Peo in Interest of JC

25CA0032 Peo in Interest of JC 06-05-2025

COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS

Court of Appeals No. 25CA0032
Arapahoe County District Court No. 23JV289
Honorable Shay K. Whitaker, Judge
Honorable Victoria Klingensmith, Judge

The People of the State of Colorado,

Appellee,

In the Interest of Je.C. and Ja.C., Children,

and Concerning L.C.,

Appellant.

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED

Division II
Opinion by JUDGE SCHUTZ
Fox and Harris, JJ., concur

NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e)
Announced June 5, 2025

Ron Carl, County Attorney, Erinn Walz, Assistant County Attorney, Aurora,
Colorado, for Appellee

Sheena Knight, Counsel for Youth, Brighton, Colorado, for Je.C.

Sheena Knight, Guardian Ad Litem, for Ja.C.

Patrick R. Henson, Office of Respondent Parents’ Counsel, Chelsea A. Carr,
Office of Respondent Parents’ Counsel, Denver, Colorado, for Appellant
¶1 L.C. (father) appeals the summary judgment adjudicating

Je.C. and Ja.C. (the children) dependent and neglected. We affirm.

I. Background

¶2 The Arapahoe County Department of Human Services (the

Department) filed a petition in dependency or neglect alleging

concerns about the children’s mother’s substance use and mental

health, and the children’s safety. The Department also asserted

that father was suffering from dementia1, living in a nursing facility,

and unable to care for the children.

¶3 Father denied the allegations and requested a jury trial.

However, due to father’s medical issues, the jury trial was

continued. The Department then moved for summary judgment,

asserting that the children were dependent and neglected under

sections 19-3-102(1)(c) and (1)(e), C.R.S. 2024. The Department

later amended its motion to include section 19-3-102(1)(b) and

affidavits from the caseworker and family time coach. Father

opposed the motion and filed a response.

1 Father’s counsel later confirmed father was diagnosed with

vascular dementia.

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¶4 The juvenile court granted the amended motion for summary

judgment based solely on section 19-3-102(1)(e). The court then

adjudicated the children dependent or neglected and vacated the

adjudicatory jury trial.

II. Summary Judgment

¶5 Father contends that the juvenile court erred by granting

summary judgment. Specifically, he asserts that there was a

genuine issue of material fact as to whether, with support and

accommodations under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA),

he could have lived with, and provided proper care for, the children.

A. Adjudication Criteria and Standard of Review

¶6 Section 19-3-102(1)(e) provides that a child is dependent and

neglected if the child is “homeless, without proper care, or not

domiciled with his or her parent . . . through no fault of such

parent.”

¶7 Although the issue of whether a child is dependent or

neglected presents a mixed question of fact and law because it

requires application of evidentiary facts to the statutory grounds,

People in Interest of S.N. v. S.N., 2014 CO 64, ¶ 21, we review the

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juvenile court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, Robinson v.

Legro, 2014 CO 40, ¶ 10.

B. Summary Judgment Principles and Relevant Law

¶8 Summary judgment is only appropriate when there is no

genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. S.N., ¶¶ 14-15; see also C.R.C.P.

56(c).

¶9 The moving party bears the burden of establishing that there

is no disputed material fact. People in Interest of M.M., 2017 COA

144, ¶ 13. A material fact is one that affects the outcome of the

case. Morley v. United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 2019 COA 169, ¶ 14. To

meet its burden, the moving party may use pleadings, depositions,

answers to interrogatories, admissions on file, and affidavits.

C.R.C.P. 56(c). If the moving party fails to meet its burden,

summary judgment must be denied. M.M., ¶ 13.

¶ 10 However, if the moving party meets its initial burden, the

burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to demonstrate the

existence of a triable issue of fact. Id. at ¶ 14. To do so, the

nonmoving party must “adequately demonstrate by relevant and

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specific facts that a real controversy exists.” City of Aurora v. ACJ

P’ship, 209 P.3d 1076, 1082 (Colo. 2009).

¶ 11 Even if the material facts are undisputed, summary judgment

is only appropriate if “reasonable minds could draw but one

inference from them.” S.N., ¶ 18 (quoting Gibbons v. Ludlow, 2013

CO 49, ¶¶ 13, 35). When making this determination, the court

must view the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving

party. Id. at ¶ 16.

C. The Department’s Motion

¶ 12 In moving for summary judgment, the Department focused on

father’s answers to the requests for admissions (RFAs). The

Department asserted that father admitted that he (1) did not

currently reside with the children; (2) had a medical condition of

vascular dementia; (3) could not care for the children solely by

himself at that time; and (4) needed assistance caring for himself.

The Department also provided an affidavit from the caseworker

where she detailed that father (1) lived in an acute care facility; (2)

had a fourteen-by twenty-foot room, which included a bathroom

and a roommate; (3) received care and supervision due to his

medical diagnosis; and (4) had memory difficulties. It was also

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undisputed that mother had admitted the children were dependent

and neglected while in her care.

D. Father’s Response

¶ 13 In his response, father claimed, as relevant to this appeal,

that:

• the Department failed to make reasonable efforts to

explore housing options that may have allowed the

children to be placed with him;

• his answers to the Department’s RFAs were completed

while he was a patient at a hospital and he had since

been discharged to an assisted care facility; and

• he had objected to the RFA regarding his future ability to

care for the children as speculative.

¶ 14 Despite father’s change in circumstance since he answered the

RFAs, he did not refute the Department’s allegations that the

children did not live with him or that he was presently unable to

care for them. Father also did not attach an affidavit or evidence to

his response. See Todd v. Hause, 2015 COA 105, ¶¶ 13-14 (“[T]he

party opposing summary judgment cannot rest on the mere

allegations of the pleadings, but must demonstrate by specific facts

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admissible under the rules of evidence that a controversy exists. . . .

When the nonmoving party presents no affidavits or other

counterevidence to contradict the moving party’s initial showing, a

court must conclude that no genuine issue of material fact exists.”)

(citations omitted).

E. The ADA

¶ 15 To the extent father alleges that the Department’s failure to

make reasonable efforts or accommodations itself was a disputed

material fact, we disagree.

1. Applicable Law

¶ 16 The ADA requires a public entity, such as the county

department of human services, to make reasonable

accommodations for qualified individuals with disabilities. See

People in Interest of C.Z., 2015 COA 87, ¶ 11; see also 42 U.S.C.

§ 12102 (defining “disability” under the ADA); 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8)

(defining “qualified individual” under the ADA).

¶ 17 Whether a parent is a qualified individual with a disability

under the ADA requires a case-by-case determination. See Colo.

State Bd. of Dental Exam’rs v. Major, 996 P.2d 246, 249 (Colo. App.

1999). Before a department can be required to provide reasonable

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accommodations under the ADA, it must know that the individual

has a qualifying disability, either because the disability is obvious

or because someone has informed the department of the disability.

People in Interest of S.K., 2019 COA 36, ¶ 22. Thus, while a

department must provide appropriate screening and assessments of

a parent, a parent is responsible for disclosing information

regarding their disability. Id. at ¶ 21. And a parent should also

identify any modifications that they believe are necessary to

accommodate their disability. Id.

2. Analysis

¶ 18 Father filed a “Notice of Americans with Disabilities Act

Applicability” alerting the juvenile court that he qualified as a

person with a disability pursuant to the ADA. However, we are not

convinced that father’s status as a qualified individual, in and of

itself, prevented the court from adjudicating the children dependent

or neglected.

¶ 19 Father cites section 24-34-805(2)(e), C.R.S. 2024, in support of

his claim that he should have been provided reasonable

accommodations to explore whether he would have been able to

parent the children with assistance. This section requires that, in a

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dependency and neglect case under title 19, the court “shall find

whether reasonable accommodations and modifications” under the

ADA “were provided to avoid nonemergency removal on the basis of

disability.” § 24-34-805(2)(e). Although father notified the court

that he was a qualified person with a disability under the ADA, he

did not identify any necessary accommodations. See S.K., ¶ 21

(“[T]he parent is responsible for disclosing to the Department and

the juvenile court information regarding his or her mental

impairment. . . . And the parent should also identify any

modifications that he or she believes are necessary to accommodate

the disability.”). Moreover, father’s notice stated that should he

“require any accommodations or modifications,” his counsel would

“confer . . . and motion the [c]ourt.” No such motion was filed prior

to the entry of the summary judgment order.

¶ 20 On appeal, father asserts that the Department failed to provide

reasonable accommodations by making “no efforts to find a

location” where he could have parented with assistance. But, for

most of the case, father was living at care facilities and did not

request that the department consider alternative facilities that may

have allowed for placement of the children with him. See id.

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¶ 21 Thus, assuming without deciding that section 24-34-805(2)(e)

applies at the adjudicatory phase, father points to no specific,

reasonable accommodation that he requested or which could have

been provided that would have addressed his needs and allowed

him to act as a protective parent for the children. While we are

sympathetic to father’s situation, the record does not reflect a

disputed issue of material fact regarding whether the Department

made reasonable accommodations prior to his adjudication.

F. Section 19-3-102(1)(e)

¶ 22 We conclude that the undisputed facts give rise to only one

reasonable inference: the children were not domiciled with father

and lacked proper parental care through no fault of father. See

§ 19-3-102(1)(e). Mother admitted that the children were dependent

and neglected because they were in an injurious environment while

in her care. And father admitted that he could not care for the

children.

¶ 23 While father’s response asserted that the Department failed to

make reasonable efforts, as explained above he failed to articulate

any specific action that the Department could have taken to allow

the children to be placed with him. Counsel’s allegation,

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unsubstantiated by competent evidence, did not demonstrate a

triable issue of fact. See Todd, ¶¶ 13-14. Furthermore, father

admits that, at the time of the adjudication, the children were not

living with him. See People in Interest of C.T., 746 P.2d 56, 58

(Colo. App. 1987) (“A determination of dependency and neglect must

be based on a consideration of existing circumstances and not on

speculation concerning future possibilities.”).

¶ 24 We conclude the undisputed facts demonstrate that the

children were in an injurious environment with mother prior to

their removal, and father was unable to care for them through no

fault of his own. Thus, the trial court did not err by adjudicating

the children dependent and neglected relative to father pursuant to

section 19-3-102(1)(e).

III. Constitutionality of Section 19-3-102(1)(e)

¶ 25 Father also asserts that section 19-3-102(1)(e) is

unconstitutionally overbroad on its face and as applied to him. We

decline to address this issue because it was not properly preserved.

¶ 26 While divisions of this court have reached different

conclusions on whether to address unpreserved constitutional

arguments in dependency and neglect cases, see People in Interest

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of M.B., 2020 COA 13, ¶ 34, the general rule in civil cases is that

parties may not raise for the first time on appeal “[a]rguments never

presented to, considered by, or ruled upon by a trial court,” Colo.

Div. of Ins. v. Statewide Bonding, Inc., 2022 COA 67, ¶ 73. While

father correctly asserts that “talismanic language” is not required to

preserve an issue, a party must still have presented the “sum and

substance” of the argument to the district court. Madalena v.

Zurich Am. Ins. Co., 2023 COA 32, ¶ 50 (citation omitted).

¶ 27 The sum and substance of father’s argument on appeal — that

section 19-3-102(1)(e) is “unconstitutionally overbroad as written

and applied in this case” and that it was “not specifically fashioned

and narrowly tailored to further its legitimate objective” — was not

presented to the juvenile court. Moreover, father’s undeveloped

reference to his due process right to a jury trial was insufficient to

place the juvenile court on notice that father was contesting the

constitutionality of section 19-3-102(1)(e). See Berra v. Springer &

Steinberg, P.C., 251 P.3d 567, 570 (Colo. App. 2010) (an issue is

preserved when it is brought to the court’s attention and the court

has an opportunity to rule on it). We therefore decline to address

the issue further.

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IV. Disposition

¶ 28 The judgment is affirmed.

JUDGE FOX and JUDGE HARRIS concur.

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