Hanna v. Nelson

25CA0533 Hanna v Nelson 01-08-2026

COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS

Court of Appeals No. 25CA0533
Arapahoe County District Court No. 24CV34
Honorable Ben Figa, Judge

Saad Hanna,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

Kimberly A. Nelson,

Defendant-Appellee.

ORDER AFFIRMED

Division IV
Opinion by JUDGE HARRIS
Schock and Taubman*, JJ., concur

NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e)
Announced January 8, 2026

Saad Hanna, Pro Se

Sharuzi Law Group Ltd., Jacqueline B. Sharuzi, Erik D. Moya, Denver,
Colorado, for Defendant-Appellee

*Sitting by assignment of the Chief Justice under provisions of Colo. Const. art.
VI, § 5(3), and § 24-51-1105, C.R.S. 2025.
¶1 After undergoing an allegedly unsuccessful surgery, pro se

plaintiff, Saad Hanna, asserted a professional negligence claim

against defendant, Kimberly A. Nelson (doctor). The district court

dismissed Hanna’s complaint for failure to state a claim and failure

to file a certificate of review as required by section 13-20-602,

C.R.S. 2025. It then denied Hanna’s subsequent C.R.C.P. 60(b)

motion for reconsideration.

¶2 Hanna appeals the denial of his Rule 60(b) motion.1 We

affirm.

I. Background

¶3 Hanna sued the doctor2 in January 2024. He alleged that

after she performed surgery in 2022 to correct his deviated septum,

1 Later, Hanna filed two more motions to set aside the judgment

under C.R.C.P. 60(b). But by then, he had filed a notice of appeal
with respect to the order denying his initial Rule 60(b) motion for
reconsideration, so the court denied the subsequent motions for
lack of jurisdiction. Although Hanna’s briefing suggests that he is
appealing all orders denying his three Rule 60(b) motions, the latter
two orders are not part of this appeal because Hanna did not
amend his notice of appeal to include those orders. See In re Estate
of Anderson, 727 P.2d 867, 869 (Colo. App. 1986) (notice of appeal
was not effective to initiate appeal of order entered after the notice
was filed).
2 Hanna also named Littleton Adventist Hospital and Rose Medical

Center as defendants, but the court dismissed his claims against
these entities, and Hanna does not appeal their dismissal.

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he had difficulty breathing and had to seek emergency care on five

occasions for severe nose bleeds.

¶4 On the doctor’s motion to dismiss, the court concluded that

Hanna had failed to sufficiently plead a professional negligence

claim and dismissed Hanna’s complaint without prejudice. Four

months later, Hanna filed an amended complaint, but the court

dismissed that complaint without prejudice too, this time in part

based on Hanna’s failure to file the certificate of review required by

section 13-20-602. The court gave Hanna thirty-five days to cure

the deficiencies.

¶5 Hanna retained counsel, who obtained an extension of time to

file a second amended complaint and certificate of review. But his

counsel withdrew several months later without filing either one. In

November 2024, after Hanna failed to file a new complaint and

certificate, the court dismissed the case with prejudice.

¶6 Hanna then filed the C.R.C.P. 60(b) motion at issue in this

appeal. The motion alleged that newly discovered evidence

supported the negligence claim and warranted reinstatement of the

complaint. The court summarily denied the motion.

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II. Hanna’s C.R.C.P. 60(b) Motion

¶7 Hanna contends that the court erred in denying his Rule 60(b)

motion by disregarding the newly discovered evidence and not

providing an explanation for the denial. We disagree.

A. Applicable Law and Standard of Review

¶8 The purpose of C.R.C.P. 60 is to allow a court to set aside a

final judgment “when [a] significant new matter of fact or law arises

which is extrinsic to it because of not having been presented to the

court.” E.B. Jones Constr. Co. v. City & County of Denver, 717 P.2d

1009, 1013 (Colo. App. 1986). The rule specifies reasons for setting

aside a judgment: mistake or excusable neglect, C.R.C.P. 60(b)(1);

fraud or other improper conduct by the adverse party, C.R.C.P.

60(b)(2); voidness, C.R.C.P. 60(b)(3); or equitable considerations,

C.R.C.P. 60(b)(4). Rule 60(b)’s residuary provision authorizes

vacatur for “any other reason justifying relief from the operation of

the judgment.” C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5).

¶9 Although Rule 60(b) does not explicitly provide for relief based

on newly discovered evidence, the supreme court has held that “the

‘any other reason justifying relief’ language of Rule 60(b)(5)

encompasses newly discovered evidence.” Se. Colo. Water

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Conservancy Dist. v. O’Neill, 817 P.2d 500, 505 (Colo. 1991). A Rule

60(b) motion predicated on newly discovered evidence “should be

resolved by the same criteria applicable to a [C.R.C.P.] 59(d)(4)

motion” for a new trial. Id. at 506. Thus, to show entitlement to

relief, the moving party must establish that (1) the evidence could

not have been discovered by the exercise of reasonable diligence

and produced before the entry of the judgment; (2) the evidence is

material to an issue; and (3) “the new evidence, if admitted, would

probably change the result of the judgment.” Meyer v. Haskett, 251

P.3d 1287, 1293 (Colo. App. 2010).

¶ 10 We review the district court’s denial of a Rule 60(b) motion for

an abuse of discretion. Taylor v. HCA-HealthONE LLC, 2018 COA

29, ¶ 30. A district court abuses its discretion only when it

misapplies the law or when its decision is manifestly arbitrary,

unreasonable, or unfair. Int’l Network, Inc. v. Woodard, 2017 COA

44, ¶ 24.

B. Analysis

¶ 11 The “newly discovered” evidence in this case is a one-page

computer screenshot from UCHealth listing Hanna’s “current health

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issues,” including “nasal valve collapse” — a condition that “started

6/12/2023,” about a year after the surgery.

¶ 12 The screenshot does not satisfy the criteria for newly

discovered evidence. As Hanna acknowledges, it is not actually new

evidence. The same screenshot was attached to the original

complaint as an exhibit. Therefore, the evidence was discovered

and was produced before entry of judgment. And the screenshot

did not prevent dismissal of the complaint, so, by necessity, its

resubmission would not change the outcome of the judgment.

¶ 13 Nor does the screenshot satisfy the certificate of review

requirement. Section 13-20-602 provides that in every professional

negligence action (which includes a medical malpractice case), the

plaintiff must file a certificate of review within sixty days after

service of the complaint affirming that he has consulted with an

expert and the expert has concluded that the claim does not lack

substantial justification. § 13-20-602(1), (3). This requirement

applies to both represented and unrepresented parties. Yadon v.

Southward, 64 P.3d 909, 912 (Colo. App. 2002). The failure to file a

certificate of review “shall result in the dismissal of the complaint.”

§ 13-20-602(4); Woo v. Baez, 2022 COA 113, ¶ 15 (“[U]pon the

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defendant’s request, the court must dismiss a claim that requires a

certificate of review if the plaintiff has not complied with the

statute.”).

¶ 14 To comply with section 13-20-602, Hanna had to affirm that a

qualified medical expert had “reviewed the relevant information”

concerning his medical malpractice claim and that the expert had

determined that the claim did not lack substantial justification.

RMB Servs., Inc. v. Truhlar, 151 P.3d 673, 675 (Colo. App. 2006);

§ 13-20-602(3). And because the court ordered him to do so,

Hanna also had to provide the expert’s name. See § 13-20-602(3)

(The court, in its discretion, may require the identity of the . . .

licensed professional who was consulted . . . to be disclosed to the

court . . . .”). The screenshot listed a “nasal valve collapse” as a

“current health issue,” but it did not indicate that any medical

expert had attributed the nasal valve collapse (or any other health

issue) to the doctor’s negligence. In fact, Hanna told the court that

he had tried to obtain a certificate of review, but no expert would

provide one.

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¶ 15 Because Hanna neither submitted new evidence nor complied

with the certificate of review requirement, the court did not abuse

its discretion by denying his Rule 60(b) motion.

¶ 16 True, in denying the motion, the court did not make factual

findings or state its conclusions of law. But the absence of detailed

findings and conclusions does not hamper appellate review in this

case, see Morris v. Belfor USA Grp., Inc., 201 P.3d 1253, 1263 (Colo.

App. 2008) (a trial court’s order must include findings and

conclusions sufficient to enable appellate review), because the

court’s reasons for denying the motion are clear from the record,

see People in Interest of C.L.T., 2017 COA 119, ¶ 36 (recognizing

that a court’s findings may be implicit from the record); cf. Foster v.

Phillips, 6 P.3d 791, 796 (Colo. App. 1999) (when a court’s ruling, in

the context of the record, is sufficient to determine its basis, a

failure to make express findings does not require reversal).

Accordingly, the lack of findings and conclusions does not provide a

basis for reversal.

III. The Doctor’s Request for Attorney Fees and Costs

¶ 17 The doctor requests an award of appellate attorney fees and

double costs under C.A.R. 38 and C.A.R. 39.1. She argues that

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Hanna’s appeal is frivolous and that his brief includes citations to

nonexistent cases — i.e., “hallucinations” created by a generative

artificial intelligence (GenAI) tool. See Al-Hamim v. Star

Hearthstone, LLC, 2024 COA 128, ¶ 2.

¶ 18 Under C.A.R. 38, we may award attorney fees and double costs

as a sanction when an appeal is frivolous, meaning “the proponent

can present no rational argument based on the evidence or law . . .

or the appeal is prosecuted for the sole purpose of harassment or

delay.” Averyt v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 2013 COA 10, ¶ 43 (citation

omitted); see C.A.R. 38(b). But we may not assess attorney fees

against a pro se party except on a finding that “the party clearly

knew or reasonably should have known that the party’s action . . .

was substantially frivolous.” § 13-17-102(6), C.R.S 2025.

¶ 19 On one hand, Hanna’s appeal of the Rule 60(b) order clearly

lacks merit. As we have explained, the document indicating that

Hanna had a collapsed nasal valve is not a substitute for the

required certificate of review, and, in any case, it was submitted

with the original complaint. And each time the court issued an

order adverse to Hanna, Hanna filed a notice of appeal, resulting in

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the initiation of four prior appeals,3 all of which were promptly

dismissed on procedural grounds (without requiring any action

from the doctor).

¶ 20 On the other hand, the doctor does not allege that Hanna

knew or reasonably should have known that this appeal was

frivolous. That omission alone is grounds for denial of the fee

request. See C.A.R. 39.1 (a request for appellate attorney fees must

include the legal basis for an award). And, as Hanna points out,

the court did not make findings or state conclusions of law to

explain its denial of the Rule 60(b) motion. Moreover, contrary to

the doctor’s argument, newly discovered evidence is a valid basis for

setting aside a judgment under Rule 60(b), and the screenshot did,

in fact, show a “medical issue” — a collapsed nasal valve — that

arose after the surgery. Indeed, Hanna’s allegations (which we

must accept as true) indicate that he suffered severe complications

3 Hanna appealed the court’s orders dismissing his claims against

Littleton Adventist Hospital and Rose Medical Center. But those
appeals were dismissed for lack of a final order and untimeliness,
respectively. Later, Hanna appealed the court’s order quashing a
subpoena and its order denying a motion to disqualify. Those
appeals were dismissed for failure to pay a filing fee.

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from the surgery — complications that a UCHealth doctor opined

were not “normal.”

¶ 21 None of this provides any reason to reverse the court’s order,

but the fact that Hanna did not prevail on appeal does not mean

that he knew or should have known that the appeal was frivolous.

See, e.g., In re Estate of Shimizu, 2016 COA 163, ¶ 34.

¶ 22 That brings us to Hanna’s alleged use of a GenAI tool in the

preparation of his brief. While GenAI can be a useful tool for pro se

litigants, see Natalie Runyon, Chatbots for justice: The impact of AI-

driven tech tools for pro se litigants (Thomson Reuters Inst., Feb. 12,

2025), we agree with the doctor that it presents some risks,

including that the GenAI tool may generate fictitious case citations,

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see Al-Hamim, ¶ 30. The doctor says that three such citations

appear in Hanna’s brief, warranting sanctions.4

¶ 23 True, by the time Hanna filed his opening brief, a division of

this court had issued an opinion cautioning lawyers and self-

represented litigants that “future filing[s] in this court containing

[GenAI]-generated hallucinations may result in sanctions.” Id. at

¶ 41. But despite the recent opinion, our court is still in the early

stages of navigating self-represented litigants’ use of this new

technology. And the Al-Hamim division itself declined to impose

sanctions, in part because litigants lacked notice of possible

sanctions, but also because the litigant in that case had not

4 Two of the cases are not fictitious. People in Interest of J.L.S.,
(Colo. App. No. 24CA0623, Sept. 19, 2024) (not published pursuant
to C.A.R. 35(e)), incorrectly cited, is an unpublished decision that
stands for the proposition for which Hanna cited it. See id., slip op.
at ¶ 12 (a court abuses its discretion when its ruling is manifestly
arbitrary, unreasonable, or unfair or when it misapplies the law).
(Still, Hanna’s citation to an unpublished decision violates this
court’s policy prohibiting citation of unpublished opinions, see
Colo. Jud. Branch, Court of Appeals Policies, Policy Concerning
Citation of Opinions Not Selected for Official Publication (2025),
https://perma.cc/Z88K-5U7F). In re Estate of Ongaro, 973 P.2d
660 (Colo. App. 1998), aff’d, 998 P.2d 1097 (Colo. 2000), also
incorrectly cited, is a published case, but it does not articulate the
test for determining whether newly discovered evidence warrants
relief.

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previously filed documents with hallucinations, and the eight fake

citations in his brief did not amount to an egregious violation of our

appellate rules. Id. at ¶¶ 39-40.

¶ 24 Like the litigant in Al-Hamim, Hanna appears to be a first-time

offender when it comes to the use of hallucinations. And the

allegedly fictitious cases were cited for well-settled legal

propositions that could have been supported by other legitimate

authorities.

¶ 25 Given Hanna’s insubstantial arguments and inaccurate

citations, the question of whether to award appellate attorney fees

or otherwise impose a sanction is a close one. But on balance, we

cannot say that this a “clear and unequivocal” case involving the

kind of “egregious conduct” that warrants sanctions, Glover v.

Serratoga Falls LLC, 2021 CO 77, ¶ 70 (citation omitted),

particularly against a pro se party. Accordingly, we deny the

doctor’s request for appellate attorney fees and double costs.

However, we caution Hanna that future infractions may result in

dismissal of the appeal, striking of a brief, or an award of attorney

fees.

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IV. Disposition

¶ 26 The order is affirmed.

JUDGE SCHOCK and JUDGE TAUBMAN concur.

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