Jerome J. Pate v. Huntington National Bank, itself

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 14a0219n.06
Case No. 13-3493
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
JEROME J. PATE; FRANCES L. PATE; G.
MURRAY CALDWELL; CHARLES L. DAVIS;
GEORGE GLAUBER; MARTHA GLAUBER;
GAIL LYTHOS, individually and as heir to other
Nicholas Lythos; EARL C. SNELL; JOHN
VARGO; DORIS C. VARGO,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
HUNTINGTON NATIONAL BANK, itself and as
corporate successor to other First National Bank
of Zanesville other County Savings Bank other
Unizan Bank; FIFTH THIRD BANK, itself and as
corporate successor by merger to other Citizens
Bank other Strongsville Savings Bank;
SUNTRUST BANK, N.A.; WELLS FARGO
BANK, N.A., Itself and as corporate successor by
merger to Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. and through it
to other First United Bank other First United
Bancorp other First Union; JOHN DOE BANKS
1-10,
Defendants-Appellees.
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ON APPEAL FROM THE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT
COURT FOR THE NORTHERN
DISTRICT OF OHIO
O P I N I O N
BEFORE: NORRIS, COLE, and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges.
COLE, Circuit Judge. In 1998 and 1999, the named plaintiffs in this class action
purchased notes from non-existent businesses purportedly owned by James P. Carpenter III.

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After several months, Carpenter stopped paying Plaintiffs the regular interest he promised, and
he refused to redeem their notes at maturity. Plaintiffs now seek to recover from several banks
where Carpenter kept accounts for his sham businesses and where Plaintiffs’ checks to purchase
the notes were deposited. The district court granted the banks’ motions to dismiss on the basis
that the statute of limitations had expired.
The sole claim Plaintiffs assert is a violation of § 3-420 of the Uniform Commercial Code
(“UCC”), which prohibits the conversion of a written instrument. See Ohio Rev. Code
§ 1303.60. A separate provision of the UCC provides that claims for conversion of an
instrument are subject to a three-year statute of limitations. See Ohio Rev. Code § 1303.16(G).
If this provision alone governs, Plaintiffs’ claim is time-barred. But Plaintiffs argue that a
discovery rule set forth elsewhere in the Ohio Revised Code tolled the statute of limitations until
they discovered the identity of the defendant banks. See Ohio Rev. Code § 2305.09. The only
issue on appeal is whether this statutory discovery rule applies to Plaintiffs’ claim.
This court has already heard two appeals arising from the same essential set of facts. In
both cases, the court held that the statute of limitations on the plaintiffs’ UCC claims had run.
See Bandy v. Fifth Third Bank, 519 F. App’x 900 (6th Cir. 2013); Metz v. Unizan Bank, 649 F.3d
492 (6th Cir. 2011). We consider this question anew, but arrive at the same conclusion. Because
we agree with the district court that the discovery rule set forth in Ohio Rev. Code § 2305.09
does not apply to Plaintiffs’ claim, and therefore that it is time-barred, we affirm the district
court’s dismissal.

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I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
In 1998 and 1999, Plaintiffs invested in one of two fraudulent, non-existent business
entities, Lomas de la Barra Development, Inc. (“Lomas”) and Serengeti Diamonds, USA, Inc.
(“Serengeti”), both purportedly owned by James P. Carpenter III. Plaintiffs purchased notes, and
in exchange Carpenter promised Plaintiffs an annual return of 10.9%, which Carpenter claimed
was guaranteed by a corporate third party. Although Carpenter did indeed issue “interest”
payments at first, he stopped doing so sometime in 1999, and he also refused to redeem the notes
at maturity. He then led Plaintiffs into false state-court litigation against the supposed third-party
guarantor. Carpenter was convicted of eighteen counts of fraud in 2007 and is currently serving
a nine-year sentence.
Plaintiffs now bring suit against banks at which Carpenter had maintained checking
accounts in the name of his fraudulent business entities. They allege that the defendant banks
“allowed Carpenter to open one or more depositary bank accounts . . . for business entities that
had no legal or actual existence in Ohio,” and that the banks unlawfully converted Plaintiffs’
written instruments by depositing their checks into Carpenter’s accounts. According to
Plaintiffs, “[d]uring 1998 and through February 1999 . . . between one hundred and one hundred
and fifty checks made out to Lomas and Serengeti,” totaling over four million dollars, were
deposited. Plaintiffs allege that Huntington began an investigation of Carpenter’s accounts in
January 1999, but that the bank nevertheless allowed Carpenter to withdraw Plaintiffs’ funds.
They also claim that Fifth Third Bank operated one checking account in Lomas’s name, and that
both SunTrust and Wells Fargo operated three accounts each for Lomas and Serengeti. Plaintiffs

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allege that the banks handled a total of $10,600,000 in converted funds, but they disclaim
damages above $4,999,999.
B. Prior Litigation
The instant law suit is the fifth federal action filed against some or all of the defendant
banks, stemming from their purported contribution to Carpenter’s fraudulent scheme. The
overwhelming majority of the individual plaintiffs in this case were involved in one or more of
these prior actions. In each of the four cases, the claims against the defendant banks were
dismissed, and this court affirmed in two separate appeals. See Metz, 649 F.3d at 495; Bandy,
519 F. App’x at 901.
The district court summarized each of the preceding cases in its opinion dismissing
Plaintiffs’ claims. We therefore decline to repeat this history in detail, but we offer a brief
overview of the litigation. In the four cases preceding this one, the plaintiffs brought various
common-law and UCC claims against banks where they and Carpenter held accounts. The banks
moved to dismiss the UCC claims on the basis that they were time-barred, and in each case the
district court granted the motion. See Bandy v. Fifth Third Bank, No. 1:08 CV 1064, 2011 WL
4463415, at *2, 5–9 (N.D. Ohio Sept. 27, 2011); Blair v. JP Morgan Chase Bank Nat’l, No. 1:08
CV 00971 SO, 2009 WL 8580038, at *10–14 (N.D. Ohio Sept. 30, 2009); Loyd v. Huntington
Nat’l Bank, No. 1:08 CV 02301 DCN, 2009 WL 1767585, at *4–11 (N.D. Ohio June 18, 2009);
Metz v. Unizan Bank, 416 F. Supp. 2d 568, 572–73, 574–79 (N.D. Ohio 2006). In Loyd, Blair,
and Bandy, the plaintiffs specifically identified Ohio Rev. Code § 2305.09—the same discovery
rule statute at issue here—as the basis for their argument that their claims were not time-barred.
And, in all three cases, the district court rejected this argument.

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Metz, Loyd, and Blair were consolidated on appeal. This court determined that the
plaintiffs had failed to state claims for conversion and could not have done so anyway due to
Ohio Rev. Code § 1303.60(A), which provides that “[a]n action for conversion of an instrument
may not be brought by the issuer or acceptor of the instrument”—in other words, by an
individual who signed the subsequently converted check. See Metz, 649 F.3d at 497–98.
Although the court did not address § 2305.09 specifically, it concluded that the discovery rule
did not apply to the plaintiffs’ UCC claims and that Carpenter’s and the banks’ alleged
wrongdoing occurred between 1998 and 2000, giving the plaintiffs until 2003 at the latest to
bring suit. Id. Lastly, the court noted in dicta that even if the discovery rule were to apply, the
statute of limitations would begin running when the plaintiffs had constructive, not actual, notice
of the banks’ wrongdoing, which occurred between 1998 and 2001. Id.
The same Sixth Circuit panel that decided Metz reaffirmed its holding in Bandy v. Fifth
Third Bank, an appeal of the fourth case filed against the banks. In Bandy, the court held that the
plaintiffs had failed to plead UCC conversion, but noted that even if they had pleaded the claims
adequately, they “would still be dismissed based on the statute of limitations.” 519 F. App’x at
903. The court further stated that the plaintiffs had “severely misconstrue[d] our holding in Metz
. . . as binding authority that non-issuers and non-acceptors of instruments may bring a claim for
U.C.C. conversion and apply the discovery rule to toll the statute of limitations.” Id. Lastly, the
court observed that “Ohio precedent . . . finds the discovery rule not applicable to any U.C.C.
conversion claims.” Id.
Plaintiffs now sue for the alleged conversion of third-party checks—that is, checks drawn
up by intermediaries—allowing them avoid the prohibition against claims for conversion brought
by “the issuer or acceptor of the instrument.” See Ohio Rev. Code § 1303.60(A). They

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unequivocally plead UCC conversion of an instrument as their only claim, and they argue that
the discovery rule set forth in § 2305.09 has tolled the limitations period.
C. Procedural History
Plaintiffs originally filed suit in the Court of Common Pleas of Summit County, Ohio on
March 26, 2012, alleging conversion of a negotiable instrument in violation of Ohio Rev. Code
§ 1303.60. The defendant banks removed the case to the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Ohio, pursuant to the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 1332(d)(2). The banks moved to dismiss on the basis that Plaintiffs’ claims were untimely, and
Plaintiffs moved to remand the case to state court. The district court denied the motion to
remand and then granted the motion to dismiss. Specifically, the district court held that
Plaintiffs’ UCC conversion claim was time-barred and that the limitations period set forth at
§ 1303.16(G) was not tolled by application of the discovery rule codified at § 2305.09. The
court further reasoned that, even if the discovery rule applied, Plaintiffs had nevertheless failed
to assert their rights before the expiration of the extended limitations period. Plaintiffs appealed.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Relevant Ohio Statutes
This appeal centers on the relationship between three provisions of the Ohio Revised
Code, two of which are derived from the Uniform Commercial Code, and one of which is not.
The first provision prohibits the conversion of a written instrument and forms the basis for
Plaintiffs’ claim:
The law applicable to conversion of personal property applies to instruments. An
instrument also is converted if it is taken by transfer, other than a negotiation,
from a person not entitled to enforce the instrument or if a bank makes or obtains
payment with respect to the instrument for a person not entitled to enforce the
instrument or receive payment.

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Ohio Rev. Code § 1303.60(A) (emphasis added); see also U.C.C. § 3-420(a) (2012). The banks
argue—and the district court agreed—that Plaintiffs’ claim is time-barred under another UCC
provision, which states:
Unless governed by other law regarding claims for indemnity or contribution, any
of the following actions shall be brought within three years after the cause of
action accrues:
(1) An action for conversion of an instrument . . . .
Ohio Rev. Code § 1303.16(G); see also U.C.C. § 3-118(g) (2012). This section “does not define
when a cause of action accrues.” Ohio Rev. Code § 1303.16 cmt. n.1 (1990). The application
notes provide the following guidance: “Accrual of a cause of action is stated in other sections of
Article 3 [of the UCC] such as those that state the various obligations of parties to an
instrument.” Id.
However, Plaintiffs contend that a third provision in Ohio’s code governs the applicable
statute of limitations. Section 2305.09(B) provides that a claim “[f]or the recovery of personal
property, or for taking or detaining it” can be brought “within four years after the cause thereof
accrued.” It further explains that, in actions “for the wrongful taking of personal property, the
causes thereof shall not accrue until the wrongdoer is discovered.” Id. § 2305.09 (emphasis
added). Plaintiffs therefore argue that their cause of action did not accrue until they actually
became aware of the identities of the banks that had converted their checks.
B. Standard of Review
This court reviews de novo a district court’s dismissal of a plaintiff’s complaint for
failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Kottmyer v. Maas, 436
F.3d 684, 688 (6th Cir. 2006). While the district court must “accept as true all the allegations

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contained in the complaint and construe the complaint liberally in favor of the plaintiff,” the
district court is not required to “accept as true legal conclusions or unwarranted factual
inferences.” Id. A complaint must allege facts that “raise a right to relief above the speculative
level” such that the plaintiff’s claim is “plausible on its face.” Bassett v. Nat’l Collegiate
Athletic Ass’n, 528 F.3d 426, 430 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.
544, 570 (2007)).
C. Statute of Limitations Pertaining to UCC Conversion Claim
Plaintiffs first argue that the district court should not have dismissed their claim as time-
barred at the motion to dismiss stage because the expiration of a limitations period is an
affirmative defense, with the defendant carrying the burden of proof. However, the case on
which Plaintiffs rely acknowledges that “dismissal is warranted ‘if the allegations in the
complaint affirmatively show that the claim is time-barred.’” Lutz v. Chesapeake Appalachia,
L.L.C., 717 F.3d 459, 464 (6th Cir. 2013) (citing Cataldo v. U.S. Steel Corp., 676 F.3d 542, 547
(6th Cir. 2012)). Such are the circumstances here. Plaintiffs do not dispute the district court’s
factual finding that the banks’ alleged acts of conversion occurred in 1998 and 1999—during
which time they also became aware that Carpenter was no longer paying interest on their notes
and refused to redeem them. Rather, they dispute the legal conclusion that they cannot benefit
from the statutory discovery rule. If the district court’s legal interpretation is correct, it was
permitted to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claim as untimely at the motion to dismiss stage.
In arguing that dismissal pursuant to the statute of limitations was improper, Plaintiffs
obliquely refer to “fraudulent concealment.” They correctly note that under Ohio common law,
“[t]he doctrine of fraudulent concealment tolls the statute of limitations as to those defendants
who committed or participated in the concealment.” Metz, 416 F. Supp. 2d at 579; see also Lutz,

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717 F.3d at 475. But Plaintiffs do not argue on appeal that the banks fraudulently concealed
their role in Carpenter’s scheme. While their complaint could be read to allege that Huntington
engaged in fraudulent concealment, this argument is not addressed in any depth in Plaintiffs’
brief, nor would it apply to any other defendant. All Plaintiffs offer on this subject is the
conclusory assertion that the banks handled Plaintiffs’ money “in [such] a way that the act of
theft was concealed from the victims for years.” Plaintiffs also did not address fraudulent
concealment in their district court briefs opposing the banks’ motions to dismiss.
Therefore, any argument pertaining to fraudulent concealment has been waived in the
appellate proceedings, and this court should not consider it as a possible means of extending the
limitations period. See Popovich v. Cuyahoga Cnty. Court of Common Pleas, 276 F.3d 808, 823
(6th Cir. 2002) (en banc) (“[I]ssues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by
some effort at developed argumentation, are deemed waived.” (quoting McPherson v. Kelsey,
125 F.3d 989, 995 (6th Cir. 1997)); see also Lutz, 717 F.3d at 475 (noting that, to qualify for
tolling due to fraudulent concealment, a plaintiff must “show that the defendant engaged in a
course of conduct to conceal evidence of the alleged wrongdoing,” and requiring that “’the acts
constituting fraudulent concealment of a claim be pled in the complaint’” (quoting Evans v.
Pearson Enters., Inc., 434 F.3d 839, 851 (6th Cir. 2006)). Thus, the district court did not err
simply by dismissing Plaintiffs’ claims at the motion to dismiss stage.
D. Applicability of Statutory Discovery Rule to UCC Conversion Claim
Plaintiffs make three arguments to support their contention that the discovery rule applies
to their claims. First, they read Metz to hold that the statutory discovery rule applies so long as a
plaintiff is not precluded from bringing a UCC conversion claim because he or she is the issuer
of the instrument in question. They note that this court’s decision in Bandy is unpublished and

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claim that it should therefore be disregarded to the extent that it conflicts with Metz. Second,
they posit that this court in Metz and Bandy held only that the common-law discovery rule does
not apply to their UCC conversion claims, but did not bar application of the statutory discovery
rule codified at Ohio Rev. Code § 2305.09. Third, they argue that the limitations period began
running when they had actual, not constructive, knowledge of the banks’ wrongdoing.
Each court to have considered Plaintiffs’ argument that a discovery rule applies to their
claims has rejected it. Judge Nugent was the first to consider the discovery rule question in Metz
and did so thoroughly. 416 F. Supp. 2d at 574–79. Although the plaintiffs in Metz did not bring
a claim for conversion of an instrument in violation of the UCC, they brought four other UCC
claims: one against their own banks for charging their accounts for checks not “properly
payable,” and three against Carpenter’s banks for violations of the duty to exercise reasonable
care and good faith and for “money had and received.” Id. at 574–75. These UCC claims are
subject to three-year statutes of limitations set forth in the UCC and codified in Ohio’s code. See
Ohio Rev. Code §§ 1303.16(G), 1304.09.
The district court in Metz noted that although the applicability of the discovery rule to
§ 1303.16(G) had not been directly addressed, Ohio courts had heard cases with similar claims.
In considering whether the discovery rule applied in these cases, the courts had “focused on the
objectives of the UCC in promoting negotiability, finality, and uniformity in commercial
transactions” and had surveyed authority from other states, concluding that “the ‘great bulk of
authority runs very strongly against’ the application of the discovery rule for claims involving
the theft or conversion of negotiable instruments.” Id. at 575 (quoting Palmer Mfg. & Supply,
Inc. v. BancOhio Nat’l Bank, 637 N.E.2d 386, 390 (Ohio Ct. App. 1994)). Ohio courts also
balanced the competing interests of, on the one hand, imposing a strict limitations period, and, on

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the other, allowing litigants to bring claims “where the injury complained of may not manifest
itself immediately.” Id. at 576 (citing, inter alia, O’Stricker v. Jim Walter Corp., 447 N.E.2d
727 (Ohio 1983)). Additionally, the court in Metz considered the clear language of the statute
and noted that the legislature could have included express language to indicate that a discovery
rule applied—as they had done for some causes of action—but refrained from doing so. Id. at
578 (citing Investors REIT One v. Jacobs, 546 N.E.2d 206, 211 (Ohio 1989)).
This court affirmed Metz with only a brief discussion of the discovery rule’s applicability.
See 649 F.3d at 497–98. However, a subsequent decision from one of Ohio’s appellate courts
confirmed that the district court’s analysis squared with Ohio law. See Mattlin Holdings, LLC v.
First City Bank, 937 N.E.2d 1087, 1089–91 (Ohio Ct. App. 2010). In Mattlin, the plaintiff
brought a claim for conversion under the UCC, and the court unequivocally held that “in the
absence of fraudulent concealment . . . the statute of limitations set forth in [O.]R.C. §
1303.16(G) is not tolled by a discovery rule.” Id. at 1091. The state court’s opinion even
referred to Judge Nugent’s opinion in Metz and relied heavily on its logic. Id. at 1089–91; see
also W. Ohio Colt Racing Ass’n v. Fast, No. 10-08-15, 2009 WL 737776, at *5 (Ohio Ct. App.
March 23, 2009) (applying § 1303.16(G)’s three-year statute of limitations to UCC conversion of
an instrument claim and stating that “[g]enerally, a cause of action accrues when the wrongful
act is committed”). In Bandy, this court cited Mattlin as authority establishing that the discovery
rule is not applicable to UCC conversion claims. See 519 F. App’x at 903. Mattlin remains
good law in Ohio.
1. Plaintiffs’ Reading of Metz and Bandy
Plaintiffs raise several arguments in an effort to persuade the court that Metz, Bandy, and
Mattlin do not control. They first insist that one particular sentence from Metz establishes that

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they are entitled to the benefit of § 2305.09’s discovery rule. In the section of the opinion
concluding that the Metz plaintiffs had failed to plead UCC conversion claims, the opinion noted,
“Plaintiffs cannot possibly re-characterize their claims to make use of the discovery rule in
§ 2305.09.” 649 F.3d at 497. From this, Plaintiffs deduce that, if they had presented claims for
UCC conversion, the statutory discovery rule would necessarily apply.
This reading must fail, for three reasons. First, immediately following this sentence,
Metz went on to hold that the discovery rule categorically did not apply to the three-year statute
of limitations for various UCC claims, set forth at § 1303.16(G). Id. at 497–98. This
unambiguous conclusion dispels any suggestion that § 2305.09 might apply to a claim for UCC
conversion of an instrument, because this cause of action is specifically identified in
§ 1303.16(G). Next, as the district court pointed out, the Bandy panel—consisting of the same
judges who decided Metz—expressly rejected the Plaintiffs’ reading of Metz. 519 F. App’x at
903. Finally, Mattlin also firmly establishes that the discovery rule does not toll the three-year
statute of limitations for UCC conversion claims. See 937 N.E.2d at 1091.
2. Statutory and Common-Law Discovery Rules
Plaintiffs next argue that Metz and Mattlin are inapplicable because those cases conclude
only that Ohio’s common law discovery rule does not apply to UCC conversion claims. They
claim that Metz and Mattlin shed no light on application of the statutory discovery rule set forth
in § 2305.09. It is true that neither of the Metz opinions, nor Mattlin, addresses § 2305.09
specifically; rather, they discuss the discovery rule as a general principle. However, the logic of
these cases extends to application of any discovery rule, whether derived from common law or
from statute. Plaintiffs’ attempts to distinguish their case from Metz and Mattlin are unavailing.

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Ultimately, Plaintiffs ask this court to overlook the fact that the UCC claim in question is
already subject to a statute of limitations established by another provision of the UCC itself,
which specifically mentions claims for conversion of an instrument. See Ohio Rev. Code
§ 1303.16(G). The district court in Loyd rejected, on precisely these grounds, the plaintiffs’
arguments that § 2305.09 applied to their UCC claims, noting that “§ 2305.09 has no application
to claims which are given their own specific statute of limitations in the UCC.” 2009 WL
1767585, at *6. We agree. Our understanding of the relationship between the UCC provisions
and § 2305.09 is reflected in an Ohio appellate court decision, which noted that, “[p]rior to
August 19, 1994, [O.]R.C. § 1305.09 was the only statute setting forth a statute of limitations for
conversion claims. On August 19, 1994, however, the Uniform Commercial Code was amended
to provide for a three-year statute of limitations for conversion claims.” Geraldo v. First
Dominion Mut. Life Ins. Co., No. L-01-1210, 2002 WL 31002770 at *3 (Ohio Ct. App. Sept. 6,
2002). As the Supreme Court has observed, “[t]he implications of a statute may be altered by the
implications of a later statute,” and “[t]his is particularly so where the scope of the earlier statute
is broad but the subsequent statutes more specifically address the topic at hand.” Food and Drug
Admin. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 529 U.S. 120, 143 (2000) (internal citation and
quotation marks omitted); see also RadLAX Gateway Hotel, L.L.C. v. Amalgamated Bank,
132 S. Ct. 2065, 2071 (2012) (“It is a commonplace of statutory construction that the specific
governs the general.”). Section 1303.16(G) specifically identifies “conversion of an instrument”
as subject to a three-year statute of limitations, whereas § 2305.09 refers in far more general
terms to the “wrongful taking of personal property.” Plaintiffs do not identify any case law or
legislative materials to establish that § 2305.09 controls despite the fact that § 1303.16 is both
more recent and more relevant.

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3. Meaning of the Term “Accrues”
Plaintiffs derive their third argument from the text of Ohio Rev. Code § 1303.16(G),
which notes that claims for conversion of an instrument “shall be brought within three years after
the cause of action accrues.” They claim that a cause of action for conversion of an instrument
accrues when the would-be plaintiff obtains actual knowledge of a wrongdoing. But this is an
old argument, wrapped in new packaging. To the extent that Plaintiffs base their reading of the
word “accrues” on the statutory discovery rule, their argument fails, for the reasons addressed
above. And, to the extent that they rely on the common-law discovery rule, this argument has
been unambiguously rejected, by an Ohio appellate court in Mattlin and by this court in Matz and
Bandy.
“Absent legislative definition, it is left to the judiciary to determine when a cause [of
action] ‘arose.’” O’Stricker, 447 N.E.2d at 730. The application notes to § 1303.16 direct us to
“other sections of Article 3” of the UCC to determine when a cause of action accrues under the
statute. Ohio Rev. Code § 1303.16 cmt. n.1. Plaintiffs have not pointed out any language in
Article 3 establishing that a discovery rule tolls their conversion claim. Thus, we adopt the
judicial interpretations of what “accrues” means in this context—as established by Mattlin, Metz,
and Bandy—and find Plaintiffs’ argument lacking in merit. We conclude that the statutory
discovery rule contained in § 2305.09 does not apply to a UCC claim for conversion of an
instrument. In the absence of fraudulent concealment by the banks, then, Plaintiffs’ cause of
action accrued when the banks engaged in the alleged conversion. See Mattlin, 937 N.E.2d at
1091.
The last argument Plaintiffs raise is that their claim for UCC conversion was tolled
during the pendency of the Metz litigation. See Crown, Cork & Seal Co. v. Parker, 462 U.S.

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345, 353–54 (1983). They maintain that this period began in May 2005, when the case was filed,
and ended when class certification was denied in March 2009. But their limitations period
expired in 2003 at the latest, as this court has already concluded. Metz, 649 F.3d at 498.
Because we hold that the limitations period had passed before Metz was filed, we do not find it
necessary to consider this argument. We agree with the district court that Plaintiffs’ claim is
untimely.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons addressed above, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Plaintiffs’
claim.

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