Myron Kukalo, Ganna Kukalo v. ERIC H. HOLDER, Jr., United States Attorney General

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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 11a0091n.06
No. 09-3338/09-4289
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
MYRON KUKALO,
GANNA KUKALO
Petitioners–Appellants,
v.
ERIC H. HOLDER, Jr., United States
Attorney General
Respondent–Appellee.
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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM
THE UNITED STATES BOARD OF
IMMIGRATION APPEALS
Before: MARTIN, GIBBONS, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.
JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Petitioners–appellants Myron and Ganna
Kukalo appeal a final order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”), denying their applications
for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).
For the reasons that follow, we deny the Kukalos’ petition for review.
I.
Myron and Ganna Kukalo (collectively, the “Kukalos”) are husband and wife and citizens
of the Ukraine. They entered the United States on February 10, 1994, on B-1 non-immigrant visas
with authorization to remain for a temporary period not to exceed August 9, 1994. Myron timely
filed an application for asylum on October 3, 1994, and Ganna was included on the application as

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a derivative. On July 28, 2004, the Department of Homeland Security served the Kukalos with
Notices to Appear, charging them as subject to removal from the United States pursuant to INA §
237(a)(1)(B), 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B), and INA § 101(a)(15), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(15). During their
removal hearings, both Myron and Ganna conceded removability but requested relief based on
asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT.
On May 25, 2007, Immigration Judge William Evans, Jr. (“IJ”) heard both Myron and
Ganna’s application for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under CAT. Myron testified for
both of the Kukalos, and the IJ found Myron’s testimony credible. In his testimony Myron revealed
several grounds on which he felt the court could find evidence of past persecution as well as a well-
founded fear of future persecution. First, a former KGB worker who lived in Myron’s village
allegedly threatened Myron on three occasions. Myron testified, “He said that people like me should
not live in this world,” a threat Myron attributed to his “political thinking.” Second, Myron testified
that because he owned land, he received phone calls and one visit from people he suspected to be
associated with mafia groups. These calls largely involved requests for money, but Myron never
provided them with any money. Myron suffered no instances of physical harm. Myron also testified
that his future in the Ukraine “would be same thing that it was before,” indicating a fear of similar
threats from the people who had threatened him before.
In addition to Myron’s testimony, the Kukalos submitted a letter from a friend in the Ukraine
detailing the unrest and violence in the country, the Ukraine Country Reports on Human Rights
Practices 2006, and a number of published reports regarding crime and corruption in the Ukraine.

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Myron also submitted a written statement with his asylum application discussing the same
information offered in his testimony before the IJ.
Based on the testimony and the exhibits, the IJ found that the evidence was insufficient “to
demonstrate either past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution based on race,
religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion.” The IJ found that
the evidence proved Myron had experienced “attempts at extortion” and that the Ukraine was
“experiencing some degree of lawlessness,” but “[n]either the general condition of lawlessness nor
criminal extortion or harassment or threats []rise to the level of persecution.” The IJ found no
evidence that the Kukalos had been victims of persecution in the past or that the Kukalos had a well-
founded fear of persecution in the future “because the only fears expressed by the [Kukalos] are that
they will be subject to the same treatment on their return to Ukraine as they’ve experienced.” The
IJ found the Kukalos failed to sustain the burden of establishing their claim for asylum and thus
necessarily failed to meet the burden for withholding of removal. They also failed to provide any
evidence that they would be subject to torture required for their CAT protection claim. Furthermore,
the IJ held that the Kukalos failed to establish their eligibility for voluntary departure.
The BIA issued a separate opinion on March 20, 2009, dismissing the Kukalos’ appeal of the
IJ decision. The BIA rejected Myron’s contention that he suffered past persecution or had a well-
founded fear of future persecution. The BIA found that “the unfulfilled threats from an individual
in his neighborhood and the extortionist demands from persons [Myron] believes were affiliated with
the mafia were not severe enough to qualify as persecution.” Moreover, the BIA held that because
Myron failed to establish eligibility for asylum, he necessarily could not establish withholding of

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removal or protection under CAT. The BIA went on to say, “In any event, the respondent has failed
to meaningfully appeal the Immigration Judge’s denial of his withholding of removal and CAT
applications.”
II.
Where the BIA reviewed the IJ’s decision de novo and issued a separate opinion, we review
the BIA’s opinion as the final agency determination. Morgan v. Keisler, 507 F.3d 1053, 1057 (6th
Cir. 2007) (citing Grijalva v. Gonzalez, 212 F. App’x 541, 547 (6th Cir. 2007)). Questions of law
are reviewed de novo, but we give substantial deference to the BIA’s interpretations of the
Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) and its accompanying regulations. Khalili v. Holder, 557
F.3d 429, 435 (6th Cir. 2009). The BIA’s factual findings are reviewed under the deferential
substantial evidence standard and “must be upheld if supported by reasonable, substantial, and
probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Mikhailevitch v. I.N.S., 146 F.3d 384, 388
(6th Cir. 1998) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting I.N.S. v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478,
481 (1992)). Under this standard, we will reverse if the evidence presented “‘not only supports a
contrary conclusion, but indeed compels it.’” Id. (quoting Klawitter v. I.N.S., 970 F.2d 149, 152 (6th
Cir. 1992)). We do not reverse simply on the grounds that we would have decided the matter
differently. Koliada v. I.N.S., 259 F.3d 482, 486 (6th Cir. 2001). Rather, we look to the evidence
presented to determine if “a reasonable factfinder would have to conclude” that the Kukalos
established their claims for asylum, withholding of removal, or protection under CAT. See Elias-
Zacarias, 502 U.S. at 481.

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III.
An applicant for asylum bears the burden of establishing that he is a “refugee” as defined by
the INA. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B); Koliada, 259 F.3d at 486–87. In order to qualify for asylum,
the Kukalos must establish that they qualify as refugees “‘either because [they have] suffered actual
past persecution or because [they have] a well-founded fear of future persecution.’” Koliada, 259
F.3d at 487 (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a)–(b)).
Establishing that harassment rose to the level of “persecution” is not an easy task. See Gilaj
v. Gonzales, 408 F.3d 275, 285 (6th Cir. 2005) (“The numerous decisions rendered by the various
panels of this court upon review of BIA decisions on applications for asylum make clear that the
conduct on which the application for asylum is based must go beyond what might reasonably be
characterized as mere harassment in order to rise to the level of persecution.”). Furthermore,
demonstrating that the evidence compels this court to find that persecution occurred is even more
difficult. We conclude that the Kukalos failed to present evidence of such persecution, past or
future.
To determine whether past persecution occurred, we evaluate the overall context of the
applicant’s situation and view the evidence in the aggregate. Haider v. Holder, 595 F.3d 276, 287
(6th Cir. 2010) (citing Gilaj, 408 F.3d at 285; Stenaj v. Gonzales, 227 F. App’x 429, 433 (6th Cir.
2007)). “Persecution must rise above the level of harassment or discrimination without physical
punishment, infliction of harm, or significant deprivation of liberty.” Mohammed v. Keisler, 507
F.3d 369, 371 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing Mikhailevitch, 146 F.3d at 390). Furthermore, “persecution . . .
‘requires more than a few isolated incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation, unaccompanied

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by any physical punishment, infliction of harm, or significant deprivation of liberty.’” Pilica v.
Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 941, 950 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting Mikhailevitch, 146 F.3d at 390). In Haider,
this court noted, “Typically, though, the ‘[t]ypes of actions that might cross the line from harassment
to persecution include: detention, arrest, interrogation, prosecution, imprisonment, illegal searches,
confiscation of property, surveillance, beatings, or torture.” Haider, 595 F.3d at 286–87 (quoting
Zacarias v. Gonzales, 232 F. App’x 458, 462 (6th Cir. 2007)). Although the court gave no
indication that this was an exhaustive list, Myron’s factual allegations do not resemble any of these
examples, nor do they rise beyond mere harassment. Furthermore, the Kukalos must establish that
the previous abuse was as a result of their membership in a protected category, which is only
tenuously suggested by the record. Mohammed, 507 F.3d at 371.
Myron presented credible testimony of a few instances of threats and requests for money.
These encounters do nothing to show that he was “specifically targeted” and not “merely a victim
of indiscriminate treatment.” Gilaj, 408 F.3d at 285. In fact, it appears that these incidents were a
result of merely random criminal acts. See Lumaj v. Gonzales, 462 F.3d 574, 577–78 (6th Cir. 2006)
(noting that because an incident was isolated, with “no evidence . . . that the attack was in any way
more than a random criminal act,” it was less likely to be sufficient for a finding of persecution).
He and Ganna experienced no physical harm or threats of any specific consequence. Because
something more is required to prove past persecution, the Kukalos have failed to establish that this
court should be compelled to find that they experienced past persecution as a result of their political
beliefs. We uphold the decision of the BIA with respect to this prong and find that the Kukalos
experienced no past persecution for the purposes of their asylum application.

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Because the Kukalos have failed to establish past persecution, they must independently
establish a well-founded fear of future persecution. Id. at 578. A well-founded fear of future
persecution is established by: (1) a fear of persecution in one’s home country on account of race,
religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion; (2) a reasonable
possibility of suffering persecution should one return; and (3) an unwillingness or inability to return
to that country due to the fear. Pilica, 388 F.3d at 950. This “well-founded fear” must be both
subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable. Mapouya v. Gonzales, 487 F.3d 396, 412 (6th Cir.
2007).
The Kukalos rely on the same evidence to establish their fear of future persecution that laid
the unstable foundation for their claim of past persecution. The evidence presented—including a
letter from a friend in the Ukraine, the Ukraine Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, a
number of published reports regarding crime and corruption in the Ukraine, and a statement written
by Myron—offers little more than an impression of general crime and lawlessness. Isolated
incidents unrelated to any protected status do not compel us to find that the Kukalos had a well-
founded fear of future persecution. We therefore affirm the decision of the BIA to reject the
Kukalos’ application for asylum because the record does not compel a finding of past persecution
or a well-founded fear of future persecution upon their return to the Ukraine.
IV.
The BIA held that Myron “failed to meaningfully appeal the Immigration Judge’s denial of
his withholding of removal and CAT applications.” Furthermore, the BIA determined that
“[b]ecause of the respondent’s failure to establish eligibility for asylum, he necessarily cannot

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As a preliminary matter, family members are not granted derivative status with respect to1
withholding of removal. Thus we do not review Ganna Kukalo’s claim for withholding of removal.
See Castellano-Chacon v. I.N.S., 341 F.3d 533, 545 (6th Cir. 2003) (“Unlike an application for
asylum, however, a grant of an alien’s application for withholding is not a basis for adjustment to
legal permanent resident status, family members are not granted derivative status, and it only
prohibits removal of the petitioner to the country of risk, but does not prohibit removal to a non-risk
country.”). Regardless, because her evidence and claims were the same as Myron’s, and because we
decline to grant Myron’s claim, whether derivative status extended to her claims for withholding
from removal and CAT protection is irrelevant.
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‘satisfy the more onerous burden[s] for withholding of removal [and] . . . the Convention Against
Torture.”1
The BIA did not explain how Myron failed to meaningfully appeal his withholding of
removal and CAT protection claims. In the Kukalos’ brief in support of their appeal of the IJ’s
decision, for their claims for withholding of removal and CAT protection, they simply rely on the
evidence presented under their claim for asylum, stating “[f]or the reasons set forth herein,
Respondents have met the higher standard for withholding of removal . . . . [and] relief under the
Convention Against Torture is also warranted.” Whether these statements of reliance on earlier
arguments present a meaningful appeal is questionable, but answering this question is unnecessary
because the evidence fails to compel us to find that Myron was entitled to relief under either
withholding of removal or CAT.
To establish a claim for withholding of removal, the petitioner must show “a clear probability
that he will be subject to persecution if forced to return to the country of removal.” Pilica, 388 F.3d
at 951 (citing I.N.S. v. Stevic, 467 U.S. 407, 413 (1984)). Because the burden for establishing a
claim for withholding of removal is “a more stringent burden than what is required on a claim for

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asylum,” and because the Kukalos failed to establish their claim for asylum, it follows that the
Kukalos “also cannot satisfy the more onerous burden for withholding of removal.” See Kaba v.
Mukasey, 546 F.3d 741, 751 (6th Cir. 2008) (citing and quoting Liti v. Gonzales, 411 F.3d 631, 640
(6th Cir. 2005); Pilica, 388 F.3d at 951; Koliada, 259 F.3d at 489).
The Kukalos similarly fail to meet their heavy burden of proof under CAT. To obtain relief
under CAT, the petitioner must prove “that it is more likely than not that he or she would be tortured
if removed to the proposed country of removal.” Pilica, 388 F.3d at 951 (quoting 8 C.F.R. §
208.16(c)(2)). Although it may be the case that the inability to establish an asylum claim does not
necessarily preclude relief under CAT, see Kamalthas v. I.N.S., 251 F.3d 1279, 1293 (9th Cir. 2001),
it is not easy to overcome such a barrier. See, e.g., Liti, 411 F.3d at 641 (“[B]ecause the Litis failed
to establish eligibility for asylum, they also cannot meet the heightened requirements for relief under
CAT.”). The Kukalos’ brief states that they have established that there is a clear probability that
Myron would be tortured by the man who previously threatened him, or members of local corrupt
organizations upon his return to the Ukraine, but the brief offers no evidence to support such a claim
beyond that used to buttress the claim for asylum. Accordingly, this assertion fails to compel us to
find that the Kukalos are entitled to relief under CAT.
We affirm the decision of the BIA and deny the Kukalos’ claims for withholding of removal
and CAT protection.
V.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the BIA’s decision.

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