Maria Isaura Moya Hernandez; M. D. C. L-P v. MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General

NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MARIA ISAURA MOYA
HERNANDEZ; M. D. C. L-P,
Petitioners,
v.
MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney
General,
Respondent.
No. 21-1437
Agency Nos.
A209-986-968
A209-986-969
MEMORANDUM*
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted July 17, 2023**
Before: HAWKINS, S.R. THOMAS, and McKEOWN, Circuit Judges.
Maria Isaura Moya Hernandez and her minor daughter (“Moya-
Hernandez”), natives and citizens of El Salvador, petition for review of a Board of
Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision affirming an Immigration Judge (“IJ”)’s
FILED
JUL 19 2023
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

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decision denying asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the
Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252. Where, as here, the BIA issues its own opinion, “[w]e review only the
BIA’s decision, except to the extent that it expressly adopts the IJ’s opinion.”
Flores-Lopez v. Holder, 685 F.3d 857, 861 (9th Cir. 2012). We review the BIA’s
factual findings regarding asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT protection for
substantial evidence, affirming “unless any reasonable adjudicator would be
compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Gutierrez-Alm v. Garland, 62 F.4th 1186,
1194, 1198, 1201 (9th Cir. 2023) (citation omitted). Because the parties are
familiar with the factual and procedural history of the case, we need not recount it
here. We deny the petition for review.
1. Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s finding that Moya Hernandez
did not establish the required nexus for asylum or withholding of removal. To
meet the nexus requirement, a noncitizen must show that her protected ground was
“a reason” (withholding of removal) or “one central reason” (asylum) that she has
been or will be harmed. See Barajas-Romero v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 351, 357–58 (9th
Cir. 2017) (citing 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(i), 1231(b)(3)(A), (C)). Here,
however, the evidence shows that the gang members who extorted Moya
Hernandez and threatened her daughter did so in order to make money for their
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gang. The record does not compel the conclusion that any protected ground was “a
reason” or “one central reason” that the gang members extorted Moya Hernandez
and threatened her daughter.
2. Substantial evidence also supports the BIA’s finding that Moya
Hernandez did not establish eligibility for CAT protection. For CAT protection, a
noncitizen “must prove that it is ‘more likely than not that he or she would be
tortured if removed to the proposed country.’” Id. at 361 (quoting 8 C.F.R.
§ 208.16(c)(2)). “Torture is an extreme form of cruel and inhuman treatment and
does not include lesser forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment that do not amount to torture.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(2); Ahmed v.
Keisler, 504 F.3d 1183, 1200–01 (9th Cir. 2007); Vitug v. Holder, 723 F.3d 1056,
1066 (9th Cir. 2013). In addition, “generalized evidence of violence and
crime . . . not particular to Petitioners . . . is insufficient” to establish eligibility for
CAT protection. Delgado-Ortiz v. Holder, 600 F.3d 1148, 1152 (9th Cir. 2010).
Here, the IJ and BIA recognized that the harm Moya Hernandez faced was
“frightening and serious.” However the record does not compel the conclusion that
the harm she experienced was “extreme” rising to torture, Ahmed, 504 F.3d at
1200–01; Vitug, 723 F.3d at 1066, or that Hernandez Moya, in particular, would
likely be tortured if she was removed to El Salvador, Delgado-Ortiz, 600 F.3d at
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1152.
PETITION DENIED.
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