USA v. Espinoza-Cabrera

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff,
v.
CARLOS JAVIER ESPINOZA-CABRERA,
Defendant.
8:26-cr-00062 (AMN)
APPEARANCES:
United States Attorney for the
Northern District of New York
14 Durkee Street – Room 340
Plattsburgh, New York 12901
Attorneys for Plaintiff
OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL
PUBLIC DEFENDER
54 State Street – Suite 310
Albany, New York 12207
4 Clinton Square – 3 rd Floor
Syracuse, New York 13202
Attorneys for Defendant
OF COUNSEL:
DOUGLAS G.N. COLLYER, ESQ.
Assistant United States Attorney
TIMOTHY E. AUSTIN, ESQ.
JAMES P. EGAN, ESQ.
Hon. Anne M. Nardacci, United States District Judge:
MEMORANDUM-DECISION & ORDER
I. 	INTRODUCTION
Following a bench trial before the Honorable Gary L. Favro, Defendant Carlos Javier
Espinoza-Cabrera was convicted of improper entry, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(2). 	Dkt.
Case 8:25-po-00161-GLF Document 10 Filed 04/27/26 Page 1 of 13

2
No. 3-1 at 86.1 Magistrate Judge Favro sentenced Defendant to time served. See id. at 87.
On appeal, Defendant argues that (i) venue is improper in the Northern District of New
York and (ii) that the evidence was insufficient to establish Defendant’s guilt under 8 U.S.C. §
1325(a)(2). See generally Dkt. No. 3.
For the reasons set forth below, the Court vacates Defendant’s conviction for lack of venue.
II. 	BACKGROUND
A. Facts2
On November 1, 2025, a citizen reported a suspicious vehicle to the Ogdensburg Police
Department. Dkt. No. 3-1 at 58. At approximately 10:00pm, after members of the Ogdensburg
Police Department stopped the vehicle in St. Lawrence County, New York, a United States Border
Patrol Agent responded to the traffic stop and encountered Defendant. Id. During a brief interview,
Defendant admitted that he is a citizen of Ecuador and lacked authorization to be lawfully present
in the United States. Id.
Thereafter, Defendant was transported to the Ogdensburg Border Patrol Station. Id. at 59.
There, Defendant admitted that he unlawfully entered the United States at an unknown location
near Miami, Florida on or about September 10, 2021 and was not inspected or admitted by an
immigration officer. Id. A fingerprint check revealed no record of Defendant’s legal admission
into the United States, nor any record that Defendant had been previously inspected or examined
by United States immigration authorities. Id. The Parties also stipulated that Defendant had no
contact with federal officials for any immigration-related purpose prior to his encounter with
1 Citations to docket entries utilize the pagination generated by CM/ECF, the Court’s electronic
filing system.
2 These facts are drawn from the Trial Stipulation, see Dkt. No. 3-1 at 58-63, which sets forth the
facts the Court considered at trial.
Case 8:25-po-00161-GLF Document 10 Filed 04/27/26 Page 2 of 13

3
United States Border Patrol Agents on November 1, 2025. Id.
B. Procedural History
On November 5, 2025, Defendant was charged in the Northern District of New York by
complaint with violating 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(2). See id. at 8-9. On November 14, 2025, Defendant
moved to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.
Id. at 12-19. The Government opposed Defendant’s motion on November 26, 2025, see id. at 20-
33, and Defendant replied on December 2, 2025. 	Id. at 34-43. 	On December 10, 2025, after
hearing oral argument, Magistrate Judge Favro denied Defendant’s motion to dismiss. Id. at 44-
46.
On December 11, 2025, the Government filed an information charging Defendant with one
count of improper entry by alien, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(2). Id. at 51. On February 12,
2026, Magistrate Judge Favro held a one-day bench trial, which was conducted on stipulated facts,
with no witnesses called by either Party. See id. at 64-85.3 At the conclusion of the trial, Magistrate
Judge Favro found Defendant guilty of violating 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(2). See id. at 81:10-16. That
same day, Magistrate Judge Favro sentenced Defendant to time served. See id. at 83:16-22, 87.
Defendant preserved his appeal rights with respect to any arguments set forth in his prior motion
to dismiss. See id. at 81:17-23. On February 20, 2026, Defendant timely filed a notice of appeal.
Id. at 90.4
III. 	STANDARD OF REVIEW
This court has jurisdiction over Defendant’s appeal pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3402 and Rule
3 Defendant was tried jointly with defendant Franklin Amadeo Tenecela-Aguaiza, who was also
present during the traffic stop by the Ogdensburg Police Department on November 1, 2025, and
subsequently charged with improper entry, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(2). See Dkt. No. 3
at 10, 12-13.
4 This case was reassigned to the undersigned on February 24, 2026. See Dkt. No. 2.
Case 8:25-po-00161-GLF Document 10 Filed 04/27/26 Page 3 of 13

4
58 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. “In an appeal from a magistrate judge’s judgment
of conviction, ‘the scope of the appeal is the same as in an appeal to the court of appeals from a
judgment entered by a district judge.’” United States v. Radin, No. 16-cr-528, 2018 WL 1384514,
at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 18, 2018) (quoting Fed. R. Crim. P. 58(g)(2)(D)), aff’d, 821 F. App’x 53 (2d
Cir. 2020). “On appeal, this Court reviews questions of law de novo and accepts the Magistrate
Judge’s factual determinations, unless clearly erroneous.” United States v. Marquez, 979 F. Supp.
2d 326, 331 (E.D.N.Y. 2013) (citing United States v. Gandia, 424 F.3d 255, 261 (2d Cir. 2005));
see also United States v. Johnson, No. 05-mc-94, 2006 WL 266557, at *1 (N.D.N.Y. Feb. 1, 2006).
IV. 	DISCUSSION
“[Q]uestions of venue are more than matters of mere procedure.” Travis v. United States,
364 U.S. 631, 634 (1961). “They raise deep issues of public policy in the light of which legislation
must be construed.” Id. (quoting United States v. Johnson, 323 U.S. 273, 276 (1944)). Because
venue is not an element of a crime, the Government bears the burden of proving venue by a
preponderance of the evidence. United States v. Martinez, No. 23-cr-7437, 2025 WL 1355432, at
*2 (2d Cir. May 9, 2025). The Court’s review of the Magistrate Judge’s venue determination is de
novo, but where, as here, “the Government has prevailed at trial, we review the sufficiency of the
evidence as to venue in the light most favorable to the Government, crediting every inference that
could have been drawn in its favor.” United States v. Hoskins, 44 F.4th 140, 157 (2d Cir. 2022)
(quoting United States v. Lange, 834 F.3d 58, 69 (2d Cir. 2016)).
Here, Defendant argues that venue in the Northern District of New York is improper
because Defendant entered the United States in Florida, and therefore, no part of the crime was
committed within the Northern District of New York. See Dkt. No. 3 at 14-26. The Government
asserts that venue in this District is proper because eluding examination or inspection is a
Case 8:25-po-00161-GLF Document 10 Filed 04/27/26 Page 4 of 13

5
continuing offense and, therefore, Defendant committed this crime in the Northern District of New
York by continuing to remain in the United States without submitting to inspection or examination.
See Dkt. No. 4 at 11-24.
The Court, when conducting statutory interpretation, “always . . . begin[s] with the text.”
Southwest Airlines Co. v. Saxon, 596 U.S. 450, 457 (2022). Accordingly, the Court begins with
the text of Section 1325(a), which provides in relevant part:
Any alien who (1) enters or attempts to enter the United States at any time or place
other than as designated by immigration officers, or (2) eludes examination or
inspection by immigration officers, or (3) attempts to enter or obtains entry to the
United States by a willfully false or misleading representation or the willful
concealment of a material fact [is guilty of such offense].
8 U.S.C. § 1325(a).
The Government argues that the plain meaning of the word “elude” encompasses ongoing
conduct. 	See Dkt. No. 4 at 11-12. 	Specifically, the Government contends that an individual
continues to “elude” authorities until he or she is caught because at the time of the statute’s
enactment, the term “elude” meant “to avoid slyly or adroitly[,] . . . to evade[,] [or] to escape the
notice or perception of.” Id. at 11 (quoting Websters New English Dictionary 267 (6th ed. 1951))
(alterations omitted). Defendant agrees that the act of eluding “generally contemplates a risk of
exposure to, and subsequent escape from, the object being eluded,” but argues that once a
noncitizen slyly avoids the examination or inspection process that takes place at a port of entry,
the offense of improper entry is complete. Dkt. No. 3 at 16-17.
The Second Circuit has not addressed this question, but the Ninth Circuit’s decision in
United States v. Corrales-Vazquez, 931 F.3d 944 (9th Cir. 2019), is instructive here. 	As a
preliminary 	matter, 	“because 	the 	relevant 	phrase—‘eludes 	examination 	or 	inspection 	by
immigration officers,’ . . . ‘has remained unchanged’ since it was first used in 1929, it
Case 8:25-po-00161-GLF Document 10 Filed 04/27/26 Page 5 of 13

6
‘presumptively retains its original meaning.’” 	Id. at 948 (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(2), then
Whitfield v. United States, 574 U.S. 265, 267 (2015)). Moreover, “[t]he processes referenced in
[Section] 1325(a)(2)—examination or inspection by immigration officers—occur, as they always
have, at designated points of entry that are staffed by immigration officials and open for
inspection.” 	Id. (quoting United States v. Aldana, 878 F.3d 877, 882 (9th Cir. 2017)) (internal
quotation marks and additional citations omitted). 	Specifically, the Ninth Circuit has indicated
that the language “examination or inspection” specifically references immigration procedures
conducted at the time of entry, which provide for a medical examination and physical inspection
of each entering noncitizen at the time of entry. See United States v. Rincon-Jimenez, 595 F.2d
1192, 1193 (9th Cir. 1979); see also Corrales-Vazquez, 931 F.3d at 947 n.3 (noting that the term
‘examination’ refers to medical examinations, while the term ‘inspection’ refers to background
screening, searches, and other prerequisites for admission (citing 8 U.S.C. §§ 1222(b), 1225(a)(3),
1225(d))). Therefore, a noncitizen “eludes examination or inspection,” only where and when the
noncitizen is at risk of undergoing examination or inspection, i.e., at open and operating ports of
entry. 	Corrales-Vazquez, 931 F.3d at 949. As an example, a noncitizen eludes examination or
inspection by “hid[ing] in the trunk of a vehicle passing through a port of entry,” or by “cross[ing]
through a port of entry on foot and then sneak[ing] by the officers conducting inspections or
examinations,” but not by “cross[ing] the border miles away from any place where those processes
occur.” Id.; see also United States v. Oca, No. 19-cr-1508, 2019 WL 3536823, at *4 (W.D. Tex.
Aug. 2, 2019) (finding that defendant eluded inspection by immigration officers at the Bridge of
the Americas Port of Entry where defendant “walked through vehicular traffic as opposed to using
the pedestrian walkway [and] . . . maneuvered between semi-trucks under the cloak of darkness .
. . to avoid or bypass the inspection point”), aff’d sub nom. United States v. Montes-De Oca, 820
Case 8:25-po-00161-GLF Document 10 Filed 04/27/26 Page 6 of 13

7
F. App’x 247 (5th Cir. 2020).
Moreover, the obligation to submit to an examination and inspection does not temporally
extend months or years after entering the United States because a noncitizen cannot avoid
prosecution under Section 1325(a)(2) by submitting to examination and inspection months or years
after failing to do so at the time of entry. 	See United States v. Vega, No. 25-mj-399, 2025 WL
3558747, at *3 (D. Me. Dec. 12, 2025). “[T]he Government has not cited any authority that would
support an interpretation of [Section] 1325(a)(2) that would require a noncitizen to submit to an
inspection or examination whenever the person encounters a border patrol agent.” Id. (also noting
that a noncitizen cannot avoid prosecution under Section 1325(a)(1) by presenting to a border
patrol agent months after entering the United States at a location other than a designated port of
entry); see also United States v. Pereira, No. 26-cr-112, 2026 WL 914935, at *1-2 (N.D.N.Y. Apr.
3, 2026) (finding that the Government failed to show a likelihood of success on the merits where
defendant was charged in this District with violating Section 1325(a)(2) based upon defendant’s
entry in 2016 via the southern border without examination or inspection and “continued unlawful
presence” in the United States).
In further support of its argument, the Government attempts to analogize the crime of
eluding examination or inspection to the crime of escaping from federal custody, arguing that the
act of eluding encompasses both the initial act of avoiding inspection when a noncitizen crosses
the border and the act of continuing to avoid inspection. See Dkt. No. 4 at 11-13. The Court is not
convinced that escape from federal prison is the proper analogy. First, the Supreme Court has held
that escape from federal prison is a continuing offense for statute of limitations purposes, not for
purposes of venue, see United States v. Bailey, 444 U.S. 394, 413 (1980) (citing United States v.
Toussie, 397 U.S. 112, 115 (1970)), and the Government separately admits that the continuing
Case 8:25-po-00161-GLF Document 10 Filed 04/27/26 Page 7 of 13

8
offense analysis is different for purposes of venue as compared to statute of limitations. See Dkt.
No. 4 at 18 (citing United States v. Reitmeyer, 356 F.3d 1313, 1323 (10th Cir. 2004)); see also
United States v. Guzman Tejeda, No. 25-cr-10454, 2026 WL 1005634, at *8 n.8 (D. Mass. Apr. 6,
2026) (noting that the Government acknowledged that the test for continuing offenses for statute
of limitations purposes is different than for venue purposes).5 	“Statutes of limitations limit
exposure to criminal prosecution to a certain fixed period of time[,] while the rules governing
venue limit prosecution to certain jurisdictions.” United States v. Rutigliano, 790 F.3d 389, 398
n.4 (2d Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 	Accordingly, the Court is
unpersuaded by this line of reasoning.
Furthermore, if subsection (a)(2) of Section 1325 is construed as broadly as the
Government posits, subsections (a)(1) and (a)(3) would be rendered superfluous. 	Such an
interpretation would contravene “one of the most basic interpretative canons[:] that a statute should
be construed so that effect is given to all its provisions, so that no part will be inoperative or
superfluous, void or insignificant.” Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 583 U.S. 202, 213 (2018)
5 In Toussie, the Supreme Court cautioned that the continuing offense doctrine should be applied
in “limited circumstances” for statute of limitations purposes when either “the explicit language
of the substantive criminal statute compels such a conclusion, or the nature of the crime involved
is such that Congress must assuredly have intended that it be treated as a continuing one.” Toussie
v. United States, 397 U.S. 112, 115 (1970). 	As the First Circuit has explained, “an overbroad
application of the continuing-offense doctrine would undermine congressional policy to ‘protect
individuals from having to defend themselves against charges when the basic facts may have
become obscured by the passage of time and to minimize the danger of official punishment because
of acts in the far-distant past.’” United States v. Pontz, 132 F.4th 10, 25 (1st Cir. 2025) (quoting
id. at 114-15). But in the case of crimes of escape brought under 18 U.S.C. § 751(a), the Supreme
Court has held that the tension between the purpose of a statute of limitations and the continuing
offense doctrine is absent because the statute of limitations is tolled for the period that the escapee
remains at large. Bailey, 444 U.S. at 413-14. Conversely, the statute of limitations is not tolled
for the crime of eluding. See United States v. Cuadra Soto, No. 25-mj-3267, 2026 WL 123220, at
*6 (D. Neb. Jan. 16, 2026) (citing 18 U.S.C. § 3282); see also Rincon-Jimenez, 595 F.2d at 1194
(holding that the crime of eluding examination or inspection does not toll the five-year statute of
limitations).
Case 8:25-po-00161-GLF Document 10 Filed 04/27/26 Page 8 of 13

9
(quoting Corley v. United States, 556 U.S. 303, 314 (2009)). 	In the instant case, the three
provisions of Section 1325(a), each carrying identical criminal penalties, when considered together
within the context of the statutory scheme, “are broad enough to cover entry in any manner”:
Section 1325(a)(1) covers aliens who enter or attempt to enter outside of an open
port of entry. Section 1325(a)(2) covers aliens who cross through an open port of
entry, but elude examination or inspection in doing so. And [Section] 1325(a)(3)
covers aliens who cross through an open port of entry and submit to examination
and inspection, but obtain entry (or attempt to obtain entry) through willful
misrepresentation or concealment. The statute works as a seamless whole.
Corrales-Vazquez, 931 F.3d at 950 (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 70-2418 at 4 and citing Aldana, 878
F.3d at 882); see also Cuadra Soto, 2026 WL 123220, at *3 (“The more logical reading of the
statutes suggest that Congress intended to criminalize the two ways a person can illegally enter the
United States: by (1) avoiding the designated port of entry altogether or (2) deceiving immigration
officials by eluding inspection or lying to officials during the inspection.”). “By differentiating
(a)(1)—which prohibits entry at any time or place other than as designated by immigration
officials—as an improper time or place offense, it logically follows that (a)(2) and (a)(3) can only
occur at a proper time or place, i.e.[,] at a designated port of entry.” Guzman Tejeda, 2026 WL
1005634, at *5 (internal quotation marks omitted). 	If a noncitizen eludes examination or
inspection by entering the United States outside a port of entry, he or she has violated Section
1325(a)(1). 	But if, as the Government argues, merely crossing into the United States without
examination or inspection violates subsection (a)(2), subsection (a)(1) becomes superfluous, and
is subsumed entirely within subsection (a)(2) because “every violation of [Section] 1325(a)(1) for
entering at a non-designated time or place would have also been a violation of [Section] 1325(a)(2)
for eluding examination or inspection.” Corrales-Vasquez, 931 F.3d at 950; see also Vega, 2025
WL 3558747, at *2 (same). Moreover, if Section 1325(a)(2) is a continuing offense, the violation
of a separate statute, 8 U.S.C. § 1306, which criminalizes a noncitizen’s willful failure to register
Case 8:25-po-00161-GLF Document 10 Filed 04/27/26 Page 9 of 13

10
once he or she enters the United States, also becomes superfluous. “If living in the United States
without reporting for inspection at the nearest port of entry or to the nearest immigration official
is a crime, there is no need to separately penalize aliens who fail to register once they enter the
country.” Cuadra Soto, 2026 WL 123220, at *3 (citation omitted).
The Government also argues that, even without explicit language in Section 1325, the
provisions of Title 8 that precede and follow Section 1325, such as 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a), suggest
that Congress “believes that immigration crimes are generally of a continuing nature[.]” Dkt. No.
4 at 15. In contrast, Defendant argues that the absence of the phrase “found in” in Section 1325,
which is included in Section 1326(a), a continuing offense, indicates that Section 1325 is
concerned solely with entry, not presence. 	See Dkt. No. 3 at 18; see also United States v.
Constantine, 417 F. Supp. 2d 337, 339 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (noting that applicable caselaw in this
Circuit holds that illegal reentry is a continuing offense), aff’d, 239 F. App’x 636 (2d Cir. 2007).
The Court agrees with Defendant. 	If Congress intended to make Section 1325 a continuing
offense, “it could have amended Section 1325 when it amended Section 1326 to add the ‘found in’
language[.]” Cuadra Soto, 2026 WL 123220, at *3, 3 n.2; see also Rincon-Jimenez, 595 F.2d at
1194 (declining to treat Section 1325 as a continuing offense in the absence of “language such as
that found in [Section] 1326”); Guzman Tejeda, 2026 WL 1005634, at *11 (noting that in 1952,
Congress explicitly added the words “is at any time found in” to Section 1326 “to facilitate
prosecution in cases where it was not possible to establish the place of reentry, but did not add
similar language to [Section] 1325” (internal quotation marks, citations, and alterations omitted));
United States v. Garcia, No. 08-cr-81, 2008 WL 2856753, at *16 n.26 (M.D. Fla. July 22, 2008)
(noting that proposed legislation for Section 1325 sought to criminalize the unlawful presence of
an alien “in order to bring [Section 1325] in line with the ‘found in’ offense in Section 1326” by
Case 8:25-po-00161-GLF Document 10 Filed 04/27/26 Page 10 of 13

11
proposing to add “unlawful presence” to offense definition in Section 1325) (citing H.R. 4065,
110th Cong. § 203 (1st Sess. 2007); H.R.Rep. No. 109-345, Part I at 61 (2005)). 	Furthermore,
offenses in other subsections of Section 1325 itself are not continuing. See, e.g., United States v.
Ongaga, 820 F.3d 152, 160 (5th Cir. 2016) (holding that marriage fraud under Section 1325(c) is
not a continuing offense); United States v. Rojas, 718 F.3d 1317, 1320 (11th Cir. 2013) (same).
Accordingly, there is no reason to infer that Congress intended for Section 1325(a)(2) to be a
continuing offense.
Lastly, the Government argues that the canon of constitutional avoidance confirms that its
reading of Section 1325(a)(2) is correct. 	Dkt. No. 4 at 20-23. 	The canon of constitutional
avoidance applies when a statute is susceptible to more than one plausible construction. 	See
Jennings v. Rodriguez, 583 U.S. 281, 296 (2018). Specifically, “[w]hen a serious doubt is raised
about the constitutionality of an Act of Congress, it is a cardinal principle that this Court will first
ascertain whether a construction of the statute is fairly possible by which the question may be
avoided.” 	Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 	However, the canon of
constitutional avoidance should not be invoked “to expand the reach of a criminal statute[.]”
United States v. Davis, 588 U.S. 445, 463 (2019). Here, the Government argues that 8 U.S.C. §
1329 would be rendered unconstitutional if Section 1325(a)(2) was not a continuing offense
because Section 1329 permits prosecutions “at any place in the United States at which the violation
may occur or at which the person charged with a violation under section 1325 or 1326 of this title
may be apprehended.” Dkt. No. 4 at 20 (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1329).
However, as Defendant notes, a more persuasive interpretation of Section 1329 is that
Congress was exercising its constitutional authority to permit the prosecution of Section 1325
crimes committed in United States territories, given that Article III of the U.S. Constitution grants
Case 8:25-po-00161-GLF Document 10 Filed 04/27/26 Page 11 of 13

12
Congress the authority to establish venue in any place that it chooses “for crimes that are not
committed in any State.” 	Dkt. No. 3 at 26 (quoting U.S. Const., art. III, § 2); see also Cuadra
Soto, 2026 WL 123220, at *4. 	“Under this interpretation, the district where the person is
apprehended is the appropriate venue to prosecute someone who illegally entered a United States
territory lacking a federal district court.” Cuadra Soto, 2026 WL 123220, at *4; see also Eric S.
Fish and Doug Keller, Fabricating the Crime of Undocumented Presence, at 20-21 (Nov. 14,
2025), https://ssrn.com/abstract=5750862 (positing that Section 1329 “was oriented, in part,
toward noncitizens who originally entered through U.S. territories,” given that Congress enacted
Section 1329 during a time when the United States was acquiring numerous federal territories,
many of which did not have U.S. federal courts, and thus federal crimes could not be prosecuted
there). In other words, Congress enacted Section 1329 to ensure that individuals who committed
federal immigration crimes in United States territories and later came to the continental United
States could be prosecuted in the district in which they were apprehended, and all other
prosecutions “may be instituted at any place in the United States at which the violation may
occur[.]” 8 U.S.C. § 1329. Accordingly, under this interpretation, Section 1329 is not rendered
unconstitutional.
* 	* 	*
For the reasons set forth above, Magistrate Judge Favro erred in determining that venue in
the Northern District of New York is proper. Under Section 1325(a)(2), a defendant’s conduct—
“eluding examination or inspection by immigration officers”—must occur at a designated port of
entry that is open for inspection and examination. 	See United States v. Perez-Martinez, 779 F.
App’x 479, 480 (9th Cir. 2019); Corrales-Vazquez, 931 F.3d at 954 (same); Guzman Tejeda, 2026
WL 1005634, at *7 (same); Vega, 2025 WL 3558747, at *3 (noting that “[a] border patrol agent is
Case 8:25-po-00161-GLF Document 10 Filed 04/27/26 Page 12 of 13

13
not the equivalent of and cannot substitute for a port of entry”). Section 1325(a)(2) does not subject
a noncitizen to an ongoing, continuing obligation to report for immigration inspection after
illegally entering the United States. See Cuadra Soto, 2026 WL 123220, at *7.
Here, Defendant entered the United States near Miami, Florida without being inspected or
examined by United States immigration authorities. See Dkt. No. 3-1 at 59. Because Defendant
did not cross through a port of entry in the Northern District of New York, and does not have a
continuing obligation to submit to examination or inspection under Section 1325(a)(2), venue is
improper in the Northern District of New York.
In light of the Court’s conclusion that venue is improper in this District, the Court does not
reach the parties’ remaining arguments. Accordingly, Defendant’s conviction is vacated for lack
of venue.
V. 	CONCLUSION
Accordingly, the Court hereby
ORDERS that the judgment of the Magistrate Judge is REVERSED and Defendant’s
conviction for improper entry, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(2), is VACATED; and the Court
further
ORDERS that the case is REMANDED with instructions to dismiss the information
without prejudice to refiling in a district in which venue is proper; and the Court further
ORDERS that the Clerk of the Court shall serve a copy of this Memorandum-Decision
and Order on all parties in accordance with the Local Rules.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: April 27, 2026
Albany, New York
Case 8:25-po-00161-GLF Document 10 Filed 04/27/26 Page 13 of 13