United States of America v. Russell Pike

NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
RUSSELL PIKE,
Defendant - Appellant.
No. 12-10479
D.C. No. 2:09-cr-00147-JCM-
GWF-1
MEMORANDUM*
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Nevada
James C. Mahan, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted September 12, 2013
San Francisco, California
Before: SCHROEDER and BYBEE, Circuit Judges, and BEISTLINE, Chief
District Judge. **
Following a six-day bench trial, Russell Pike was convicted of one count of
tax evasion in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7201 and sentenced to 52 months’
imprisonment. Pike appeals his conviction and sentence. We affirm.
FILED
SEP 30 2013
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
** The Honorable Ralph R. Beistline, Chief District Judge for the U.S.
District Court for the District of Alaska, sitting by designation.

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I
The elements of tax evasion are “will-fulness; the existence of a tax
deficiency; and an affirmative act constituting an evasion or attempted evasion of
the tax.” Sansone v. United States, 380 U.S. 343, 351 (1965) (internal citations
omitted). Pike contends that he did not commit an affirmative act of tax evasion
under Sansone because forward dating a stock purchase agreement “does not have
the requisite effect of reducing the stated tax liability.” Id. at 352. Pike correctly
points out that his tax liability is based on the date he received payment for his
shares, not the date specified in the agreement. But he misreads Sansone as
suggesting that forward dating an agreement is not an affirmative act of evasion.
The portion of Sansone that Pike relies on merely establishes that § 7201 requires a
tax deficiency in addition to an affirmative act. Following the phrase quoted by
Pike, the Court offers a hypothetical scenario “where a taxpayer understates his
gross receipts and he offsets this by also understating his deductible expenses.” Id.
The Court concludes that “in such a case . . . [he] would not have violated § 7201
as there would not have been the requisite § 7201 element of a tax deficiency.” Id.
at 353 (emphasis added).
The Court established in United States v. Spies, 317 U.S. 492 (1943), that an
“affirmative willful attempt may be inferred from . . . any conduct, the likely effect
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of which would be to mislead or to conceal.” Id. at 499. Forward dating a stock
purchase agreement would not change Pike’s tax liability, but it would potentially
conceal the liability by making it appear as if he received cash for his shares in
2007 rather than 2006. See id. (“[A]ffirmative willful attempt may be inferred
from conduct such as . . . making false entries of alterations . . . [or] concealment
of assets or covering up sources of income.”). We have upheld convictions under §
7201 where the defendant attempted to conceal his tax liability even though the act
of concealment did not alter the underlying liability. See, e.g., United States v.
Mal, 942 F.2d 682, 684 (9th Cir. 1991); United States v. Voorhies, 658 F.2d 710,
712–13 (9th Cir. 1981). The district court’s finding that Pike attempted to forward
date a stock purchase agreement is sufficient to support the conclusion that Pike
committed an affirmative act of evasion.
II
Pike also argues that the lawyers who represented him at trial were
constitutionally ineffective. He first asserts that his counsel failed to elicit
testimony from tax attorney Peter Rinato that he allegedly advised Pike not to file a
tax return in October 2007. But Pike’s attorney Kevin Leik asked Rinato whether
he “g[a]ve any more information to Russell regarding his taxes” after April 2007
and Rinato answered “No.” Furthermore, Pike was not prejudiced by his lawyer’s
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unwillingness to press Rinato on the issue. While Pike’s failure to file a tax return
is evidence of willfulness under § 7201, the district court separately concluded that
Pike acted wilfully by attempting to forward date a stock purchase agreement for
tax reasons and informing others that he knew that he owed taxes on the
transaction. The evidence supports the district court’s conclusion that Pike acted
willfully even if Rinato told him not to file a tax return before October 15, 2007.
Next, Pike alleges that his lawyers neglected to impeach the credibility of
government witnesses Karim Mastakiya and Kirk Sanford. But Pike’s lawyer Leik
tried to cross-examine them about their own alleged involvement in fraud and tax
evasion. The court sustained an objection to the introduction of the testimony over
Leik’s protest. Additionally, any error attributable to Leik did not prejudice Pike
because government witness Bill Underhill offered cumulative testimony about
Pike’s efforts to evade his tax obligations, and his credibility was not in doubt.
Pike also contends that his lawyers erred by not calling Carol Evelyn Brown
as a defense witness. Regardless of their reasons for not doing so, the decision did
not prejudice Pike. Pike claims that Brown would have testified that he did not sell
his personal stock, but rather he engaged in nominee transactions whereby he acted
as an intermediary through whom Xyience stock was sold to new investors. But
this theory was developed by Pike at trial and rejected by the district court in light
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of the overwhelming evidence that he was selling his own shares. On direct
examination by the government, Brown testified that she issued stock certificate
number 11, among others, to Pike and then transferred some of the shares
represented by that certificate to other investors at Pike’s request. Any testimony
Brown offered to the effect that Pike was not selling his own personal shares would
therefore have flatly contradicted her own prior testimony, which was supported by
ample documentary evidence.
Finally, Pike alleges a host of other shortcomings by trial counsel, including
unfamiliarity with federal practice and deficient preparation. But Pike does not
indicate how he was prejudiced by these additional instances of alleged
ineffectiveness. His counsel’s various shortcomings did not meaningfully affect
the outcome of Pike’s trial. Furthermore, the district court did not abuse its
discretion by refusing to hold an evidentiary hearing or reopen the record to
address Pike’s ineffective assistance claims. Pike submitted numerous post-trial
declarations, and his new lawyers ably argued them before the court denied Pike’s
motion for a new trial. See United States v. Alexander, 695 F.2d 398, 402 (9th Cir.
1982) (“The decision to hold a hearing or to proceed by affidavit as done here is
within the sound discretion of the trial court. . . . We see no abuse of discretion in
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the failure to hold a full hearing when the affidavits themselves established the
evidence was insufficient to support the motion.”).
III
Pike’s various contentions that the district court erred in sentencing him to
52 months’ imprisonment also lack merit. We assume arguendo that the district
court needed to find by clear and convincing evidence that the tax loss suffered by
the government exceeded $1 million to support Pike’s sentence. The government
introduced evidence that, under the most conservative assumptions, Pike owed
more than $1.1 million in tax on his stock sales during 2006. Overwhelming
evidence indicates that Pike sold his own personal shares: his name appeared as the
seller on multiple stock purchase agreements, the money was wired to his
individual bank account, and he treated all of the proceeds that he transferred to
Xyience as retiring his debt to the company and creating a loan payable to himself
on his subsequent tax returns and his personal bankruptcy filing. But even if Pike
sold Xyience stock as a nominee and wrongly retained the proceeds, he still owed
tax on these ill-gotten gains. See James v. United States, 366 U.S. 213, 219
(1961); United States v. George, 420 F.3d 991, 998 (9th Cir. 2005).
The district court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to hold an
evidentiary hearing on the tax loss calculation. Pike’s new counsel presented
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affidavits in support of his position and argued them before the court at sentencing.
See United States v. Stein, 127 F.3d 777, 780–81 (9th Cir. 1997) (“Where the
district court allows the defendant to ‘rebut the recommendations and allegations
of the presentence report either orally or through the submission of written
affidavits or briefs,’ Rule 32 does not require an evidentiary hearing.”) (citation
omitted). Finally, the district court fully discharged its duty under Rule 32(i)(3)(B)
to rule on all disputed portions of the presentence report. The court addressed and
rejected Pike’s contention that he sold Xyience treasury stock rather than his
personal stock at every stage of the trial, including sentencing. To the extent that
the district court failed to answer Pike’s minor objections—such as whether he or
his brother purchased an expensive car—there is no need to remand for the district
court to make findings on irrelevant facts that do not affect the length of Pike’s
sentence. See United States v. Saeteurn, 504 F.3d 1175, 1181 (“[A]lthough the
district court did not resolve [defendant’s] objection to his citizenship status as
listed on the PSR, the district court’s failure to do so did not violate Rule
32(i)(3)(B), which is limited to factual disputes which affect the temporal term of
the sentence the district court imposes.”).
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
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