
Lenders knowingly induced or participated in such breach;” rather, they assert, “the [Bad Acts]
Complaint is based entirely on conclusory statements concerning the ‘Secured Parties’ (i.e.,
lumping together the [New] RBL Lenders and the Second Lien Lenders as if they are one and the
same) and cannot possibly meet the pleading standard of Rule 8(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure.”179 For all of the foregoing reasons, the aiding and abetting claims are not colorable.
5. 	The Equitable Subordination Claims are Not Colorable
The Committee seeks standing to assert claims for equitable subordination against each
of the New RBL Agent, the New RBL Lenders, the Second Lien Agent, and the Second Lien
177 	Objection of First Reserve Defendants ¶ 127.
178 	Objection of New RBL Agent to Bad Acts Claims [ECF No. 720] at 50.
179 	Objection of Second Lien Agent ¶ 102.
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Lenders (collectively, the “Equitable Subordination Defendants”).180 Under section 510(c) of the
Bankruptcy Code, a court has the power to equitably subordinate an allowed claim where (i) the
claimant engaged in inequitable conduct; (ii) the misconduct injured other creditors or conferred
an unfair advantage; and (iii) the equitable subordination is not inconsistent with bankruptcy law.
11 U.S.C. § 510(c); Benjamin v. Diamond (In re Mobile Steel Co.), 563 F.2d 692, 699-700 (5th
Cir. 1977); see generally LightSquared LP v. SP Special Opportunities LLC (In re LightSquared
Inc.), 	511 	B.R. 	253, 	346-52 	(Bankr. 	S.D.N.Y. 	2014). 	Equitable 	subordination 	is 	an
“extraordinary remedy that is to be used sparingly.” 	In re Kalisch, 413 B.R. 115, 133 (Bankr.
S.D.N.Y. 2008), aff’d, No. 09 Civ. 1636 (PKC), 2009 WL 2900247 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 9, 2009).
The Committee contends that the Court may equitably subordinate the claims of the
Equitable 	Subordination 	Defendants 	“because 	of 	harm 	caused 	unsecured 	creditors 	in 	a
transaction that the [Equitable Subordination Defendants] knew was doomed to fail, but was
pursued to avoid hundreds of millions of dollars of losses by the [RBL Lenders] on their
contractually 	committed 	bridge 	commitment.”181 The 	Committee’s 	claims 	for 	equitable
subordination against each of the Equitable Subordination Defendants fail at the first element –
inequitable conduct – and are thus not colorable.
The Committee’s claims that the New RBL Agent and the New RBL Lenders engaged in
inequitable conduct are based on the allegation that the New RBL Agent and the New RBL
Lenders “actively participated in a manipulative scheme to supplant the Bridge Loan with a new
merger and financing structure . . . all for the purposes of providing short-term liquidity for a
Combination that was doomed to fail, ensuring that the new financing was senior to all of the
180 	Bad Acts Complaint ¶¶ 232-242 (Count VII).
181 	Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 256.
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Debtors’ unsecured claims and collecting transaction fees on the new financing.” 182 That
allegation, while sensational, is contradicted and rendered implausible by the record. 	First, as
described herein, there is no plausible allegation that the New RBL Agent or the New RBL
Lenders actively participated in creating the final structure of the Combination that closed on
December 16, 2014. Indeed, Mr. Fraser testified in his deposition that he had no communication
with the New RBL Lenders in conceiving of the final structure of the Combination. 	Further
supporting the New RBL Lenders’ lack of involvement in designing the final structure is the fact
that even after Mr. Fraser had presented the structure to each of the Legacy Forest and Legacy
Sabine boards on December 9, 2014 and received a favorable response, the New RBL Lenders
continued to negotiate with respect to alternative financing structures that included the Bridge
Loan.
Second, the allegation that the New RBL Agent and the New RBL Lenders knew the
Combination was “doomed to fail” is contradicted and rendered implausible by the record. 	To
the contrary, as a condition precedent to the closing of the New RBL, Mr. Sambrooks delivered a
solvency certificate to the New RBL Agent.183 Through such solvency certificate, Mr.
Sambrooks attested, among other things, to the facts that (i) the Combined Company’s assets
would exceed its liabilities (at fair valuation) and (ii) the Combined Company would be able to
meet its debts as they matured.184 The better view – the plausible view – is not that the New
RBL Agent and the New RBL Lenders engaged in a “manipulative scheme” but rather that they
engaged in contentious, arm’s-length negotiations to renegotiate the financing to which they had
committed in May 2014 to reflect the changed environment and prospects for the Combined
Company in December 2014, with both sides protecting their respective interests to the best of
182 	Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 272.
183 	Trust Decl. Ex. 1 at 230:7-14.
184 	Trust Decl. Ex. 9.
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their abilities. 	There is nothing inequitable about such conduct; the Committee’s claims for
equitable subordination of the claims of the New RBL Lenders are not colorable.
With respect to the Second Lien Agent and the Second Lien Lenders, the Committee
acknowledges that the Second Lien Lenders “do not appear to have been directly involved in the
structuring of the Combination or the efforts to enrich the [Equitable Subordination Defendants]
at the expense of pre-existing unsecured creditors.”185 Nonetheless the Committee contends,
citing solely to In re Enron Corp., 379 B.R. 425, 433 (S.D.N.Y. 2007), that inequitable conduct
is 	present 	because 	(i) 	the 	Combined 	Company 	was 	left 	undercapitalized 	following 	the
Combination and (ii) the Second Lien Lenders were unjustly enriched by gaining access to
Legacy Forest assets.186 As the Second Lien Agent points out in its objection, however,
“allegations of unjust enrichment cannot support a claim for equitable subordination without
additional allegations that the unjust enrichment resulted from the defendant’s egregious or
unconscionable 	conduct.”187 The 	reference 	in 	Enron 	to 	undercapitalization 	and 	unjust
enrichment 188 is derived from In re Adelphia Commc’ns Corp., 365 B.R. 24 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.
2007), in which Judge Gerber described unjust enrichment as “not enrichment by bon chance,
astuteness or business acumen, but enrichment through another’s loss brought about by one’s
own unconscionable, unjust, unfair, close or double dealing or foul conduct.” Id. at 68-69. The
Committee, by its own admission, has not alleged any conduct approaching unconscionable,
unjust, or unfair, let alone any double dealing or foul conduct by the Second Lien Agent or
Second Lien Lenders. Accordingly, the paltry facts alleged by the Committee are insufficient to
state a colorable claim to equitably subordinate the claims of the Second Lien Lenders.
185 	Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 278.
186 	Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 279.
187 	Objection of Second Lien Agent ¶ 98.
188 	379 B.R. at 433 n.39.
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6. 	The Recharacterization Claims are Not Colorable
“[B]ankruptcy courts have the power to recharacterize ostensible debt as equity . . . .”
Adelphia, 365 B.R. at 74 (citing In re Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors for Dornier
Aviation (N. Am.), Inc., 453 F.3d 225, 231 (4th Cir. 2006)). Recharacterization of debt as equity
“is appropriate where the circumstances show that a debt transaction was actually an equity
contribution ab initio.” 	In re BH S&B Holdings, 420 B.R. 112, 157 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2009).
The Committee seeks standing to assert a claim to recharacterize as equity the $50 million in
additional Second Lien Loan obligations that the Combined Company incurred at the time of the
Combination.189
In determining whether an investment that purports to be debt should be recharacterized
as equity, courts in this district balance the factors laid out by the Court of Appeals for the Sixth
Circuit in In re AutoStyle Plastics, Inc.,190 which are:
(1) the names given to the instruments, if any, evidencing the
indebtedness; (2) the presence or absence of a fixed maturity date
and schedule of payments; (3) the presence or absence of a fixed
rate of interest and interest payments; (4) the source of repayments;
(5) the adequacy or inadequacy of capitalization; (6) the identity of
interest between the creditor and the stockholder; (7) the security,
if any, for the advances; (8) the corporation’s ability to obtain
financing from outside lending institutions; (9) the extent to which
the advances were subordinated to the claims of outside creditors;
(10) the extent to which the advances were used to acquire capital
assets; and (11) the presence or absence of a sinking fund to
provide repayments.
269 F.3d 726, 749-50 (6th Cir. 2001); see also In re BH S&B Holdings, 420 B.R. at 157
(considering AutoStyle factors); In re Gen. Motors Corp., 407 B.R. 463, 498 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.
2009) (same). The “ultimate exercise” in evaluating any recharacterization claim “is to ascertain
189 	See Second Committee STN Motion ¶¶ 284-293; Bad Acts Complaint ¶¶ 243-249 (Count VIII).
190 	The AutoStyle factors have also been referred to as the Roth Steel factors. 	See Roth Steel Tube Co. v.
Commissioner, 800 F.2d 625, 630 (6th Cir. 1986) (applying substantially similar considerations in tax law context).
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the intent of the parties.” 	See Weisfelner v. Blavatnik (In re Lyondell Chemical Co.), No. 09-
01375 (REG), 2016 WL 74681, at *20 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Jan. 4, 2016). While “no one factor is
controlling or decisive . . . the court may dismiss a recharacterization claim if the plaintiff fails to
plead facts that trigger the applicability of the AutoStyle factors, or a meaningful subset of them.”
BH S & B Holdings, 420 B.R. at 157-58 (internal citations omitted).
The Committee relies primarily on AutoStyle factors four through eight, contending that
(i) the source of repayment was dependent on the Combined Company’s performance, as
evidenced by Wells Fargo and Barclays’ seeking to sell their pieces of the Second Lien Loan at
prices below par;191 (ii) the Combined Company was inadequately capitalized following the
Combination, as evidenced by the apparent inability of the Combined Company to raise
equity;192 (iii) there was an identity of interests between the New RBL Lenders, who also
financed the incremental $50 million, and First Reserve;193 (iv) there was a lack of security for
the incremental $50 million, as evidenced by an e-mail from Barclays questioning whether the
debt was “fungible” given “the fact that the existing [second lien debt] is trading in the low to
mid 80s” but stating that “we’re willing to purchase the loan at an above market price;”194 and
(v) there was a lack of financing available from other sources, as evidenced by Mr. Weiner’s e-
mail to Mr. Sambrooks advising that seeking financing from lenders who had not already
committed to finance the Combined Company was a “waste of time.” 195
On balance, application of the AutoStyle factors does not support the existence of a
colorable 	claim 	for 	recharacterization 	here. 	First, 	the 	Committee 	ignores 	entirely 	the
“meaningful subset” of other AutoStyle factors which militate against its argument and would
191 	See Bad Acts Complaint ¶¶ 285-86.
192 	See Bad Acts Complaint ¶¶ 287-89.
193 	See Bad Acts Complaint ¶ 292.
194 	See Bad Acts Complaint ¶ 293.
195 	See Bad Acts Complaint ¶ 290.
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likely establish that the intent of the parties was that the $50 million of additional Second Lien
Loan obligations that the Combined Company incurred at the time of the Combination should be
treated as debt because it (i) was documented as a loan; (ii) carried a fixed maturity date and
schedule of payments; (iii) carried a fixed interest rate; (iv) was not subordinated to claims of
outside creditors; and (v) was not used to purchase capital assets. Each of these undisputed facts
supports the position of the Second Lien Agent that the obligation was intended to be debt.
Moreover, the record thus far dispels the notion that that AutoStyle factors four through
eight would support a claim for recharacterization here. 	For example, the Committee does not
cite to any authority for the proposition that selling a debt instrument at a price below suggests
that repayment of the instrument is dependent on the performance of the business in a manner
indicating that the instrument is equity and not debt. Similarly, AutoStyle’s “identity of interest”
factor is typically deployed to establish that a stockholder making a loan to a corporation in
proportion to its ownership interest indicates such loan is equity. 	That situation is clearly not
present here, where First Reserve did not participate in the incremental Second Lien Loan, and,
as indicated above, First Reserve and the New RBL Lenders were not united in their interests but
in fact had an arm’s-length relationship. 	Moreover, as the Second Lien Agent notes in its
objection, the Legacy Forest Notes were trading at 40-45 cents on the dollar following the
Combination, which price implies a recovery for unsecured creditors.196 As a matter of common
sense, it is hard to even imagine how it could be argued that secured debt issued at the same time
was intended as equity. The Committee’s recharacterization claim is frivolous.
196 	See Objection of Second Lien Agent ¶ 82 (noting that, following the public announcement of the
Combination structure, the Legacy Forest Notes were trading at approximately 40-45 cents and contending that “if
the Debtor’s unsecured debt was trading at 40-75 cents on the dollar, Movants cannot seriously claim that
incremental secured debt constituted disguised equity.”). 	The Committee acknowledges that the Legacy Forest
Notes were trading at approximately 40-45 cents on the dollar immediately following the public announcement of
the changes to the Combination structure. See Second Committee STN Motion ¶ 201.
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C. Conclusions with Respect to Colorability
For all of the foregoing reasons, the Court finds:
 	the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims the Committee seeks to assert on
behalf of Legacy Forest are not colorable;
 	the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims the Committee seeks to assert on
behalf of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries’ estates with respect to the avoidance of
liens granted to secure the incremental guarantees are colorable;
 	the Bad Acts Claims the Committee seeks to assert are not colorable; and
 	because the Debtors propose to settle the Bucket II Claims in the context of a
plan, the Court will abstain from ruling on the colorability of the Bucket II Claims
pending a hearing on confirmation of a plan.
To the extent the Court has failed specifically to address a claim asserted by the Movants in their
proposed complaints, the Court finds that such claim is not colorable.
D. Consideration of the STN Best Interests Test
In accordance with the Court’s findings on colorability, and pursuant to the framework in
which the parties have addressed the STN Motions, the Court will now address the question of
whether the Debtors have unjustifiably failed to bring the claims that the Court has identified are
colorable: the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims on behalf of the Legacy Sabine
Subsidiaries. The Court must determine whether the Debtors’ refusal to bring such claims is in
the best interests of the estates, i.e., whether, when considering the effect of the litigation on the
estates and conducting a cost-benefit analysis, the potential benefits of the litigation outweigh the
costs, monetary and otherwise, to the Debtors’ reorganization. 	In evaluating requests for
standing, the Court’s role as gatekeeper, as discussed herein, is to ensure that the proposed
litigation 	is 	expected 	to 	be 	a 	“sensible” 	use 	of 	estate 	resources 	that 	“will 	not 	impair
reorganization.” See Adelphia, 330 B.R. at 386.
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1. 	Value of the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims
to be Asserted on Behalf of the Legacy Sabine
Subsidiaries’ Estates
Mr. Zelin submitted two reports and gave substantial live testimony on potential recovery
values with respect to the various proposed STN claims. Regarding the Constructive Fraudulent
Transfer Claims sought to be asserted on behalf of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries’ estates, Mr.
Zelin calculated the value components of such claims as follows: 197
 	Avoidance of Liens Improperly Granted to Secure Guarantees – $68 million
 	Recovery of New RBL Paydown – $47 million
 	Merger & Financing Fees – $20 million
 	Prejudgment Interest – $9 million
 	Diminution in Value of Liens Improperly Granted to
Secure Guarantees – $121 million
 	Total – $265 million
Notably, Mr. Zelin did not independently value the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims
asserted on behalf of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries’ estates. 	Instead, his analysis (i) assumed
that the Committee would be successful on all Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims
(including those to be asserted on behalf of Legacy Forest) and (ii) allocated the proceeds to the
Legacy Sabine Parent pro forma estate and the Legacy Forest pro forma estate in accordance
with certain assumptions Mr. Zelin applied as to how such recoveries should be allocated
between the two pro forma estates.
At the outset, it bears emphasis that the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims sought
to be asserted on behalf of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries’ estates do not seek to avoid the New
RBL or the Second Lien Loan at the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries’ estates, as the Constructive
Fraudulent Transfer Claims sought to be asserted on behalf of Legacy Forest seek to do. This is
because, 	prior 	to 	the 	Combination, 	there 	existed 	$620 	million 	of 	Legacy 	Sabine 	RBL
197 	See Zelin Report p. 23.
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indebtedness and $650 million of Legacy Sabine Second Lien indebtedness, all of which was
supported by guarantees of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries secured by liens on the assets of the
Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries. 	The Committee does not contend that these obligations and liens
were 	avoidable 	at 	the 	Legacy 	Sabine 	Subsidiaries’ 	estates 	prior 	to 	the 	Combination.
Accordingly, Mr. Zelin’s analysis contemplates an allowed New RBL claim of $620 million that
would have recourse to Legacy Sabine assets as well as a $678 million Second Lien Loan claim,
reflecting the $650 million of Legacy Sabine Second Lien Loan debt and incurred interest that
would have recourse to the same assets. 	The Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims the
Committee seeks to assert on behalf of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries’ estates merely seek to
avoid the guarantees issued and liens granted to secure (i) New RBL borrowings in excess of the
$620 million of borrowings outstanding on the Legacy Sabine RBL pre-Combination and (ii)
Second Lien Loan borrowings in excess of the $650 million outstanding on the Legacy Sabine
Second Lien Loan pre-Combination.
2. 	Avoidance of Liens
Mr. Zelin estimates that $68 million of value would be available to the Legacy Sabine
Subsidiaries’ unsecured creditors if the incremental guarantees issued and liens granted by the
Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries were avoided.198 Mr. Zelin arrives at this figure in three steps. First,
Mr. Zelin assumes the existence of an RBL identical to the actual New RBL (the “Duplicate
RBL”) under the theory that each pro forma estate is jointly and severally liable for the New
RBL. Such portions of the Duplicate RBL claims allocable to Legacy Forest, or $182 million,199
would, according to Mr. Zelin’s analysis, be disallowed at the estates of the Legacy Sabine
Subsidiaries. Second, Mr. Zelin assumes that the Duplicate RBL is secured by liens on the exact
198 	See Zelin Report p. 25.
199 	See 2/22/16 Hr’g Tr. 40:24-42:3 (Zelin).
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same assets at the estates of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries, valued at $345 million, as those
which secure the New RBL itself. This assumption, as Professor Williams persuasively pointed
out during his testimony at the Hearing, results in a double counting of the value of such
encumbered assets.200 Third, Mr. Zelin assumes that the percentage of secured recoveries of the
New RBL attributable to encumbered assets held by the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries (i.e., $345
million of secured recoveries on a $927 million claim) is equal to the percentage of secured
recoveries of the Duplicate RBL that are attributable to avoidable liens granted by the Legacy
Sabine Subsidiaries to secure the Duplicate RBL, including the disallowed $182 million claim
attributable to indebtedness of Legacy Forest.
According to Mr. Zelin’s analysis, the calculation necessary to isolate the value of the
avoided liens securing the disallowed $182 million is thus two steps. 	First, it is necessary to
divide $345 million of assumed RBL secured recoveries by $927 million of RBL claims to arrive
at the percentage of RBL secured recoveries attributable to Legacy Sabine Subsidiary assets.
Second, one would multiply that percentage by the disallowed $182 million claim to arrive at the
avoided secured recoveries, i.e., the value of assets secured by avoided liens. The result of this
calculation yields avoided liens valued at $68 million, at the very most.
Mr. Zelin’s calculation and the assumptions that inform it shed little to no light on the
actual question that must be answered to determine the value available to unsecured creditors
which could result from successfully avoiding liens granted to secure (i) New RBL borrowings
in excess of the $620 million of borrowings outstanding on the Legacy Sabine RBL pre-
200 	See 2/26/16 Hr’g Tr. 102:19-103:4 (Williams) (Q: “And do you agree with Mr. Zelin’s approach of
assigning $927 million of liens to pro forma Sabine and a separate $927 million of liens to pro forma Forest for
purposes of his waterfall?” A: “No, I do not agree with that. Again, we’re going back before the merger, and there
would be allocable debt. And the liens would encumber or be allocated in accordance with the debt.” Q: “So in the
post-combination company, was there ever sort of two separate sets of $927 million worth of liens?” A: “No, there
never was.”)
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Combination and (ii) Second Lien Loan borrowings in excess of the $650 million outstanding on
the Legacy Sabine Second Lien Loan pre-Combination. 	Answering that question requires
determining what liens on pre-Combination unencumbered assets, if any, the Legacy Sabine
Subsidiaries granted post-Combination to secure the New RBL and the Second Lien Loan.
Professor Williams testified that no such liens were granted and the Committee has produced
nothing (e.g., UCC filings) indicating otherwise.201 Accordingly, while the Court does not rule
out the possibility that there may be some value (likely less than $68 million) available to
unsecured creditors from avoiding liens securing the allegedly avoidable guarantees issued by
the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries, the Court cannot on this record quantify such value. Moreover,
in considering whether the Committee should be granted standing to assert the Constructive
Fraudulent Transfer Claims on behalf of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries and whether pursuit of
such claims would be in the best interests of the estates, the Court must also consider the fact that
any value “realized” from avoided liens would not be incremental value brought into the estates
but instead would be a reallocation of value from the New RBL Lenders to the unsecured
creditors of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries, i.e., to the holders of the Legacy Sabine Notes.
3. 	Recovery of New RBL Paydown, Merger and Financing Fees,
and Prejudgment Interest
None of the next three categories identified in Mr. Zelin’s analysis – (i) Recovery of
New RBL Paydown; (ii) Merger and Financing Fees; and (iii) Prejudgment Interest – would be
recoverable for the benefit of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries’ estates even if the Constructive
Fraudulent Transfer Claims to be asserted on behalf of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries, which
201 	3/3/16 Hr’g Tr. 62:4-15 (Williams) (Q: “Are you aware that post-combination the Sabine subsidiaries did
not pledge a mortgage – any additional collateral to support the upsized RBL?” A: “Yes, I am. They did not.” Q:
“Did you develop an understanding as to where the additional collateral for the upsized secured loans came from?”
A: “At the RBL level and the second?” Q: “Yes.” A: “Okay. Yes. I did develop an understanding. It came from
the unencumbered assets of Forest or the Forest assets that were brought to the business combination.”); see also
Williams Report at 55.
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seek 	only 	to 	avoid guarantees 	issued 	and liens 	granted 	securing 	such 	guarantees, 	were
successful.202 Each of (i) the December 18, 2014 paydown of a portion of the New RBL by the
Combined Company (the “New RBL Paydown”) and (ii) the merger and financing fees incurred
by the Combined Company in connection with the Merger (the “Merger and Financing Fees”)
represents payments made by Legacy Forest, not by the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries. Mr. Zelin’s
allocation of such recovery amounts to the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries is presumably based on
an assumption that assets from the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries were earmarked and transferred
to Legacy Forest for the purpose of making such payments. However, Mr. Zelin testified that his
analysis did not attempt to source the funds used to make the New RBL Paydown,203 and no
evidence has been proffered to substantiate his assumption in this regard. In fact, counsel for the
Committee confirmed at closing arguments that no portion of the New RBL Paydown came from
the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries.204 Accordingly, the New RBL Paydown, the Merger and
Financing Fees,205 and prejudgment interest on the foregoing would not be recoverable for the
benefit of Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries.
202 	See Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Complaint ¶¶ 149-160 (claims proposed to be asserted on behalf of
the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries).
203 	See 2/22/16 Hr’g Tr. 311:6-15 (Zelin) (Q: “And that [Recovery of New RBL Paydown number] is
comprised of the $50 million upside [sic] second lien proceeds and the net Arcoma [sic] proceeds which the
combined company paid down after closing. You know that, right?” A: “It’s just 206 million of pay down. I don’t
recall the source of the cash.”).
204 	See 3/11/16 Hr'g Tr. 162:24-163:7 (Martin) (The Court: “So did any -- did the funds for any portion of [the
New RBL Paydown] come from the Legacy Sabine subsidiaries?” Mr. Martin: “No. The funds came from -- that's
why I showed the funds flow. It came from two places, it appears, something we found in discovery. It came from
cash that had been at Forest . . . and it came from the new incremental $50 million second lien loan.”).
205 	At closing arguments, counsel for the Committee agreed that the Committee’s ability to assert claims for
the Merger and Financing Fees would be dependent upon its ability to assert claims for the avoidance of the
obligations pursuant to its Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims on behalf of Legacy Forest. See 3/11/16 Hr’g
Tr. 181:10-13 (Martin) (“I do want to say, Your Honor, the fact, just for completeness, that, you know, specifically
listed here is not the avoidance of the financing fees because that follows along with the avoidance of the
obligations.”). As such claims are not colorable, it follows that the claims for recovery of the Merger and Financing
Fees also fail.
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4. 	Diminution in Value of Liens Improperly Granted to the New RBL Lenders
At the direction of Committee counsel, Mr. Zelin assumed in his analysis that the Court
would authorize the Committee to collect from the New RBL Lenders or the Second Lien
Lenders, as the case may be, a recovery equal to the diminution of the value of assets securing
avoidable liens. 	Per Mr. Zelin, assets securing allegedly avoidable liens granted by the Legacy
Sabine Subsidiaries have diminished in value by $121 million between December 16, 2014 (the
date of the Combination) and December 31, 2015. 	Mr. Zelin arrives at this calculation by first
calculating that the value of all Legacy Sabine assets diminished by 64% between the date of the
Combination and December 31, 2015. 	Mr. Zelin assumes, sensibly, that assets secured by
avoidable liens would have diminished in value by the same percentage. 	Applying this
assumption 	and 	Mr. 	Zelin’s 	additional 	assumption 	that 	there 	are 	$68 	million 	in 	assets
encumbered by avoidable liens at the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries (as of December 31, 2015),
Mr. Zelin concludes that (i) there were $188 million of assets encumbered by avoidable liens as
of the date of the Combination ($68 million divided by the 36% of remaining value) and (ii) such
liens are now worth $68 million, yielding a diminution in value claim of $121 million (the extra
$1 million is presumably attributable to rounding in the calculations).
The Court ascribes no value to a claim for the alleged diminution in value of avoidable
liens. In addition to being entirely derivative of Mr. Zelin’s calculation of the value of avoidable
liens as $68 million, a value that the Court finds questionable, application of such a remedy here
is unsupportable as a matter of law.
The Committee relies almost exclusively on In re TOUSA, Inc., 422 B.R. 783 (Bankr.
S.D. Fla. 2009), as authority for its claim seeking to recover the diminution in value of avoidable
liens. 	In TOUSA, the debtors’ parent company borrowed approximately $421 million for the
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purpose of funding a litigation settlement; the lenders, in fact, required that the proceeds be used
for this purpose. 	Although only the parent company was obligated to pay the litigation
settlement, the parent’s subsidiaries guaranteed the debt. The bankruptcy court determined that
the subsidiaries received no value from the payment of the litigation settlement amount and,
therefore, the conveyance of guarantees was a transfer for which the subsidiaries did not receive
“reasonably equivalent value.”206
In imposing remedies, the bankruptcy court in TOUSA began with the premise that “11
U.S.C. § 550 ‘is designed to restore the estate to the financial condition that would have existed
had the transfer never occurred.’” Id. at 881 (internal citation omitted). 	From this premise, the
bankruptcy court held that, in addition to avoiding the subsidiaries’ obligations, a complete
remedy required more, including restoration of fees and costs of pursuing litigation. In addition,
the Court held that the “Conveying Subsidiaries are also entitled to recover the diminution in
value of the liens that has occurred since the transfer.” Id. at 883. As support for its remedy, the
court cited to In re Warmus, 229 B.R. 496, 532 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 1999), in which the court
explained that “if the court limits the Trustees to recovery of the property itself, and if the
property has declined in value, the estate will have lost the opportunity to dispose of the property
prior to its depreciation.” TOUSA, 422 B.R. at 883 (citing Warmus, 229 B.R. at 532).
The district court in TOUSA reversed the bankruptcy court’s decision that the subsidiaries
did not receive “reasonably equivalent value” for the issuance of the guarantees. 	444 B.R. 613
(S.D. Fla. 2011). 	The district court did not review the remedies, including the claim for
diminution in value of the conveyed liens. 	The Eleventh Circuit reversed the district court,
holding that the bankruptcy court did not clearly err in finding that the subsidiaries did not
receive reasonably equivalent value. 	680 F.3d 1298 (11th Cir. 2012). 	The Eleventh Circuit
206 	TOUSA, 422 B.R. at 848.
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explicitly declined to consider whether to vacate the remedies imposed by the bankruptcy court,
holding that the issue was not ripe because it had not been considered by the district court. The
Eleventh Circuit remanded to the district court to consider the question of remedies, where the
parties appear to have settled before the district court could issue a decision. 	Thus, the
bankruptcy court’s ruling on the diminution in value remedy was never affirmed by the district
court or by the Eleventh Circuit.
The Committee has not cited to a single case subsequent to TOUSA in which a court has
applied the diminution in lien value remedy applied in TOUSA. 	Moreover, subsequent to
TOUSA, the Tenth Circuit, in a case cited by the Committee, issued a persuasive decision
affirming the decision of the bankruptcy court, in which the Tenth Circuit declined to award a
trustee monetary damages equal to the diminution in value of the collateral as a remedy for a
secured lien granted to a lender as a preference. The Tenth Circuit reasoned:
The “property” that was transferred here was the perfected security interest. The
Trustee makes a number of arguments and hypotheticals based on the declining
value of the collateral, but the vehicle itself was never transferred. The bankruptcy
estate would have had an asset which was declining in value regardless of
whether the debtor transferred the lien during the preference period. Rather, by
virtue of the transferred security interest, a creditor obtained a leg-up over
unsecured creditors in the impending bankruptcy; when that lien was avoided and
preserved for the benefit of the estate, that creditor had to take its place with the
general unsecured creditors, and, having obtained § 547 and § 551 relief, the
Trustee gained priority over any junior liens on the same collateral.
Rodriguez v. Drive Fin. Servs., L.P. (In re Trout), 609 F.3d 1106, 1112 (10th Cir. 2010).
The pre-TOUSA cases cited by the Committee in support of its proposed remedy are
consistent with the reasoning of In re Trout, as well as Warmus, upon which TOUSA relied, in
that they each involved assets that were transferred away from, and out of, the debtor’s
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control.207 Accordingly, the case law indicates that a remedy of monetary damages equal to the
diminution in value of property securing an avoidable lien may only be appropriate when such
property was transferred beyond the debtor’s control.
Here, there is no plausible allegation that the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries were seeking to
sell the property upon which the allegedly avoidable liens were granted and that they lost that
opportunity as a result of there being liens on such property. Indeed, testimony reveals that the
Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries would have been incapable of making such a decision on their own.
Therefore, to the extent that the Movants seek to recover the $121 million identified by Mr. Zelin
based on a TOUSA theory, the Court finds that such amount would not be recoverable even if the
Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims sought to be asserted on behalf of the Legacy Sabine
Subsidiaries were successful.
5. 	Cost-Benefit Analysis
In accordance with the foregoing, the maximum potential value of the Constructive
Fraudulent Transfer Claims to be asserted on behalf of the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries appears
more likely to be as follows, assuming complete success on the underlying claims:
 	Avoidance of Liens Improperly Granted to Secure
Guarantees – $0-68 million (likely closer to $0)
 	Recovery of New RBL Paydown – $0
 	Merger & Financing Fees – $0
 	Prejudgment Interest – $0
 	Diminution in Value of Liens Improperly Granted to
Secure Guarantees – $0
 	Total – $0-68 million (likely closer to $0)
The costs of the litigation must be weighed against this maximum potential benefit. Mr.
Zelin estimated the plaintiffs’ cost of litigating the entirety of the Constructive Fraudulent
Transfer Claims at $20-30 million. Litigating only the Constructive Fraudulent Transfer Claims
207 	See In re Baker, 17 B.R. 392 (Bankr. W.D.N.Y. 1982); In re Brown, 118 B.R. 57 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 1990);
In re Da-Sota Elevator Co., 939 F.2d 654, 655 n.2 (8th Cir. 1991).
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asserted by the Legacy Sabine Subsidiaries would logically cost a percentage of that $20-30
million. 	However, given the fact-intensive nature of (a) discovering and valuing any liens
subject to avoidance and (b) valuing the indirect benefits received by the Legacy Sabine
Subsidiaries as members of a single enterprise for purposes of a reasonably equivalent value
analysis, it seems reasonable that litigating those claims could require at least 50% of Mr. Zelin’s
estimated cost, or $10-15 million. 	And to that figure must be added an equal amount for the
costs of defending such litigation.
Weighing these costs and benefits, and adding consideration of some modicum of
litigation risk, the Court concludes that the Debtors have met their burden to demonstrate that
bringing such claims would not be in the best interests of the estates and, therefore, have not
unjustifiably refused to bring such claims.
E. Methodology for Calculating Value of Adequate Protection Claims
Another key consideration in determining whether bringing certain claims is in the best
interests of the estates in these cases is the question of how much of any litigation recoveries
would be subject to the New RBL Lenders’ adequate protection claim. 	In light of the Court’s
ruling on the Bad Acts Claims, it is arguably not necessary to reach the issue of the value of the
adequate protection claim; the Court does so to provide alternative additional support for its
conclusion that the Bad Acts Claims should not proceed.
The Final Cash Collateral Order [ECF No. 339] provides for an adequate protection claim
equal to “Collateral Diminution.” See Final Cash Collateral Order ¶ 3. Such claim is secured by
all of the Debtors’ unencumbered assets, save for unencumbered assets brought into the estates
as the result of successful litigation against the New RBL Lenders. 	The Order defines
“Collateral Diminution” as follows:
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For purposes of this Final Order, “Collateral Diminution” shall mean an amount
equal to the decrease in the value of the Prepetition Secured Parties’ interest in the
Prepetition Collateral (including Cash Collateral) from and after the Petition Date,
resulting from the use, sale or lease of the Prepetition Collateral (including Cash
Collateral), or the imposition of the automatic stay. Cash payments from the
proceeds of the Prepetition Collateral pursuant to the terms of this Final Order
shall not constitute Collateral Diminution.
Final Cash Collateral Order ¶ 5.
There is broad agreement that the market value of the Debtors’ assets, and thus the value
of the New RBL Lenders’ collateral, has declined substantially since the Petition Date. 	Mr.
Jonathan Mitchell, the Debtors’ Chief Restructuring Officer, estimates that the value of the New
RBL Lenders’ collateral has declined by approximately $480 million since the Petition Date.208
Similarly, while the Zelin Report does not calculate the diminution in the New RBL Lenders’
collateral since the Petition Date, it states that the value of the Debtors’ assets declined by more
than $1 billion between the date of the Combination and December 31, 2015.209 Based on the
Final Cash Collateral Order and his estimate of the decline in the value of the New RBL
Lenders’ collateral since the Petition Date, Mr. Mitchell estimates that the New RBL Lenders
would have an adequate protection claim of $480 million. 	If Mr. Mitchell is correct, litigation
recoveries from parties other than the New RBL Lenders up to $480 million (less existing
unencumbered value that could be used to satisfy the adequate protection claim) would simply be
absorbed by the New RBL Lenders’ adequate protection claim. 	In other words, litigation
recoveries would have to exceed $480 million (less existing unencumbered value that could be
used to satisfy the adequate protection claim) before it would be in the best interests of the
estates to expend any estate resources in litigating such claims.
208 	2/24/16 Hr’g Tr. 37:20-38:21 (Mitchell).
209 	See Zelin Report p. 25.
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To address this concern, the Committee contends that the amount of the New RBL
Lenders’ “Collateral Diminution” and thus, adequate protection claim, is not, as Mr. Mitchell’s
calculation implies, equal to the diminution in the market value of the New RBL Lenders’
collateral. 	Instead, the Committee argues that the Final Cash Collateral Order limits the New
RBL Lenders’ adequate protection claim to “’the decrease in value . . . from and after the
Petition Date resulting from . . . the imposition of the automatic stay’ (emphasis added).”210 The
Committee further contends that adequate protection claims resulting from the imposition of the
automatic stay are limited to instances “when the creditor’s collateral decreases in value and the
lender, which wants to foreclose upon, force the sale of, or take possession of, its collateral is
prevented from doing so.”211 The Committee argues that “if the lender does not desire to
foreclose, sell or take immediate possession of the collateral, and wants the affirmative benefits
of the reorganization process (such as releases from estate causes of action that would otherwise
belong to creditors) the imposition of the automatic stay is not impeding on any rights of the
secured creditor and the creditor itself is permitting the decline to occur.”212 The Committee
cites no persuasive authority for this novel approach which, not surprisingly, results in a vastly
reduced adequate protection claim for the New RBL Lenders.
Even more creatively, the Committee argues that, because the New RBL Lenders have
supported a reorganization in these cases, rather than a sale of their collateral, the New RBL
Lenders are not entitled to an adequate protection claim at all.213 Notwithstanding that belief, the
Committee points to a pleading filed by the New RBL Lenders on November 23, 2015, in which
210 	Omnibus Reply of Committee to Objections to STN Motions ¶ 114.
211 	Omnibus Reply of Committee to Objections to STN Motions ¶ 115.
212 	Omnibus Reply of Committee to Objections to STN Motions ¶ 118 (emphasis in original).
213 	Omnibus Reply of Committee to Objections to STN Motions ¶ 120.
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the New RBL Lenders stated that they were opposed to a sale of their collateral,214 as the
“conclusive end date” for any “Collateral Diminution” resulting from the imposition of the
automatic stay.215 Moreover, the Committee asserts that, because the New RBL Lenders would
have been required to follow Texas law in foreclosing on and then selling their collateral and
Texas law provides for a delayed sale process, the New RBL Lenders could not have sold their
collateral until September 1, 2015. Thus, contends the Committee, the maximum timeframe for
which “Collateral Diminution” resulting from the automatic stay would apply is September 1,
2015 through November 23, 2015.216
Mr. Zelin confirmed during live testimony that, during his twenty-eight year career, he
had never seen adequate protection claims limited in time in the way suggested by the
Committee. 217 Additionally, in recognition of the fact that a foreclosure sale would be conducted
under “sub-optimal” conditions, Mr. Zelin applied a 20-30% discount to the value of the New
RBL Lenders’ collateral on the start date for purposes of calculating “Collateral Diminution.”
He did not, however, apply the same discount to the end date for purposes of calculating
“Collateral Diminution,” instead applying, as instructed by counsel for the Committee, a “going
concern” valuation in recognition of the fact that the New RBL Lenders supported a going
concern reorganization of the Debtors’ businesses. 	Applying those assumptions, Mr. Zelin
calculated the New RBL Lenders’ adequate protection claim to be between $0 and $50 million
based on thirty-six scenarios applying different start and end dates for “Collateral Diminution” as
well as different pricing assumptions. 	Astonishingly, in thirty of the thirty-six scenarios, Mr.
214 	See Limited Response of Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as First Lien Agent, to Objection of the
Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors to Debtors’ Motion for Entry of an Order Approving and Authorizing
the Performance Award Program [ECF No. 554].
215 	Omnibus Reply of Committee to Objections to STN Motions ¶ 120.
216 	Notwithstanding this contention, Mr. Zelin’s analysis includes scenarios assuming an end date for adequate
protection of December 12, 2015, the date on which the New RBL Lenders supported an extension of the Debtors’
exclusive periods. See Zelin Report p. 31.
217 	See 2/22/16 Hr’g Tr. 306:9-13 (Zelin).
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Zelin found that “Collateral Diminution” was a positive number, implying that the New RBL
Lenders’ collateral value had increased, notwithstanding the undisputed fact that the market
value of such collateral was declining.218
Saddled with the untenable assumptions he was instructed to apply to his calculations,
Mr. Zelin accurately presented the Committee’s unique and entirely unsupportable value of the
New RBL Lenders’ adequate protection claim. 	The Committee’s calculation is not only
inconsistent with the Final Cash Collateral Order and established law in this District, but also
with common sense.
First, the Committee’s theory that “Collateral Diminution” is limited to decreases in
value caused by the imposition of the automatic stay ignores the text of the Final Cash Collateral
Order. 	The Committee’s citation to the Cash Collateral Order with respect to its definition of
“Collateral Diminution” conveniently omits the portion of the text referring to a decrease in
collateral resulting from the “use, sale or lease of the Prepetition Collateral (including Cash
Collateral).” 	Read fairly, “Collateral Diminution” is defined in the Cash Collateral Order as a
decrease in value of collateral resulting from the use, sale, or lease of the collateral or from the
imposition of the automatic stay, not solely a decrease in value of collateral resulting from
imposition of the automatic stay. See Final Cash Collateral Order ¶ 5. The Committee’s theory
does not even attempt to account for decreases in value resulting from the Debtors’ use of the
New RBL Lenders’ collateral to operate the business pursuant to the consensual Final Cash
Collateral Order. 	To read those words out of the analysis, as the Committee would have the
Court do, would effectively punish the New RBL Lenders for consenting to the use of their
collateral and for allowing the Debtors to attempt to preserve the going concern value of the
business for the benefit of all creditors, rather than seeking to lift the stay and foreclose at the
218 	See Zelin Report p. 31.
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outset of the case. Such a reading is contrary to both the text of the order and long-established
bankruptcy policy favoring preservation of going concern value whenever possible.
Second, the Committee’s assertion that the New RBL Lenders are limited to foreclosure
value when measuring the value of their interest in their collateral as of the Petition Date is
contrary to established law setting forth the proper methodology for valuing an adequate
protection claim. 	In Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors v. UMB Bank, N.A. (In re
Residential 	Capital), 	501 	B.R. 	549 	(Bankr. 	S.D.N.Y. 	2013) 	(“ResCap”), 	cited 	by 	the
Committee, 219 Judge Glenn considered the proper methodology for valuing a secured creditor’s
interest in collateral as of the petition date. 	The debtors in ResCap sought to value the secured
creditor’s interest on the basis of foreclosure value, notwithstanding that the debtors and the
secured creditor entered into a consensual cash collateral stipulation to enable the debtors to
effect a going concern sale of the collateral. 	Applying United Sav. v. Timbers of Inwood, 484
U.S. 365 (1988), and Associates Commercial Corp. v. Rash, 520 U.S. 365 (1997), among other
cases, Judge Glenn first held that “the proper valuation methodology must account for the
proposed disposition of the collateral.” ResCap, 501 B.R. at 593. Judge Glenn then applied this
holding to find that, based on the facts of the case, the proposed disposition of the collateral was
a going concern sale, not a foreclosure, and, on that basis, the secured creditor’s interest in the
collateral for purposes of calculating an adequate protection claim should be the going concern
value of the collateral as of the petition date:
In this case, the parties were not contemplating on the Petition Date that the
creditors might conduct a foreclosure sale. The Debtors never had any intention of
turning over the JSN Collateral to the collateral agent. 	Nor did the [Secured
Creditor] foreclose or attempt to foreclose on the assets. Rather, the [Secured
Creditor] entered into a cash collateral stipulation to allow the sale of assets as a
going concern. . . . Thus, in determining the value of the [Secured Creditor’s]
219 	See Omnibus Reply of Committee to Objections to STN Motions ¶ 121.
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Collateral on the Petition Date, the Court must apply that value based on the
proposed disposition of the collateral—fair market value in the hands of the
Debtors.
The same reasoning applies here. In selecting a methodology for valuing the interests of
the New RBL Lenders and the Second Lien Lenders in the collateral as of the Petition Date, the
Court must consider the proposed disposition of the collateral. Here, the Debtors entered into a
consensual cash collateral order with the New RBL Lenders and the Second Lien Lenders to
preserve going concern value and allow the Debtors to pursue a reorganization or a sale. Neither
the Debtors nor the lenders have ever indicated that the outcome of these cases would be a
foreclosure sale by the secured lenders. 	As Mr. Zelin testified when questioned by Committee
counsel, he is unaware of any instance during these cases in which the New RBL Lenders have
“suggested that they intended to, desired to, or even raised a threat of seeking to foreclose on
these assets.” 220 Accordingly, as in ResCap, the Court finds that a going concern or fair market
valuation is the appropriate methodology for valuing the interests of the New RBL Lenders and
the Second Lien Lenders in the prepetition collateral as of the Petition Date.
Consistent with the conclusion that a going concern or fair market value is the
appropriate valuation methodology, the Court also rejects the Committee’s contention that the
time for calculating “Collateral Diminution” is limited to the time between the first date the New
RBL Lenders could have sold their collateral had they foreclosed and the time the New RBL
Lenders indicated that they did not wish their collateral to be sold. 	The Final Cash Collateral
Order provides that “Collateral Diminution” shall be calculated from the Petition Date. 	The
Court thus holds that the value of the New RBL Lenders’ adequate protection claim should be
calculated as the fair market or going concern value of the New RBL Lenders’ interest in the
220 	2/22/16 Hr’g Tr. 136:24-137:4 (Zelin) (Q: “Mr. Zelin, as the investment banker to the official committee
are you aware of the banks at any time during these cases ever suggesting that they intended to, desired to, or even
raised a threat of seeking to foreclose on these assets?” A: “I am not aware.”).
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prepetition collateral as of the Petition Date less the fair market or going concern value of the
prepetition collateral as of the effective date of a confirmed plan of reorganization or the closing
date of a sale, as the case may be.
VI. 	Conclusion
For all of the foregoing reasons, the STN Motions are denied in their entirety. 	The
parties are directed to settle an order consistent with this Decision.
Dated: March 31, 2016
New York, New York
/s/ Shelley C. Chapman
UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY JUDGE
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