UNITED STATES of AMERICA v. Leon Morton Welch

The Honorable Daniel M. Friedman, Circuit Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal *
Circuit, sitting by designation.
NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 08a0301n.06
Filed: May 28, 2008
Case No. 07-5799
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES of AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
LEON MORTON WELCH,
Defendant-Appellant.
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ON APPEAL FROM THE
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF
TENNESSEE
BEFORE: BATCHELDER, SUTTON, and FRIEDMAN, Circuit Judges.*
ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge. Leon Morton Welch appeals the district
court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM.
An undercover police officer and a confidential informant (“CI”) drove into a gas station,
intending to conduct a controlled drug buy. When a woman approached, the CI told her he wanted
crack cocaine and gave her $40. She went around the building and got into the back seat of a
Cadillac. A man got out of the driver’s seat of the Cadillac, went into the gas station, returned to the
Cadillac, and got back into the driver’s seat. The woman then got out of the back seat of the
Cadillac, returned to the officer’s car, and gave the crack to the CI. The officer signaled other police
officers who had been watching both the Cadillac and the undercover officer’s car; they seized the
Cadillac and the driver, who turned out to be defendant Welch. A search of the Cadillac yielded

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crack cocaine and, under the driver’s seat, a firearm.
Welch was indicted on charges of possessing with intent to distribute cocaine base, being a
felon in possession of a firearm, and possessing a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking offense.
He moved to suppress the evidence obtained through the search of the Cadillac, and, when his
motion to suppress was denied, entered a conditional plea of guilty to the charge of possession of
a firearm as a convicted felon. Welch now argues that the police had no probable cause to seize the
Cadillac because the officers had no reason to think there were any more drugs inside.
“[A] warrantless search of a vehicle lawfully stopped by the police does not violate the fourth
amendment if the officers have probable cause to believe the vehicle contains contraband.” United
States v. Paulino, 935 F.2d 739, 747 (6th Cir. 1991). Probable cause is based on a “totality of the
circumstances” and “requires only a probability or substantial chance of criminal activity, not an
actual showing of such activity.” Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 244 n.13 (1983). “This totality of
the circumstances analysis includes a realistic assessment of the situation from a law enforcement
officer’s perspective.” United States v. Barrett, 890 F.2d 855, 861 (6th Cir. 1989).
The activities that these officers observed involving the Cadillac certainly gave them
probable cause to believe that they likely would find crack cocaine in the vehicle. Indeed, after
watching the activities of Welch and the woman who actually delivered the $40 worth of crack to
the CI, the officers had little reason to think that they would not find contraband in that vehicle. The
district court did not err by denying defendant’s motion to suppress.
We AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

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