Craig W. Thomas v. American Midstream GP n/k/a Third Coast Midstream Holdings, LLC

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

CRAIG W. THOMAS, on Behalf of )
Himself and All Others Similarly )
Situated, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) C.A. No. 2019-0641-MTZ
)
AMERICAN MIDSTREAM GP, )
LLC n/k/a THIRD COAST )
MIDSTREAM HOLDINGS, LLC, )
)
Defendant. )

MEMORANDUM OPINION
Date Submitted: September 11, 2024
Date Decided: December 17, 2024

Bruce E. Jameson, Kevin H. Davenport, Samuel L. Closic, Christine N.
Chappelear, PRICKETT, JONES & ELLIOTT, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; Justin
S. Brooks, GUTTMAN, BUSCHNER & BROOKS PLLC, Greenville, Delaware,
Attorneys for Plaintiff Craig W. Thomas.

Michael A. Pittenger, T. Brad Davey, Callan R. Jackson, POTTER ANDERSON &
CORROON LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Stefan Atkinson, Haley Stern, Ariel
Geist, KIRKLAND & ELLIS LLP, New York, New York, Attorneys for Defendant
American Midstream GP, LLC n/k/a Third Coast Midstream Holdings, LLC.

ZURN, Vice Chancellor.
This case arises out of a conflicted merger between a master limited

partnership and its sponsor. The plaintiff argues the general partner breached its

duty to act in good faith in authorizing the merger. A conflicts committee granted

special approval of the merger: under the partnership agreement, good faith special

approval offers the general partner a rebuttable presumption that it acted in good

faith in a conflicted transaction. The plaintiff finds fault with the special approval.

The general partner moved for summary judgment, seeking a conclusive

presumption of good faith the partnership agreement offers when the general partner

relies on an advisor. The general partner argues the conflicts committee’s reliance

on an advisor in granting special approval triggered the conclusive presumption for

the general partner. The general partner also argues the conflicts committee is itself

entitled to that conclusive presumption, resolving the only contested element of

special approval.

The general partner is not entitled to a summary judgment. Delaware

precedent interpreting similar provisions has held that in the context of a conflicted

transaction, the specific provision offering a rebuttable presumption upon special

approval controls over the general provision offering a conclusive presumption upon

reliance on an advisor. And the conflicts committee’s reliance on an advisor did not

trigger a conclusive good faith presumption for the general partner because the

general partner did not itself rely on that advisor, and the conflicts committee was

1
not acting for the general partner. Finally, the partnership agreement does not afford

the conflicts committee a conclusive presumption of good faith based on its reliance

on an advisor. This matter is headed for trial.

I. BACKGROUND

American Midstream Partners, LP (the “Partnership”) was a Delaware master

limited partnership (“MLP”) that owned a portfolio of midstream energy assets.1

Defendant American Midstream GP, LLC n/k/a Third Coast Midstream Holdings,

LLC (“GP”) was the Partnership’s general partner.2 GP was wholly owned by

affiliates of ArcLight Capital Partners, LLC (“Sponsor”).3

A. The Merger

The transaction at issue is a merger between the Partnership and Sponsor in

which Sponsor acquired all issued and outstanding Partnership units that Sponsor

did not already own (the “Merger”).4 Sponsor proposed the transaction in September

2018.5 Because the offer presented a conflict of interest, GP formed a conflicts

committee of independent directors (the “Conflicts Committee”) to obtain “Special

1
Docket item (“D.I.”) 21 [hereinafter “Compl.”] ¶ 30.
2
Id. ¶ 12.
3
Id. ¶ 12.
4
Id. ¶ 3.
5
Id. ¶ 5.
2
Approval,” which under the partnership agreement would shield the Merger from

judicial review.6

GP formed the Conflicts Committee as an independent entity to evaluate the

proposed transaction.7 The Conflicts Committee was charged with negotiating with

Sponsor “on behalf of the Partnership.”8 It had no authority to approve the Merger

on GP’s behalf; it could only “approve of the Potential Transaction, including by

Special Approval.”9

From late 2018 to early 2019, the Conflicts Committee negotiated the

proposed merger with Sponsor. As part of that process, the Conflicts Committee

identified Evercore Group LLC as its desired financial advisor.10 The Conflicts

Committee and Evercore began negotiating an engagement letter in which Evercore

would agree to provide a fairness opinion for the Conflicts Committee’s use in

evaluating the Merger (the “Fairness Opinion”).11 During those negotiations, the

6
Id. ¶ 24; D.I. 144 Ex. 1 [hereinafter “LPA”] § 7.9(a).
7
D.I. 144 Ex. 18 at 5 (“[T]he Conflicts Committee shall exercise independent business
judgment in the fulfillment of its duties.”); id. (“[T]he Conflicts Committee shall not have
any duty to consider the interests of [GP] or its controlling affiliates, including
[Sponsor].”); id. at 1 (meeting minutes noting “the important role of an independent
functioning conflicts committee . . . relating to [Sponsor]’s offer”); see also D.I. 157 Ex.
28 at 50 (noting that conflicts committees negotiate against the general partner).
8
D.I. 144 Ex. 18 at 4.
9
Id. (emphasis added).
10
See D.I. 157 Ex. 12.
11
Id.
3
Conflicts Committee proposed language that would have allowed GP’s board of

directors (the “Board”) to rely on the Fairness Opinion for its own use in evaluating

the Merger.12 Evercore rejected that language, explaining that “[i]n an MLP

conflicts committee situation,” the board members not on the conflicts committee

“are typically representatives of the general partner who’s the party [Evercore is]

negotiating against, unlike a normal corporation.”13 The finalized engagement letter

read, in relevant part,

The Partnership and the Conflicts Committee agree that any
information or advice (including, without limitation, an Opinion)
rendered by Evercore in connection with this engagement is for the
confidential use of the Conflicts Committee only in its evaluation of the
Proposed Transaction and in order to provide its special approval of the
Proposed Transaction, and may not be provided to or relied upon by
any other person without Evercore’s prior consent; provided, that, the
Opinion and such information may be disclosed on a confidential and
non-reliance basis to the [Board] and the senior management of [GP]
and to the respective legal advisors of the Conflicts Committee, the
[Board] and [GP] who are providing advice with respect to the
Proposed Transaction.14

In February 2019, the Conflicts Committee and Sponsor agreed to a purchase

price of $5.25 per unit.15 On March 16, Evercore delivered a 155-slide presentation

12
Id. at 1, 7 (“Attached are a few additional comments we would like to make to the
engagement letter, the most substantive of which is allowing the Board of Directors to rely
on the Opinion.”).
13
Id. at 7 (attaching redlined version of the engagement letter rejecting proposed language);
D.I. 157 Ex. 28 at 50.
14
D.I. 157 Ex. 13 at 3.
15
Compl. ¶ 44.
4
on its Fairness Opinion to the Conflicts Committee.16 The presentation was prepared

for and addressed to the Conflicts Committee.17 It stated that it “may not be used or

relied upon for any purpose other than as specifically contemplated by a written

agreement with Evercore.”18 After the presentation, the Conflicts Committee

granted Special Approval.19

Later that day, the Board met to consider the Conflicts Committee’s grant of

Special Approval.20 The meeting’s purpose was “to receive the report of the

Conflicts Committee relating to the Proposed Merger and to discuss and act upon

the Conflicts Committee’s recommendation.”21 Before the meeting, Board members

received materials including a short Evercore deck.22 The Board deck was prepared

for and addressed to the Board, and it limited reliance in the same way as the

Conflicts Committee presentation.23 It contained eleven substantive slides, some of

which appeared in the Conflicts Committee deck.24 The Board deck included

16
D.I. 144 Ex. 7; D.I. 144 Ex. 11 at 2; D.I. 144 Ex. 69.
17
D.I. 144 Ex. 7 at 380.
18
Id.
19
D.I. 144 Ex. 11 at 6.
20
D.I. 144 Ex. 12 at 1.
21
Id.
22
D.I. 163 Ex. 75 at 915 (attaching “AMID_Board Materials_DRAFT
(Evercore_03.16.19).pdf”); id. at 918–30.
23
Id. at 919.
24
Id. at 918–30; see D.I. 144 Ex. 7.
5
information on valuation methodologies and value ranges of the Partnership’s

common units.25 It omitted information in the Conflicts Committee deck, like

analysis of the Partnership’s market situation, discussion of the Partnership’s assets,

and a review of the Partnership’s financial projections.26

At the meeting, the Conflicts Committee chair asked the Evercore lead to

“provide a summary of the Conflicts Committee’s process as it related to valuation

of the Partnership’s common units.”27 The Evercore lead “referred the Board to the

written materials distributed prior to the meeting” and discussed “value ranges for

the Partnership’s common units” and “valuation methodologies employed by

Evercore in advising the Conflicts Committee and reaching the conclusions

expressed in its fairness opinion.”28 The Evercore lead did not provide the “final

fairness opinion presentation” to the Board, and does not believe he attended any

presentation of those materials to the full Board.29 The minutes reflect that Board

members had the opportunity to ask questions, and “[i]t was noted that Evercore did

25
D.I. 163 Ex. 75 at 920–30; see D.I. 144 Ex. 12 at 2.
26
See D.I. 163 Ex. 75 at 920–30; D.I. 144 Ex. 7 at 384.
27
D.I. 144 Ex. 12 at 2.
28
Id.
29
D.I. 157 Ex. 28 at 22.
6
not consider any tax consequences relating to the Proposed Merger as part of its

fairness opinion.”30

The next portion of the meeting informed the Board about the Conflicts

Committee’s legal advisor’s work.31 Finally, after the Conflicts Committee formally

recommended the Merger, the Board approved it.32 The Board then discussed a draft

press release, and the meeting adjourned.33

B. Relevant LPA Provisions

GP’s motion asserts GP is exculpated from the claims in this action because

it enjoys a conclusive presumption that it met its standard of conduct under the

Partnership’s limited partnership agreement (the “LPA”). As is typical for MLPs,

LPA Section 7.9(e) eliminates common law fiduciary duties and replaces them with

contractual duties.34 Section 7.9(b) imposes a duty of “good faith” on GP and the

Conflicts Committee whenever either “makes a determination or takes or declines

30
D.I. 144 Ex. 12 at 2.
31
Id.
32
Id.
33
Id.
34
See LPA § 7.9(e) (“Except as expressly set forth in this Agreement, neither the General
Partner nor any other Indemnitee shall have any duties or liabilities, including fiduciary
duties, to the Partnership or any Limited Partner and the provisions of this Agreement, to
the extent that they restrict, eliminate or otherwise modify the duties and liabilities,
including fiduciary duties, of the General Partner or any other Indemnitee otherwise
existing at law or in equity, are agreed by the Partners to replace such other duties and
liabilities of the General Partner or such other Indemnitee.”).
7
to take any other action . . . unless another express standard is provided for” in the

LPA.35 In order for a determination to be in good faith, “the Person or Persons

making such determination . . . must subjectively believe that the determination . . .

is in, or not opposed to, the best interests of the Partnership.”36

Section 7.9(a) addresses the resolution of conflicts of interest between GP and

the Partnership “whenever” such conflicts arise, “[u]nless otherwise expressly

provided in” the LPA.37 In that context, it provides that any resolution or course of

action by GP

shall not constitute a breach of this [LPA] . . . if the resolution or course
of action in respect of such conflict of interest is (i) approved by Special
Approval, (ii) approved by the vote of a majority of the Outstanding
Common Units . . . (iii) on terms no less favorable to the Partnership
than those generally being provided to or available from unrelated third
parties or (iv) fair and reasonable to the Partnership, taking into account
the totality of the relationships between the parties involved (including
other transactions that may be particularly favorable or advantageous
to the Partnership).38

The first two enumerated clauses in Section 7.9(a) are safe harbors, which, if

properly employed, shield GP’s approval of a conflicted transaction from judicial

35
Id. § 7.9(b).
36
Id.
37
Id. § 7.9(a).
38
Id. “Special Approval” is defined as “approval by a majority of the members of the
Conflicts Committee.” Id. § 1.1. And the Conflicts Committee must comprise one or more
members of the Board who meet the LPA’s independence criteria. Id.
8
review.39 Section 7.9(a) provides that “[i]f Special Approval is sought, then it shall

be presumed that, in making its decision, the Conflicts Committee acted in good

faith.”40 A Conflicts Committee’s grant of Special Approval therefore presumably

satisfies its obligation to act in subjective good faith under Section 7.9(b). That

presumption is rebuttable, and the plaintiff bears the burden of overcoming the

presumption.41

Section 7.9(a)’s clauses (iii) and (iv) do not operate as safe harbors, but rather

as “standards of judicial review of” GP’s decision “to approve a conflicted

transaction where the conflict-cleansing mechanisms in clauses (i) and (ii) are not

utilized” or not properly employed.42 As express “standards,” they displace Section

7.9(b)’s subjective good faith requirement.43 If it is established that Special

39
Id. § 7.9(a); see also Dieckman v. Regency GP LP, 2021 WL 537325, at *23 (Del. Ch.
Feb. 15, 2021), aff’d, 264 A.3d 641 (Del. 2021) (“It is logical to refer to the Special
Approval and Unitholder Approval clauses in Section 7.9(a) as ‘safe harbors’ since each
entails using a conflict-cleansing mechanism as a condition of approval of a conflicted
transaction . . . that, if employed properly, would preclude judicial review of the General
Partner’s approval of such transaction.”).
40
LPA § 7.9(a).
41
Id. § 7.9(a).
42
Dieckman, 2021 WL 537325, at *24 (interpreting nearly identical provisions to those at
issue); accord D.I. 55 at 20–21 (Chancellor Bouchard reasoning similarly at the pleading
stage of this action).
43
LPA § 7.9(a) (describing those clauses as “standards”); id. § 7.9(b) (explaining the good
faith standard applies “unless another express standard is provided for”); Dieckman, 2021
WL 537325, at *24 (reasoning that applying Section 7.9(b)’s subjective good faith
requirement in those instances “would render meaningless the language in Section 7.9(a)

9
Approval for a conflicted transaction was not properly employed, then GP bears the

burden of establishing that the transaction satisfies either of the standards set forth

in clauses (iii) or (iv).44 That is, GP “would have to demonstrate that the transaction

either was on terms no less favorable to the partnership than those generally being

provided to or available from unrelated third parties, or was fair and reasonable to

the partnership, which is akin to an entire fairness standard.”45

Section 7.9(a) also affords GP a rebuttable presumption of good faith in

conflict transactions “if neither Special Approval nor Unitholder approval is sought

and [GP] determines that the resolution . . . satisfies either of the standards set forth

in clauses (iii) or (iv) above.”46

On summary judgment, GP looks to Section 7.10(b), which provides a

conclusive presumption of good faith to GP when GP relies on advisors it selects.

The provision states:

[GP] may consult with legal counsel, accountants, appraisers,
management consultants, investment bankers and other consultants and
advisers selected by it, and any act taken or omitted to be taken in
reliance upon the advice or opinion (including an Opinion of Counsel)
of such Persons as to matters that [GP] reasonably believes to be within
such Person’s professional or expert competence shall be conclusively

expressly referring to [clauses (iii) and (iv)] as ‘standards’—contrary to one of the most
basic principles of contract interpretation.” (citing Kuhn Constr., Inc. v. Diamond State
Port Corp., 990 A.2d 393, 396–97 (Del. 2010)).
44
Dieckman, 2021 WL 537325, at *24; D.I. 55 at 20–21.
45
D.I. 55 at 21.
46
LPA § 7.9(a).
10
presumed to have been done or omitted in good faith and in accordance
with such advice or opinion.47

Finally, Section 7.8(a) exculpates GP from damages absent a court

determination that GP acted in bad faith or engaged in fraud or willful misconduct.48

C. Procedural Background

Plaintiff Craig R. Thomas, a former minority Partnership unitholder, filed this

class action against GP in August 2019.49 The January 2020 amended complaint

pleads four counts in connection with the Merger.50 GP moved to dismiss in

February 2020, and Chancellor Bouchard dismissed Counts II, III, and IV.51 Count

I, Thomas’s only remaining claim, alleges GP breached the LPA by approving the

Merger.52 Chancellor Bouchard held it was reasonably conceivable that the

Conflicts Committee did not grant Special Approval in good faith as the LPA

47
Id. § 7.10.
48
Id. § 7.8(a).
49
D.I. 1.
50
Compl. ¶¶ 67–71.
51
D.I. 48; D.I. 53. Chancellor Bouchard dismissed Thomas’s implied covenant claim in
Count II “without prejudice to plaintiff’s right to reassert the claim if there is a basis to do
so after plaintiff takes discovery.” D.I. 55 at 34–35. On GP’s motion for summary
judgment, Thomas reasserts the implied covenant as an alternative argument if the Court
finds Section 7.10(b) applies either to GP’s approval or the Conflicts Committee’s Special
Approval of the Merger. D.I. 157 at 38–39. Because Section 7.10(b) does not apply, I do
not reach Thomas’s implied covenant argument. As discovery remains ongoing under the
bifurcated discovery order, and under Chancellor Bouchard’s ruling, Thomas may reassert
an implied covenant claim if there is a basis to do so. D.I. 107.
52
Compl. ¶¶ 67–68.
11
requires.53 So GP would have to demonstrate that the Merger was either on terms

no less favorable to the Partnership than those generally being provided to or

available from unrelated third parties, or was fair and reasonable to the Partnership.

Because it was reasonably conceivable that GP could not make that showing, Count

I survived GP’s motion to dismiss.54 After Chancellor Bouchard’s retirement, the

matter was eventually reassigned to me.55

On February 5, 2024, with leave, GP moved for summary judgment on Count

I.56 The motion is limited to “the applicability of a presumption of good faith, and

trigger of a contractual safe harbor.”57

II. ANALYSIS

This Court will grant a motion for summary judgment where there are no

genuine issues of material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.58 In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the facts must be

viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, and the moving party has

the burden of demonstrating that no material question of fact exists.59

53
D.I. 55 at 23–24, 32.
54
Id. at 32–33.
55
D.I. 105.
56
D.I. 141.
57
D.I. 140.
58
Ct. Ch. R. 56(c).
59
Weil v. VEREIT Operating P’ship, L.P., 2018 WL 834428, at *3 (Del. Ch. Feb. 13, 2018).
12
“Under Delaware law, a breach of contract claim comprises three elements:

(1) the existence of a contract; (2) a breach of an obligation imposed by that contract;

and (3) resultant damages.”60 The parties disagree on the issue of breach.

“When interpreting a contract, the court’s ultimate goal is to determine the

shared intent of the parties.”61 “To determine what contractual parties intended,

Delaware courts start with the text.”62 “Under the objective theory of interpretation,

Courts assign unambiguous contract provisions or terms their plain meaning.”63

Delaware courts read the “contract as a whole and we will give each provision and

term effect, so as not to render any part of the contract mere surplusage.”64 “Specific

language in a contract controls over general language, and where specific and

general provisions conflict, the specific provision ordinarily qualifies the meaning

of the general one.”65

60
Wenske v. Blue Bell Creameries, Inc., 2018 WL 3337531, at *9 (Del. Ch. July 6, 2018).
61
Ruffalo v. Transtech Serv. P’rs Inc., 2010 WL 3307487, at *10 (Del. Ch. Aug. 23, 2010).
62
Sunline Com. Carriers, Inc. v. CITGO Petroleum Corp., 206 A.3d 836, 846 (Del. 2019).
63
Schwan’s Home Serv., Inc. v. Microwave Sci., JV, LLC, 2013 WL 3350881, at *5 (Del.
Super. Ct. June 24, 2013).
64
Osborn ex rel. Osborn v. Kemp, 991 A.2d 1153, 1159 (Del. 2010) (internal quotation
marks omitted) (quoting Kuhn Constr., 990 A.2d at 396–97).
65
DCV Hldgs., Inc. v. ConAgra, Inc., 889 A.2d 954, 961 (Del. 2005).
13
A. Section 7.10(b) Does Not Apply To Approval Or Special
Approval Of The Merger.

GP seeks a summary judgment based on the application of Section 7.10(b)’s

conclusive presumption of good faith, either to itself or to the Conflicts Committee.

While I address the specifics of GP’s arguments in the following sections, GP’s

arguments fail for a more fundamental reason: Section 7.10(b) does not apply to

GP’s approval or the Conflicts Committee’s Special Approval of a conflicted

transaction. This Court’s holdings in Dieckman v. Regency GP LP66 and Morris v.

Spectra Energy Partners (DE) GP, LP67 are dispositive.

In Spectra, this Court considered the interaction between provisions nearly

identical to Sections 7.9(a) and 7.10(b).68 Like here, the defendants argued that a

conflicts committee’s grant of special approval in reliance on a fairness opinion

established a conclusive presumption that the general partner approved the

transaction in good faith.69 But the Court held that Section 7.10(b)’s provision

offering the general partner a general conclusive presumption was inapplicable to

conflicted transactions, as Section 7.9(a) dealt specifically with conflicts and granted

66
2021 WL 537325 (Del. Ch. Feb. 15, 2021).
67
2017 WL 2774559 (Del. Ch. June 27, 2017).
68
See id. at *6–7, *11.
69
Id. at *10–11.
14
only a rebuttable presumption.70 Although Spectra referenced the partnership

agreement’s subheadings in interpreting the provisions, which the LPA here

prohibits,71 Spectra also made clear that “‘the settled rules of contract interpretation’

counsel the Court to prefer Section 7.9(a), a specific provision, over the more general

Section 7.10.”72

The Dieckman partnership agreement also contained similar provisions,

except that Section 7.9(a) did not afford the conflicts committee a presumption of

good faith.73 There, neither of the safe harbors in clauses (i) and (ii) had been

satisfied.74 Informed by Spectra, Dieckman also declined to apply Section 7.10(b)’s

conclusive presumption of good faith in a conflicts situation. This Court reasoned

it would be illogical to “conclusively presume” good faith in a conflict
transaction when the provision specifically dedicated to addressing

70
Id. at *11–13.
71
LPA § 1.2.
72
2017 WL 2774559, at *11 (quoting Brinckerhoff v. Enbridge Energy Co., Inc., 2017 WL
1046224, at *9 (Del. Mar. 20, 2017), as revised (Mar. 28, 2017)); see also Allen v. Encore
Energy P’rs, L.P., 72 A.3d 93 (Del. 2013) (citing Brinckerhoff v. El Paso Pipeline GP Co.,
C.A. No. 7141 at 11, 20–21, 53–55 (Del Ch. Oct. 26, 2012) (TRANSCRIPT) for the
proposition that “a general conclusive presumption of good faith did not apply when a
limited partnership agreement created a rebuttable presumption of good faith applicable to
conflict transactions”).
73
Dieckman, 2021 WL 537325, at *25 n.279 (“The partnership agreement in Spectra
expressly stated in Section 7.9(a) that ‘[i]f Special Approval is sought, then it shall be
presumed that, in making its decision, the Conflicts Committee acted in good faith.’ This
language does not appear in Section 7.9(a) of the LP Agreement, which is silent as to
whether approval of a transaction by a properly constituted Conflicts Committee would be
entitled to a presumption of good faith . . . .” (quoting Spectra, 2017 WL 2774559, at *7)).
74
Id. at *24.
15
conflicts of interest only affords a rebuttable presumption of good faith
if the General Partner determines that a transaction satisfies either the
Unrelated Third Parties or Fair and Reasonable clauses. Rather, as the
court in Spectra concluded, it would be far more logical that the
provision specific to conflict transactions would govern over a general
provision concerning reliance on advisors.75

Here, “whenever” a conflict arises, Section 7.9(a) specifically provides for a

rebuttable presumption of good faith for the Conflicts Committee in the Special

Approval safe harbor, or a rebuttable presumption for GP if it determines the

transaction meets the standards in clauses (iii) and (iv).76 It would be against the

settled rules of contract interpretation, and Delaware precedent, to conclusively

presume either the Conflicts Committee’s or GP’s good faith based on general

reliance on advisors, when Section 7.9(a) specifically provides each only a

rebuttable presumption in a conflicted transaction. As the Court concluded in

Spectra and Dieckman, the provision specific to conflicted transactions governs over

the general provision based on advisors.

75
Dieckman also referenced the agreement’s subheadings to aid its interpretation of the
provisions at issue. Id. at *24, *24 n.276 (“The LP Agreement does not contain any
provision prohibiting use of headings and subheadings to interpret its provisions.”). But
as in Spectra, the references to subheadings are not necessary to its holding.
76
LPA § 7.9(a).
16
B. GP Has Not Established The Conflicts Committee Triggered
Section 7.10(b) For GP.

Even if Section 7.10(b)’s conclusive presumption of good faith applied to

conflicted transactions, GP would not be entitled to a summary judgment. Section

7.10(b) establishes four requirements to trigger the conclusive presumption: (1) GP

must select an advisor; (2) GP must consult with the advisor; (3) GP must rely on

the advisor’s opinion; and (4) GP must reasonably believe the matter for which it

sought advice was within the advisor’s professional or expert competence.77 GP did

not itself satisfy these steps, and does not argue that it did.78 Yet GP still makes two

arguments seeking Section 7.10(b)’s conclusive presumption for itself, built from

Norton v. K-Sea Transportation Partners L.P.79 and Bandera Pipeline Partners, LP

v. Bandera Master Fund LP.80 Neither secures GP a summary judgment.

First, GP argues that because the Conflicts Committee relied on Evercore, so

did GP, and so GP enjoys Section 7.10(b)’s conclusive presumption. GP roots this

transitive reliance argument in Norton, which also addressed a conflicted MLP

transaction where the partnership agreement afforded the general partner a general

77
City of Pittsburgh Comprehensive Mun. Pension Tr. Fund v. Conway, 2024 WL
1752419, at *21 (Del. Ch. Apr. 24, 2024).
78
See D.I. 144 at 29–35 (arguing only that the Conflicts Committee satisfied Section
7.10(b)’s elements).
79
67 A.3d 354 (Del. 2013).
80
288 A.3d 1083 (Del. 2022).
17
conclusive presumption of good faith when acting in reliance on advisors.81 The

MLP’s general partner was controlled by its own general partner (the “Norton

GPGP”).82 The Norton GPGP’s board formed a conflicts committee to obtain a

fairness opinion and grant special approval of the merger. Once that process was

complete, the general partner approved the merger.83 Norton determined the general

partner enjoyed the conclusive presumption even though the Norton GPGP’s

conflicts committee obtained the fairness opinion.84 The Delaware Supreme Court

explained “it [wa]s unreasonable to infer that the entire [Norton GPGP] Board did

not rely on the opinion that a [Norton GPGP] Board subcommittee obtained.”85 The

Court noted the general partner was “a ‘pass-through’ entity controlled by [Norton

GPGP],” and concluded “the only reasonable inference” was that the general partner

relied on the fairness opinion.86

GP seeks that same inference here.87 By its plain text, Norton offers one

example where it was found to be reasonable to infer a general partner actually relied

81
Norton, 67 A.3d at 356–57, 366.
82
Id. at 367.
83
Id. at 358–59.
84
Id. at 367.
85
Id.
86
Id.
87
D.I. 144 at 37.
18
on a conflicts committee’s advisor’s opinion.88 That is a factual determination.89 I

do not read Norton as offering a legal conclusion that all general partners are deemed

to have relied on conflicts committee advisors.

Here, the undisputed facts viewed favorably to the nonmovant do not support

the inference that GP relied on Evercore’s Fairness Opinion. To the contrary, the

undisputed facts show the Board did not see the Fairness Opinion.90 Evercore

refused to give the Board that advice, recognizing the adversarial dynamic between

its client—the Conflicts Committee—and the full Board.91 The March 16 Board

meeting minutes indicate Evercore’s presentation was to educate the Board about

“the Conflicts Committee’s process as it related to valuation,”92 not to give the Board

a fairness opinion. The Board heard a summary of the Conflicts Committee’s

process and saw an abbreviated deck summarizing the high points of Evercore’s

88
Norton, 67 A.3d at 367.
89
See New Castle Cnty. v. Disabatino, 781 A.2d 687, 690 (Del. 2001).
90
D.I. 163 Ex. 75 (distributing a presentation deck regarding valuation, but not the Fairness
Opinion or the full deck prepared for the Conflicts Committee); D.I. 157 Ex. 28 at 22
(testifying Evercore lead did not share the Fairness Opinion with the Board and did not
attend a presentation of the Fairness Opinion to the Board).
91
D.I. 157 Ex. 13 (prohibiting the Board from relying on the Fairness Opinion in the
engagement letter between Evercore and the Conflicts Committee); D.I. 157 Ex. 27 at 50
(testifying the engagement letter prohibited Board reliance because Board members not on
the Conflicts Committee represented GP on the opposite side of negotiations).
92
D.I. 144 Ex. 12 at 2.
19
advice to the Conflicts Committee.93 That presentation stated reliance was limited

to the Conflicts Committee, as described by Evercore’s engagement letter.94 The

undisputed facts preclude, rather than support, any inference that GP relied on

Evercore’s advice.

Second, GP presses that under Bandera, the Conflicts Committee was acting

for GP, and so GP is entitled to receive the conclusive presumption as a matter of

law. Bandera speaks to when another entity in the MLP structure acts for the general

partner, so that entity’s advisor’s opinion redounds to the general partner.95 That

Bandera entity was not a conflicts committee meant to negotiate against the general

partner.96 In Bandera, an MLP’s general partner had a call right that provided the

option to take the partnership private.97 The general partner’s general partner

(“Bandera GPGP”) was an LLC whose sole member (the “Sole Member”) had the

93
D.I. 163 Ex. 75 at 918–30; D.I. 144 Ex. 12.
94
D.I. 163 Ex. 75 at 919.
95
Bandera, 288 A.3d at 1119–20.
96
Safe harbors like special approval by a conflicts committee act as minority investor
protections. Dieckman v. Regency GP LP, 155 A.3d 358, 360 (Del. 2017); Conway, 2024
WL 1752419, at *16. If a fairness opinion obtained by a conflicts committee redounded to
the general partner to secure the general partner a conclusive good faith presumption, that
would frustrate the protective function of special approval, as “virtually every conflicts
committee with a transaction of this magnitude” hires a financial advisor. El Paso, C.A.
No. 7141-CS, at 20.
97
Bandera, 288 A.3d at 1087.
20
“exclusive authority” to cause the general partner to exercise the call right.98 The

Sole Member exercised its authority to trigger the call right after it obtained a legal

opinion as to the right’s viability.99 The Delaware Supreme Court concluded that

the opinion “redound[ed] to the benefit of the General Partner because the Sole

Member Board was acting for the General Partner when it caused the call right

exercise.”100 Looking to Norton, the Court stated,

The same reasoning [as in Norton] applies here with equal force. The
General Partner is a ‘pass-through entity’ controlled by the [Bandera]
GPGP. For purposes of the call right, the Sole Member . . . controlled
the [Bandera] GPGP and accepted [the] opinion for the General
Partner. Thus, ‘the only reasonable inference’ is that if the Sole
Member relied on Skadden’s opinion, then so did the General
Partner.101

But Bandera does not compel the conclusion that the Conflicts Committee

was acting for GP. While the Bandera Sole Member acted for the general partner

by exercising the Sole Member’s exclusive authority to execute the general partner’s

call right, the Conflicts Committee here had no authority to act on GP’s behalf, much

less to approve the Merger. Rather, the Conflicts Committee was charged with

negotiating against GP “on behalf of the Partnership,” and could offer only Special

98
Id. at 1091, 1113–14.
99
Id. at 1087–88.
100
Id. at 1120.
101
Id.
21
Approval.102 And as it is not reasonable to infer GP actually relied on Evercore’s

Fairness Opinion, there is no basis to infer that Evercore’s advice redounds to GP.

GP has not established it is reasonable to infer that GP relied on Evercore’s

Fairness Opinion, that Evercore’s Fairness Opinion redounds to GP, or that the

Conflicts Committee was acting for GP. GP cannot rely on the Conflicts

Committee’s reliance on Evercore’s advice to obtain a summary judgment based on

Section 7.10(b)’s conclusive presumption of good faith for GP.

C. GP Has Not Established The Conflicts Committee Triggered
Section 7.10(b) For The Conflicts Committee.

GP also seeks the conclusive presumption for the Conflicts Committee. GP

contends that because the Conflicts Committee was acting for GP, the Conflicts

Committee enjoys Section 7.10(b)’s conclusive presumption that it granted Special

Approval in good faith, not just Section 7.9(a)’s rebuttable presumption.103 Because

the Conflicts Committee’s good faith is the only contested element of Special

Approval, GP argues Special Approval was valid as a matter of law.104

102
D.I. 144 Ex. 18 at 4.
103
GP also cites Gerber v. Enter. Prods. Hldgs., LLC and Norton for the proposition that
by obtaining Section 7.10(b)’s conclusive presumption of good faith, the Conflicts
Committee has satisfied the subjective good faith requirement for Special Approval.
Gerber v. Enter. Prods. Hldgs., LLC, 67 A.3d 400, 419 (Del. 2013), overruled on other
grounds by Winshall v. Viacom Int’l, Inc., 76 A.3d 808 (Del. 2013); Norton, 67 A.3d at
362. I do not address this argument because the Conflicts Committee is not entitled to
Section 7.10(b)’s conclusive presumption.
104
D.I. 144 at 39.
22
As GP acknowledged, Section 7.10(b)’s plain language offers the conclusive

presumption only to GP, not the Conflicts Committee.105 GP’s argument relies on

the flawed premise that the Conflicts Committee was acting for GP. As explained,

it was not: it was negotiating against GP, and Bandera is inapposite. And rewriting

Section 7.10(b) to afford the Conflicts Committee a conclusive presumption, instead

of a rebuttable presumption, would undermine the minority’s ability to challenge the

special approval process.106 GP has not established the Conflicts Committee is

entitled to Section 7.10(b)’s conclusive presumption of good faith based on the

Conflicts Committee’s reliance on Evercore’s Fairness Opinion.

III. CONCLUSION

GP’s motion for summary judgment is denied.

105
Id. (“Although Section 7.10(b) only refers to [GP] . . . .”); see In re K-Sea Transp. P’rs
L.P. Unitholders Litig., 2021 WL 1142351, at *5 (Del. Ch. Apr. 4, 2012) (“By its express
terms, however, Section 7.10(b) applies only to [the general partner]; no other Defendant
is entitled to its conclusive presumption.”).
106
See Haynes Fam. Tr. v. Kinder Morgan G.P., Inc., 2016 WL 912184, at *2 (Del. 2016)
(TABLE) (noting investors in alternative entities often “look[] to the contract as the
exclusive source of protective rights”).
23