United States of America v. Michael Minas

NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
MICHAEL MINAS,
Defendant-Appellant.
No. 16-30209
D.C. No.
1:14-cr-00109-EJL-1
MEMORANDUM*
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Idaho
Edward J. Lodge, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted August 29, 2017
Seattle, Washington
Before: McKEOWN and GOULD, Circuit Judges, and ROTHSTEIN,** District
Judge.
Michael Minas, a physician, appeals his conviction on 80 counts of
distribution of a controlled substance. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §
1291, and we affirm.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
** The Honorable Barbara Jacobs Rothstein, United States District Judge
for the Western District of Washington, sitting by designation.
FILED
SEP 14 2017
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

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2 16-30209
Physicians are subject to criminal prosecution under 21 U.S.C. § 841 when
their actions fall outside the usual course of professional practice and are
conducted with no legitimate medical purpose. United States v. Feingold, 454
F.3d 1001, 1003 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing United States v. Moore, 423 U.S. 122, 124
(1975)); see also 21 C.F.R. § 1306.04(a). The indictment tracked the language of §
841 and properly alleged that Minas acted outside the usual course of professional
practice and with no legitimate medical purpose.
The district court properly denied Minas’s motion for a hearing under
Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978). Minas failed to show that the search
warrant affiant intentionally or recklessly made false statements or omitted
information in the affidavit.
Minas objected to the district court’s admitting expert testimony related to
morphine equivalent dose (“MED”), the Idaho Board of Medicine’s Model Policy
on the use of opioid analgesics, and Idaho’s opioid epidemic. Where a defendant
objects before the trial court, we review evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion.
United States v. Hankey, 203 F.3d 1160, 1166-67 (9th Cir. 2000). Where a
defendant fails to make a Rule 403 objection before the trial court, we review for
plain error. United States v. Gomez-Norena, 908 F.2d 497, 500 (9th Cir. 1990).
MED is a standard tool used to calculate the overall strength of opioid narcotics.
The Model Policy is nationally and locally recognized as reflecting the relevant,

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3 16-30209
usual course of professional practice. Testimony revealed that Idaho adopted the
Model Policy in part because of concerns over Idaho’s opioid epidemic.
Accordingly, this expert testimony was not only helpful to the jury, but was
necessary to assess whether Minas’s actions were criminal; and, therefore, the
district court properly admitted the testimony. See Feingold, 454 F.3d at 1007;
United States v. Boettjer, 569 F.2d 1078, 1082 (9th Cir. 1978).
The government having presented ample evidence of Minas’s guilt through
the testimony of twenty-two witnesses, the district court did not err in concluding
that sufficient evidence supported the conviction. See Feingold, 454 F.3d at 1004-
06, 1012-13; see also United States v. Varma, 691 F.2d 460, 464 n.2 (10th Cir.
1982) (collecting cases). Nor did it err in denying Minas’s proposed jury
instruction that defined the “practice of medicine” in Idaho. The instruction would
have been confusing, and the instructions given fairly and adequately covered the
proper finding of intent. See Feingold, 454 F.3d at 1008.
AFFIRMED.

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