In re: Morse Electric Co., 805 F.2d 262, 264-65 (7th Cir. 1986). An order permitting a

† The appeal was resolved by summary order issued shortly after
oral argument, with a notation that an opinion would follow.
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________
Nos. 05-2061 & 05-2093
I N THE M ATTER OF :
UAL C ORPORATION , et al.,
Debtors-Appellees.
A PPEALS OF :
I NDEPENDENT F IDUCIARY S ERVICES , I NC .
____________
Appeals from the United States District Court for
the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 05 C 181—John W. Darrah, Judge.
____________
A RGUED M AY 9, 2005—D ECIDED M AY 9, 2005 †
O PINION I SSUED M AY 24, 2005
____________
Before POSNER, EASTERBROOK, and EVANS, Circuit Judges.
E ASTERBROOK , Circuit Judge. When United Airlines pro-
posed to terminate its pension plans and transfer residual
obligations to the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation,
questions about the appropriateness of its remaining as
fiduciary of those plans were resolved by replacing United
in that role with Independent Fiduciary Services, Inc. (IFS).

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2 Nos. 05-2061 & 05-2093
As part of this switch, IFS acknowledged that its capacity
would be administrative only—to ensure collection of all
sums due, and their correct distribution under the plans’
terms, but not to take any position on whether those terms
should be altered. That is consistent with the understanding
that deciding how much financial security to offer employees
is an entrepreneurial rather than a fiduciary function. See
Hughes Aircraft Co. v. Jacobson, 525 U.S. 432 (1999);
Lockheed Corp. v. Spink, 517 U.S. 882 (1996).
Notwithstanding this limit on the scope of its engagement,
IFS sought to participate in a hearing under 11 U.S.C.
§1113 at which the bankruptcy court would consider
whether United can reject two of its collective bargaining
agreements. Subsection 1113(d)(1) provides that “[a]ll inter-
ested parties may appear and be heard at such hearing”,
and IFS contends that it is an “interested party” because
rejection of an agreement may affect United’s pension obli-
gations or the priority that legally required minimum pen-
sion funding after the plans’ termination will receive in the
bankruptcy. One of United’s goals in the §1113 proceeding
is obtaining the court’s approval to terminate pension plans
over the unions’ opposition. IFS wants to oppose rejection;
it expresses particular concern that United and its unions
may reach a compromise that would affect the pensions of
workers already retired. The bankruptcy judge ruled that
IFS is not an “interested party” under §1113(d)(1), the
district judge affirmed, and IFS immediately appealed.
Appellate jurisdiction is the initial question. IFS treats
the bankruptcy judge’s order as a denial of intervention. A
decision denying a motion to intervene as of right is appeal-
able immediately because it finally concludes the putative
intervenor’s rights, for only a party may appeal from the ul-
timate decision. An appeal from the order denying inter-
vention is the only way to become a party and thus must
precede decision on the merits. See, e.g., Cascade Natural
Gas Corp. v. El Paso Natural Gas Co., 386 U.S. 129 (1967).

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Nos. 05-2061 & 05-2093 3
That principle does not fit this situation, however, because
IFS already is a party to United’s bankruptcy proceeding.
If United’s proposal to reject the collective bargaining
agreement initiated an adversary action, with a separate
set of parties, then the fit would be better. But it did not; a
proceeding under §1113 is a “contested matter” within the
bankruptcy judge’s core jurisdiction rather than an ad-
versary proceeding. 28 U.S.C. §157(b). No appellate opinion
holds that a bankruptcy judge’s decision whether a given
participant in the proceedings is an “interested party” under
§1113 is equivalent to the denial of intervention; indeed, as
far as we can tell this is the first time any dispute about
either substance or procedure under §1113(d)(1) has reached
a court of appeals.
This leads IFS to contend that a dispute about its par-
ticipation is appealable as a “collateral order” under Cohen
v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541 (1949), be-
cause it is important, not subject to reconsideration in the
trial court, distinct from the merits, and unreviewable as a
practical matter later. The first three ingredients of the
Cohen formula are established here, but the fourth is in
doubt. If the bankruptcy judge erred in concluding that IFS
is not an “interested party” under §1113(d), that at least in
principle could be addressed on appeal from the final
decision. The Supreme Court insists that the normal costs
of litigation (including the costs of re-trying cases infected
by error), and the normal chariness of appellate courts asked
to reverse for mistakes that may well prove to be harmless,
do not justify immediate review of procedural steps said to
be erroneous. See, e.g., Stringfellow v. Concerned Neighbors
in Action, 480 U.S. 370, 376-77 (1987); Lauro Lines S.R.L.
v. Chasser, 490 U.S. 495 (1989).
Yet it is difficult to see when and how IFS could obtain
appellate review from the final decision, because it is less
than clear what the “final” decision would be. Unlike the
disposition of an adversary proceeding, which is appealable

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4 Nos. 05-2061 & 05-2093
on the same terms as the final resolution of separate liti-
gation, an order resolving a contested matter within the core
proceeding is appealable only if equivalent to the disposition
of a stand-alone suit. See, e.g., In re Morse Electric Co., 805
F.2d 262, 264-65 (7th Cir. 1986). An order permitting a
debtor to reject a collective bargaining agreement does not
meet that description, because it leaves remedial questions
unresolved. Rejection is equivalent to breach of contract out-
side bankruptcy: it converts an obligation to perform into an
obligation to pay money for non-performance. See NLRB v.
Bildisco & Bildisco, 465 U.S. 513, 530-31 (1984). Valuation
of the financial obligation may not be complete until the
plan of reorganization, and IFS would face formidable hur-
dles in attempting to appeal from an order confirming the
final plan.
Because a plan authorizes (and often requires) many per-
sons to act in reliance on judicial assurance that they are
safe in doing so, courts are exceedingly reluctant to upset a
plan after it has taken effect. See In re UNR Industries,
Inc., 20 F.3d 766 (7th Cir. 1994). As a practical matter re-
view of a confirmed plan is possible only if it has been stayed
pending appeal, and a stay is possible only if supported by
a bond. IFS’s role in this reorganization is too small to make
a bond practical—it would have to secure the bond with its
own assets rather than those of the pension funds, and the
assets of a management company won’t be up to the task.
A substantial risk that the need to post a large bond would
foreclose access to a decision on the merits led to review not
only in Cohen, the original collateral-order opinion, but also
in Pennzoil Co. v. Texaco, Inc., 481 U.S. 1 (1987). Even a
party willing and able to post a bond may discover that the
court will not stay a final plan of reorganization, the
benefits of which may depend on prompt implementation.
United has made clear that it will do everything in its
power to frustrate appellate review of IFS’s contentions at
any later time, if that review could delay the resolution of
the bankruptcy.

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Nos. 05-2061 & 05-2093 5
Now a flat rule that the difficulty or expense of blocking
a confirmed plan of reorganization allows immediate appeal
would as a practical matter abolish the final-decision rule
in bankruptcy. It therefore could not be applied generally.
Requiring litigants to bear some expense or risk in order to
obtain appellate review helps to curtail the demand for
order-by-order interlocutory decisions. See Powers v. Chicago
Transit Authority, 846 F.2d 1139 (7th Cir. 1988). But fidu-
ciaries cannot be expected to put their own wealth on the
line in order to protect the beneficiaries. This is why the
Supreme Court held in Perlman v. United States, 247 U.S.
7 (1918), that a client could appeal from an order requiring
an attorney to disclose documents said to be privileged; the
Court thought that it would be unwarranted to demand that
the attorney, who served only as a fiduciary in holding the
documents, put his own liberty or wealth at risk in order to
set up an appellate decision. See also Church of Scientology
v. United States, 506 U.S. 9, 18 n.11 (1992); Burden-Meeks
v. Welch, 319 F.3d 897, 899-900 (7th Cir. 2003). Cf.
United States v. Ryan, 402 U.S. 530 (1971) (clients must risk
their own liberty or wealth to obtain interlocutory review).
By analogy, a fiduciary such as IFS is entitled to a procedure
that allows review without requiring it to stake its corporate
existence to obtain an effective appeal later. We therefore
have jurisdiction of IFS’s appeal.
The merits are easier. Although the Bankruptcy Code does
not define the term “interested party,” and no appellate de-
cision has addressed its meaning, it is most naturally read
to mean “party to the collective bargaining agreement” or a
guarantor of that contract. IFS wants us to treat it as
equivalent to the term “party in interest” under §1109(b),
on which see FutureSource LLC v. Reuters Ltd., 312 F.3d
281, 284 (7th Cir. 2002), and thus as including any person
with a financial stake in the employer’s performance of the
collective bargaining agreement, but that would make
§1113 proceedings unmanageable. Section 1109(b) defines

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6 Nos. 05-2061 & 05-2093
who is a party to the bankruptcy; the set of “interested
parties” for particular purposes such as §1113 must be its
subset. Otherwise every employee individually would have
to be notified and allowed to participate when the employer
proposes to reject a collective bargaining agreement, though
for every other purpose the union acts as the employees’
representative; more, every retiree would receive separate
notice and an opportunity to be heard; tax collectors, unse-
cured creditors that might gain if the debtor altered its
obligations to labor—the list would go on and on.
Labor and management are free to change their agree-
ments without any complaint by individual workers or
pensioners—or for that matter by other third-party ben-
eficiaries, including pension fiduciaries. What labor and
management may do voluntarily, the court may accomplish
in a §1113 proceeding. There is no reason to include in the
§1113 proceeding any person or entity whose consent would
be unnecessary to a voluntary change in the agreement. All
of the legally protected interests are represented by labor,
management, and the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corpora-
tion. Because IFS is not entitled to block a change in the
collective bargaining agreements, it also is not entitled to
participate in the litigation as an “interested party.”
A FFIRMED
A true Copy:
Teste:
________________________________
Clerk of the United States Court of
Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
USCA-02-C-0072—5-24-05

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