Case Name in Immigration Case - Unavailable

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW MEXICO
CHEN QUAN,
Petitioner,
v. No. 2:26-cv-00682-KG-LF
TODD LYONS, et al.,
Respondents.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
This matter is before the Court on Chen Quan’s Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus,
Doc. 1, and the Government’s Response, Doc. 9. Because Petitioner’s challenge presents a
purely legal question, the Court declines to hold a hearing, see 28 U.S.C. § 2243, and grants his
petition for the reasons below.
I. Background
Petitioner, a 49-year-old Chinese citizen, entered the United States unlawfully in 2024.
Doc. 9 at 1. Customs and Border Protection arrested Petitioner and then released him on his own
recognizance. Id. at 2. Petitioner complied with all conditions of release. Doc. 1 at 5.
In June 2025, Immigration Customs and Enforcement (“ICE”) agents arrested Petitioner
in El Paso, Texas. Doc. 9 at 2. Petitioner remains detained at the Otero County Processing
Center in Chaparral, New Mexico. Doc. 1 at 1. The Government has not provided Petitioner
with a bond hearing. Id. at 2. An immigration judge (“IJ”) ordered Petitioner removed to China
in October 2025. Doc. 9 at 7. Petitioner’s appeal of that decision remains pending. Id.
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Petitioner argues that his detention violates the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”)
and the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Doc. 1 at 3. He seeks immediate release
or, alternatively, a bond hearing in front of a neutral adjudicator. Doc. 1 at 4.
Petitioner filed a Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order (“TRO”) on March 3, 2026,
seeking immediate release during the pendency of these proceedings. Doc. 3.
II. Standard of Review
A petition for a writ of habeas corpus seeks “release from unlawful physical
confinement.” Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 485 (1973). Habeas corpus review is
available if a noncitizen is “in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the
United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(3); see also Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 687 (2001).
III. Analysis
The Court concludes that Petitioner’s detention violates the INA and the Due Process
Clause of the Fifth Amendment and that release is warranted.
A. Petitioner’s detention violates the INA.
The INA establishes distinct detention regimes depending on whether a noncitizen is
“seeking admission” to the United States. See Jennings v. Rodriguez, 583 U.S. 281, 288–89
(2018). First, 8 U.S.C. § 1225 governs noncitizens detained at a port of entry or shortly after
entry, who are treated as “[noncitizens] seeking admission into the country.” Dep’t of Homeland
Sec. v. Thuraissigiam, 591 U.S. 103, 140 (2020). Absent exceptions not relevant here, § 1225
“mandates detention and affords no bond hearing.” Pu Sacvin v. De Anda-Ybarra, 2025 WL
3187432, at *1 (D.N.M.).
By contrast, 8 U.S.C. § 1226(a) sets forth “the default rule” for detaining noncitizens
“already in the country.” Jennings, 583 U.S. at 303. Section § 1226(a) authorizes the arrest and
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detention of noncitizens, “on a warrant issued by the Attorney General...pending a decision on
whether [they are] to be removed.” Under federal regulations, noncitizens detained under
§ 1226(a) are entitled to individualized bond hearings at the “outset of detention.” Jennings, 583
U.S. at 306.
Consistent with the overwhelming majority of district courts to consider the issue, the
Court concludes that § 1226 governs here.1 See Barco Mercado v. Francis, 2025 WL 3295903,
at *13 (S.D.N.Y.) (collecting 362 district-court opinions nationwide and noting that challengers
prevailed in at least 350 of them, in decisions by over 160 judges across fifty courts). ICE
arrested Petitioner more than a year after his initial entry into the United States and did not
apprehend him at or near the border. Doc. 9 at 2. Accordingly, § 1225’s mandatory detention
provision does not apply because Petitioner effected an entry into the United States by living
here for more than one year. Doc. 1 at 2. Furthermore, the Government released Petitioner on
his own recognizance in 2024, finding that he was not a flight risk or a danger. Id. The
Government has made no indication that Petitioner’s circumstances have changed since then.
Therefore, Petitioner’s continued detention without a bond hearing violates the INA.
Moreover, this Court’s prior decisions control. The Court has reached the same
conclusion in numerous similar cases. See, e.g., Pu Sacvin v. De Anda-Ybarra, 2025 WL
3187432, at *3 (D.N.M.); Arroyo Lopez v. Noem, 2026 WL 776332, at *3 (D.N.M.); Aguilar v.
Lyons, 2026 WL 851237, at *2 (D.N.M.). Because the Government offers no new basis for
Petitioner’s continued detention, Petitioner is entitled to relief.
1 The Court acknowledges the recent Fifth Circuit decision holding that “[w]hile
[noncitizens] remain applicants” for admission, “they are...seeking admission.” Buenrostro-
Mendez v. Bondi, --- F.4th ----, 2026 WL 323330, at *5 (5th Cir.). The Tenth Circuit has not yet
addressed this question.
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B. Petitioner’s detention violates the Due Process Clause.
The Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause prohibits the Government from depriving
any person of “life, liberty, or property, without due process of law[.]” U.S. Const. amend. V.
“Freedom from imprisonment—from government custody, detention, or other forms of physical
restraint—lies at the heart of the liberty that [the Due Process] Clause protects.” Zadvydas, 533
U.S. at 690. “It is well established that the Fifth Amendment entitles [noncitizens] to due
process of law in deportation proceedings.” Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 306 (1993); see also
Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 693. The Government’s power to admit or exclude aliens is no longer
plenary once an alien enters the country, because the Due Process Clause applies to “all
persons.” Landon v. Plasencia, 459 U.S. 21, 32 (1982) (“Once an alien gains admission to our
country and begins to develop the ties that go with permanent residence his constitutional status
changes accordingly.”). Given that § 1226(a) is controlling here, Petitioner “is entitled—as a
right—to an individualized bond hearing.” Cortez-Gonzalez v. Noem, 2025 WL 3485771, at *5
(D.N.M.). Petitioner’s continued detention without such review “constitutes an ongoing
violation of [his] right to due process.” Id.
C. The proper remedy is release.
The Court next turns to the appropriate remedy. Federal courts are authorized under
§ 2243 to “dispose of [a habeas petition] as law and justice require” and thus possess broad
discretion to fashion appropriate relief. Clayton v. Jones, 700 F.3d 435, 443 (10th Cir. 2012);
see also Burton v. Johnson, 975 F.2d 690, 693 (10th Cir. 1992) (noting that a federal court
“possesses power to grant any form of relief necessary to satisfy the requirement of justice”)
(emphasis in original). Given the Government’s conduct here, release is warranted. See Singh v.
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Carnes, 2026 WL 446579, at *1 (D.N.M.) (ordering release where the Government “failed to
articulate a legitimate interest in Petitioner’s continued detention”); Palomeque-Carrion v.
Bondi, 2026 WL 895567, at *2 (D.N.M.) (same); Alfaro Herrera v. Baltazar, 2026 WL 91470, at
*1 (D. Colo. Jan. 13, 2026) (same).
IV. Conclusion
For the reasons above, the Court orders that:
1. The Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus, Doc. 1, is granted. The Government shall
release Petitioner within 24 hours of this Order. The Government shall not impose any
new conditions of release beyond those in place prior to Petitioner’s detention.
2. The Government is enjoined from redetaining Petitioner absent a predetention hearing
before a neutral IJ under § 1226(a), at which the Government must establish, by clear and
convincing evidence, that Petitioner poses a danger or flight risk.
3. The Government shall file a status report within ten (10) business days of this Order
certifying compliance.
4. Petitioner’s Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order, Doc. 3, is denied as moot.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
/s/Kenneth J. Gonzales___________________
CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
• Please note that this document has been
electronically filed. To verify its
authenticity, please refer to the Digital File
Stamp on the NEF (Notice of Electronic
Filing) accompanying this document.
Electronically filed documents can be found
on the Court’s PACER public access
system.
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