Der KI-Arbeitsbereich für Juristen
- Rechtsrecherche mit Zugriff auf über 1 Million Quellen
- Dokumentenautomatisierung
- Mandatsverwaltung
- Gehostet in der EU und der Schweiz
14 Tage kostenlos testen (10 Fragen/Tag während der Testphase)
Der KI-Arbeitsbereich für Juristen
14 Tage kostenlos testen (10 Fragen/Tag während der Testphase)
00-4615; 01-3025•02a0385p.06
5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21
3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH
(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21 )(' $SS 3 WK &LU
)LOH 1DPH DS
81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6
)257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
*5(*25< (63$5=$
3HWLWLRQHU$SSHOOHH
&URVV$SSHOODQW
Y
%(77< 0,7&+(//:DUGHQ
5HVSRQGHQW$SSHOODQW
&URVV$SSHOOHH
;!
1
1RV
$SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW
IRUWKH1RUWKHUQ'LVWULFWRI2KLRDW&OHYHODQG
1R².DWKOHHQ0F'RQDOG2¶0DOOH\
'LVWULFW-XGJH
$UJXHG$XJXVW
'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG1RYHPEHU
%HIRUH0(55,7768+5+(,15,&+DQG
'$8*+75(<&LUFXLW-XGJHV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
&2816(/
$5*8('&KDUOHV/:LOOH$77251(<*(1(5$/¶6
2)),&( 2) 2+,2 &$3,7$/ &5,0(6 6(&7,21
&ROXPEXV 2KLR IRU $SSHOODQW $QJHOD :LOVRQ 0LOOHU
&ROXPEXV 2KLR IRU $SSHOOHH 21 %5,() &KDUOHV /
-- 1 of 18 --
(VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ 1RV
:LOOH $77251(< *(1(5$/¶6 2)),&( 2) 2+,2
&$3,7$/ &5,0(6 6(&7,21 &ROXPEXV 2KLR IRU
$SSHOODQW$QJHOD:LOVRQ0LOOHU&ROXPEXV2KLR-HIIU\)
.HOOHKHU &OHYHODQG 2KLR IRU $SSHOOHH 3DXO / 1HOVRQ
)('(5$/38%/,&'()(1'(562)),&(*UDQG5DSLGV
0LFKLJDQIRU$PLFXV&XULDH
0(55,77-GHOLYHUHGWKHRSLQLRQRIWKHFRXUWLQZKLFK
'$8*+75(<-MRLQHG68+5+(,15,&+- SS
GHOLYHUHGDVHSDUDWHGLVVHQWLQJRSLQLRQ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
23,1,21
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
0(55,77 &LUFXLW -XGJH 7KLV LV D GHDWK SHQDOW\ FDVH
IURP2KLRWULHGE\DMXU\LQZKLFKWKH'LVWULFW&RXUWLVVXHG
WKHZULWRIKDEHDVFRUSXVDVWRWKHVHQWHQFLQJSKDVHRIWKH
FDVH7KHSULQFLSDOSUREOHPLQWKHFDVHDULVHVIURPWKHIDFW
WKDW WKH LQGLFWPHQW GLG QRW FKDUJH WKH DJJUDYDWLQJ
FLUFXPVWDQFH WKDW PDGH WKH FULPH FDSLWDO QRU GLG WKH WULDO
FRXUWLQVWUXFWWKHMXU\RQWKHVXEMHFWQRUGLGWKHMXU\UHWXUQD
YHUGLFWILQGLQJRQHRUPRUHRIWKHDJJUDYDWLQJFLUFXPVWDQFHV
WKDWSHUPLWDVHQWHQFHRIGHDWK:HILUVWORRNDWWKH2KLR
GHDWKSHQDOW\VWDWXWHVEHIRUHH[SODLQLQJWKHIDFWVDQGSUHYLRXV
UXOLQJVRIVWDWHDQGIHGHUDOFRXUWV,WLVFOHDUIURPWKLVUHYLHZ
WKDWWKH2KLRFRXUWVGLGQRWIROORZ2KLRGHDWKSHQDOW\VWDWXWHV
FUHDWHGWRFRPSO\ZLWK6XSUHPH&RXUWFDVHVQDUURZLQJWKH
FODVV RI RIIHQGHUV HOLJLEOH IRU WKH GHDWK SHQDOW\ XQGHU WKH
(LJKWK$PHQGPHQW
8QGHURI2KLRODZHQWLWOHG³,PSRVLQJ6HQWHQFH
IRU D &DSLWDO 2IIHQVH´ DQ LQGLFWPHQW LQ D FDSLWDO FDVH
³FKDUJLQJ DJJUDYDWHG PXUGHU´ PXVW VWDWH WKH ³DJJUDYDWLQJ
FLUFXPVWDQFHV´WKDWPDNHWKHGHIHQGDQWHOLJLEOHIRUWKHGHDWK
SHQDOW\
$ ,IWKHLQGLFWPHQWRUFRXQWLQWKHLQGLFWPHQWFKDUJLQJ
DJJUDYDWHG PXUGHU GRHV QRW FRQWDLQ RQH RU PRUH
VSHFLILFDWLRQVRIDJJUDYDWLQJFLUFXPVWDQFHVOLVWHGLQ
-- 2 of 18 --
1RV (VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ
GLYLVLRQ $ RIRIWKH5HYLVHG&RGHWKHQ
IROORZLQJ D YHUGLFW RI JXLOW\ RI WKH FKDUJH RI
DJJUDYDWHGPXUGHUWKHWULDOFRXUWVKDOOLPSRVH
D VHQWHQFH RI OLIH LPSULVRQPHQW (PSKDVLV
DGGHG
7KH LQGLFWPHQW GLG QRW FRQWDLQ VXFK D FKDUJH 7KH QH[W
VHFWLRQRIWKH2KLR&RGHHQWLWOHG³&ULWHULDIRU
,PSRVLQJ'HDWK´UHSHDWVWKLVUHTXLUHPHQWZKLFKLVIROORZHG
E\DOLVWRIQLQH³DJJUDYDWLQJFLUFXPVWDQFHV´WKDWDOORZWKH
LPSRVLWLRQRIWKHGHDWKSHQDOW\
$ ,PSRVLWLRQ RI WKH GHDWK SHQDOW\ IRU DJJUDYDWHG
PXUGHU LV SUHFOXGHG XQOHVV RQH RU PRUH RI WKH
IROORZLQJLVVSHFLILHGLQWKHLQGLFWPHQWRUFRXQWLQ
WKHLQGLFWPHQWDQGSURYHGEH\RQGDUHDVRQDEOH
GRXEW (PSKDVLVDGGHG
8QGHUVXEVHFWLRQ % RILIWKHGHIHQGDQWLVWREH
WULHGIRUDFDSLWDORIIHQVHLQ2KLRWKHMXU\
YHUGLFWVKDOOVHSDUDWHO\VWDWHZKHWKHUWKHRIIHQGHULV
JXLOW\ RU QRW JXLOW\ RI HDFK VSHFLILFDWLRQ >RI DQ
DJJUDYDWLQJFLUFXPVWDQFH@7KHMXU\VKDOOEHLQVWUXFWHG
RQLWVGXWLHVLQWKLVUHJDUG7KHLQVWUXFWLRQWRWKHMXU\
VKDOOLQFOXGHDQLQVWUXFWLRQWKDWDVSHFLILFDWLRQVKDOOEH
SURYHGEH\RQGDUHDVRQDEOHGRXEWLQRUGHUWRVXSSRUWD
JXLOW\ YHUGLFW RQ WKH VSHFLILFDWLRQ (PSKDVLV
DGGHG
1RLQVWUXFWLRQZDVJLYHQDQGWKHMXU\GLGQRWUHWXUQDYHUGLFW
ILQGLQJDQ\DJJUDYDWLQJFLUFXPVWDQFH,QWKHSUHVHQWFDVHWKH
DJJUDYDWLQJ FLUFXPVWDQFH QRW IRXQG E\ WKH MXU\ EXW ODWHU
VXSSOLHGE\2KLRMXGJHVLVIRXQGLQ $ ³7KH
RIIHQVH>RIPXUGHU@ZDVFRPPLWWHGZKLOHWKHRIIHQGHUZDV
FRPPLWWLQJUREEHU\DQGZDVWKHSULQFLSDORIIHQGHU
LQWKHFRPPLVVLRQRIWKHDJJUDYDWHGPXUGHU´ (PSKDVLV
DGGHG
7KHVH GHDWK SHQDOW\ SURYLVLRQV RI WKH 2KLR &RGH ZHUH
DGRSWHGLQLQGLUHFWUHVSRQVHWRDVHULHVRIFDVHVLQWKH
-- 3 of 18 --
(VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ 1RV
6XSUHPH&RXUWRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVLQWHUSUHWLQJWKH(LJKWK
$PHQGPHQW $V PRUH IXOO\ GLVFXVVHG EHORZ WKHVH FDVHV
UHTXLUHVWDWHVWRQDUURZRUUHVWULFWWKHFODVVRIPXUGHUHUVZKR
DUH VXEMHFW WR FDSLWDO SXQLVKPHQW $ VWDWH PD\ GR VR E\
DGRSWLQJE\VWDWXWHDVHWRI³DJJUDYDWLQJFLUFXPVWDQFHV´DV
2KLR KDV GRQH &KLHI -XVWLFH 5HKQTXLVW¶V RSLQLRQ LQ
/RZHQILHOGY3KHOSV86 FRQFLVHO\
VXPPDUL]HVWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKH(LJKWK$PHQGPHQWLQ
WKLVUHVSHFW
7R SDVV FRQVWLWXWLRQDO PXVWHU D FDSLWDO VHQWHQFLQJ
VFKHPH PXVW ³JHQXLQHO\ QDUURZ WKH FODVV RI SHUVRQV
HOLJLEOHIRUWKHGHDWKSHQDOW\DQGPXVWUHDVRQDEO\MXVWLI\
WKH LPSRVLWLRQ RI D PRUH VHYHUH VHQWHQFH RQ WKH
GHIHQGDQWFRPSDUHGWRRWKHUVIRXQGJXLOW\RIPXUGHU´
=DQWY6WHSKHQV866&W
8QGHUWKHFDSLWDOVHQWHQFLQJODZVRIPRVW6WDWHVWKHMXU\
LVUHTXLUHGGXULQJWKHVHQWHQFLQJSKDVHWRILQGDWOHDVW
RQH DJJUDYDWLQJ FLUFXPVWDQFH EHIRUH LW PD\ LPSRVH
GHDWK%\GRLQJVRWKHMXU\QDUURZVWKHFODVVRISHUVRQV
HOLJLEOHIRUWKHGHDWKSHQDOW\DFFRUGLQJWRDQREMHFWLYH
OHJLVODWLYH GHILQLWLRQ =DQW VXSUD 86 DW
³>6@WDWXWRU\ DJJUDYDWLQJ FLUFXPVWDQFHV SOD\ D
FRQVWLWXWLRQDOO\ QHFHVVDU\ IXQFWLRQ DW WKH VWDJH RI
OHJLVODWLYH GHILQLWLRQ WKH\ FLUFXPVFULEH WKH FODVV RI
SHUVRQV HOLJLEOH IRU WKH GHDWK SHQDOW\´ &LWDWLRQV
RPLWWHG
([FXVLQJ WKH WULDO MXGJH¶V IDLOXUH WR FRPSO\ ZLWK WKH
VWDWXWRU\SURYLVLRQVUHIHUUHGWRDERYHWKHVWDWHFRXUWVRQ
WKHLURZQLQLWLDWLYHDIWHUWKHMXU\WULDODQGYHUGLFWIRXQGWKH
SHWLWLRQHU(VSDU]DJXLOW\RIWKHDJJUDYDWLQJFLUFXPVWDQFHWKDW
PDGH KLP HOLJLEOH IRU WKH GHDWK SHQDOW\ LH EHLQJ WKH
³SULQFLSDO RIIHQGHU´ LQ FRPPLWWLQJ DQ DJJUDYDWHG PXUGHU
ZKLOH FRPPLWWLQJ D UREEHU\ 7KH MXU\ LWVHOI ZDV QHYHU
LQIRUPHGRIWKHDJJUDYDWLQJFLUFXPVWDQFHVUHTXLUHGQRUGLG
LWILQGWKDWVXFKDFLUFXPVWDQFHH[LVWHG7KHSULPDU\TXHVWLRQ
LVZKHWKHUWKH6WDWHYLRODWHGWKH(LJKWK$PHQGPHQWDVZHOO
DVVWDWHODZZKHQLWIDLOHGWRHLWKHUFKDUJH(VSDU]DLQWKH
LQGLFWPHQWZLWKWKHDJJUDYDWHGFLUFXPVWDQFHIRUZKLFKWKH
1RV (VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ
$SSHDOV GHFLVLRQ ZDV FRQWUDU\ WR RU DQ XQUHDVRQDEOH
DSSOLFDWLRQRI3UHVQHOO
7KLVLVDGLIILFXOWTXHVWLRQEXWWKH$('3$GLUHFWVRXUKDQG
LQWKLVFDVH,ZRXOGUHYHUVHWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VSDUWLDOJUDQW
RIWKHZULWRIKDEHDVFRUSXV
,DOVRREMHFWWRWKHPDMRULW\¶VFRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKHUHZDVQR
LQHIIHFWLYHDVVLVWDQFHRIFRXQVHOEDVHGRQFRXQVHO¶VIDLOXUHWR
UHDG WKH LQGLFWPHQW VLQFH ³>L@W PD\ KDYH EHHQ FRXQVHO¶V
VWUDWHJ\WROHDYHWKHHUURULQSODFH´0DM2SDW,GRQRW
WKLQNMXGJHVRIWKLV&RXUWVKRXOGFRXQWHQDQFHVWUDWHJLFDOO\
SODFHGHUURUVE\RIILFHUVRIWKHFRXUW
,UHVSHFWIXOO\GLVVHQW
-- 4 of 18 --
(VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ 1RV
7KHPDMRULW\DOVRFLWHV3UHVQHOOY*HRUJLD86
SHUFXULDP 7KHUHWKHGHIHQGDQWZDVFRQYLFWHGLQ
VWDWH FRXUW RI WKUHH FDSLWDO RIIHQVHV UDSH NLGQDSLQJ ZLWK
ERGLO\ LQMXU\ DQG PXUGHU ZLWK PDOLFH DIRUHWKRXJKW 7KH
*HRUJLD 6XSUHPH &RXUW UXOHG WKDW WKH ILUVW WZR GHDWK
VHQWHQFHV ZHUH LQYDOLG EHFDXVH ERWK GHSHQGHG XSRQ WKH
SHWLWLRQHU KDYLQJ FRPPLWWHG IRUFLEOH UDSH DQG WKH FRXUW
GHWHUPLQHG WKDW WKH MXU\ KDG QRW SURSHUO\ FRQYLFWHG WKH
SHWLWLRQHURIWKDWRIIHQVH7KHMXU\KDGEHHQLQVWUXFWHGGXULQJ
WKHJXLOWSKDVHERWKRQIRUFLEOHDQGVWDWXWRU\UDSHEXWGLGQRW
VSHFLI\LQLWVYHUGLFWZKLFKRIIHQVHLWKDGIRXQGDQGWKHUH
ZDVQRMXU\ILQGLQJRIIRUFLEOHUDSHDWWKHSHQDOW\SKDVH7KH
*HRUJLD 6XSUHPH &RXUW XSKHOG WKH WKLUG GHDWK SHQDOW\
LPSRVHGE\WKHMXU\LQVSLWHRIWKHODFNRIDMXU\ILQGLQJRQ
IRUFLEOH UDSH RQ WKH JURXQGV WKDW HYLGHQFH LQ WKH UHFRUG
VXSSRUWHGWKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKHSHWLWLRQHUZDVJXLOW\RIWKDW
RIIHQVHZKLFKLQWXUQHVWDEOLVKHGWKHHOHPHQWRIERGLO\KDUP
QHFHVVDU\WRPDNHWKHWKLUGFDSLWDOFULPH³NLGQDSSLQJZLWK
ERGLO\KDUPDJJUDYDWHGVRGRP\´DVXIILFLHQWO\DJJUDYDWLQJ
FLUFXPVWDQFHWRMXVWLI\WKHGHDWKVHQWHQFH,GDW7KH
8QLWHG6WDWHV6XSUHPH&RXUWUHYHUVHGJLYHQWKHDEVHQFHRI
DMXU\ILQGLQJRIIRUFLEOHUDSH+RZHYHULQWKDWFDVHWKH
6XSUHPH&RXUWGLGQRWFRQVLGHUZKHWKHUWKHKDUPOHVVHUURU
GRFWULQHPLJKWEHDSSOLFDEOH
)XUWKHUPRUH3UHVQHOOLVGLVWLQJXLVKDEOHEHFDXVHKHUHDV,
KDYHQRWHGWKHMXU\QHFHVVDULO\IRXQGWKDW(VSDU]DZDVWKH
DFWXDO NLOOHU DQG WKHUHIRUH WKH SULQFLSDO RIIHQGHU 7KXV
XQOLNH 3UHVQHOO WKH MXU\ LQ WKLV FDVH DFWXDOO\ PDGH D
ILQGLQJ±DOEHLW LPSOLFLWO\±RQ DQ HOHPHQW RI WKH RIIHQVH
QHFHVVDU\ WR PDNH(VSDU]D¶VRIIHQVHDFDSLWDOFULPH&I
5LQJ6&W KROGLQJWKDWFDSLWDOGHIHQGDQWVOLNH
QRQFDSLWDO GHIHQGDQWV DUH HQWLWOHG XQGHU WKH 6L[WK
$PHQGPHQW WR D MXU\ GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RQ DQ\ IDFW ZKLFK
LQFUHDVHVWKHLUPD[LPXPSXQLVKPHQWLQYDOLGDWLQJVWDWXWHWKDW
DOORZHGVHQWHQFLQJMXGJHUDWKHUWKDQMXU\WRILQGDJJUDYDWLQJ
FLUFXPVWDQFHQHFHVVDU\IRULPSRVLWLRQRIWKHGHDWKSHQDOW\
UHVHUYLQJLQDIRRWQRWHTXHVWLRQRIZKHWKHUKDUPOHVVHUURUWHVW
LVDSSOLFDEOH ,WKHUHIRUHGRQRWILQGWKDWWKH2KLR&RXUWRI
1RV (VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ
GHDWK SHQDOW\ ZDV LPSRVHG RU LQVWUXFW WKH MXU\ RQ WKH
DJJUDYDWLQJFLUFXPVWDQFHDQGKDYHWKHMXU\UHDFKDYHUGLFWRQ
WKHH[LVWHQFHRIWKHDJJUDYDWLQJFLUFXPVWDQFH:HFRQFOXGH
WKDWWKH'LVWULFW&RXUWZDVFRUUHFWLQLVVXLQJWKHZULWRQWKLV
EDVLV
,)DFWV
7KHFDVHZDVWULHGRQWKHWKHRU\WKDW(VSDU]DZDVWKHRQO\
SDUWLFLSDQWLQWKHFULPH7KH6WDWH¶VSURRIVKRZHGWKDWRQWKH
HYHQLQJ RI )HEUXDU\ D PDVNHG PDQ HQWHUHG WKH
,VODQG9DULHW\&DUU\RXWLQ7ROHGR2KLRDQGDSSURDFKHGWKH
WZR VWRUH HPSOR\HHV 0HODQLH *HUVFKXOW] DQG -DPHV
%DUDLOORX[ 3RLQWLQJ D VPDOO EODFN KDQGJXQ DW WKHP KH
RUGHUHG*HUVKXOW]WRRSHQWKHFDVKUHJLVWHU:KLOHVKHZDV
GRLQJ WKLV %DUDLOORX[ IOHG WKH VWRUH WKURXJK D UHDU GRRU
HQWHULQJWKHDWWDFKHGKRPHRIWKHVWRUH¶VRZQHU:KLOHKH
ZDVDOHUWLQJWKHRZQHURIWKHUREEHU\KHKHDUGDVKRW+H
UHWXUQHGWRWKHVWRUHDQGIRXQG*HUVKXOW]O\LQJRQWKHIORRU
VKRWRQFHLQWKHQHFNDQGWKHFDVKUHJLVWHURSHQDQGPLVVLQJ
DSSUR[LPDWHO\*HUVKXOW]GLHGVKRUWO\WKHUHDIWHU
$W WULDO D \HDU ODWHU ERWK (VSDU]D¶V VLVWHU DQG D IHOORZ
LQPDWHWHVWLILHGWKDWKHFRQIHVVHGWRWKHNLOOLQJDQGWKHVROH
ZLWQHVVWRWKHUREEHU\-DPHV%DUDLOORX[ WHVWLILHGWKDWWKH
PDVNHGUREEHUZDVVKRUWDQGKXVN\DVZDV(VSDU]DDQGWKDW
KH ZDV ZHDULQJ D GDUN EOXH MDFNHW VLPLODU WR WKH MDFNHW
(VSDU]D¶V VLVWHU VDLG (VSDU]D ZRUH WKDW QLJKW 7KH MXU\
UHWXUQHGDYHUGLFWRIJXLOW\RQERWKFRXQWVODWHLQWKHGD\RQ
7KXUVGD\0D\$PLWLJDWLRQKHDULQJZDVKHOGRQ
7XHVGD\0D\GXULQJZKLFK(VSDU]DSXWRQIRXUZLWQHVVHV
ZKRWHVWLILHGEULHIO\LQKLVEHKDOI+HDOVRJDYHWRWKHMXU\KLV
MXYHQLOHFRXUWILOHDQGDSUHVHQWHQFLQJUHSRUWSUHSDUHGE\WKH
VWDWH ERWK RI ZKLFK FRQWDLQHG LQIRUPDWLRQ XQIDYRUDEOH WR
(VSDU]D7KHQH[WGD\WKHMXU\VHQWHQFHG(VSDU]DWRGHDWK
DQGWKHWULDOFRXUWDFFHSWHGWKHVHQWHQFH
$IWHU (VSDU]D¶V WULDO KLV DSSHDOV DQG KLV VWDWH SRVW
FRQYLFWLRQSURFHHGLQJVDVXEVWDQWLDOYROXPHRIH[FXOSDWRU\
HYLGHQFHZDVUHYHDOHGWKDWZDVQRWWXUQHGRYHUE\SURVHFXWRUV
-- 5 of 18 --
(VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ 1RV
DWWULDO7KLVHYLGHQFHWHQGHGWRSURYHWKDW-RH-DVVRZDVD
SDUWLFLSDQWLQWKHFULPHDQGWKDW(VSDU]DGLGQRWDFWDORQH
1R LQIRUPDWLRQ FRQFHUQLQJ -DVVR ZDV SURYLGHG WR WKH
GHIHQVHEHIRUHWULDO,QLQIRUPDWLRQGLVFRYHUHGDVDUHVXOWRI
D GLVFRYHU\ UHTXHVW HQIRUFHG E\ WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW EHORZ
(VSDU]D OHDUQHG WKDW WZR LQGLYLGXDOV &KDUOHV +DOO DQG
6WHSKHQ %LOOLQJV ERWK VHSDUDWHO\ UHSRUWHG WR WKH 7ROHGR
3ROLFH'HSDUWPHQWWKDWWKH\KDGVHHQD&DXFDVLDQPDOHDQG
D+LVSDQLFPDOHLQWKH,VODQG9DULHW\&DUU\RXWWKHQLJKWRIWKH
KRPLFLGH+DOODQG%LOOLQJVERWKUHSRUWHGWKDWWKH&DXFDVLDQ
PDQZDVGULYLQJD0RQWH&DUOR+DOOUHSRUWHGWKDWKHVDZWKH
0RQWH&DUORFLUFOHWKH,VODQG9DULHW\&DUU\RXWWZHOYHWLPHV
,QIRUPDWLRQLPSOLFDWLQJ-DVVRZDVDOVRGLVFRYHUHGDVDUHVXOW
RI GLVWULFW FRXUWRUGHUHG UHOHDVH RI WLSV FROOHFWHG E\
&ULPHVWRSSHUV D SULYDWHO\ IXQGHG SURJUDP WKDW ZRUNV LQ
FRQMXQFWLRQZLWKORFDOODZHQIRUFHPHQWWRJDWKHULQIRUPDWLRQ
UHJDUGLQJXQVROYHGFULPHV7ZRGD\VDIWHUWKHKRPLFLGHDQ
XQLGHQWLILHG FDOOHU VWDWHG WKDW KH KDG RYHUKHDUG -RH -DVVR
WDONLQJ DERXW WKH PXUGHU 7KH FDOOHU KXQJ XS EHIRUH DQ\
DGGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQZDVREWDLQHG
3ULRUWRWULDOWKHJRYHUQPHQW H\HZLWQHVV,VODQG9DULHW\
&DUU\RXWVWRUHFOHUN-DPHV%DUDLOORX[SURYLGHGDVHULHVRI
LQFRQVLVWHQWGHVFULSWLRQVRIWKHDVVDLODQWWRWKH7ROHGRSROLFH
GHSDUWPHQW -XVW GD\V DIWHU WKH UREEHU\ DQG KRPLFLGH
RFFXUUHG %DUDLOORX[ SURYLGHG WZR VOLJKWO\ GLIIHUHQW
GHVFULSWLRQVRIWKHDVVDLODQWERWKJHQHUDOO\GHVFULELQJDZKLWH
PDOHLQKLVPLGWKLUWLHVDURXQG WDOODQGZHLJKLQJDURXQG
SRXQGV+HGLGQRWPHQWLRQDVNLPDVN(VSDU]DZDV
\HDUVROGDWWKHWLPHRIWKHLQFLGHQW WDOO+LVSDQLFDQG
KHDY\VHW LQ ERG\ W\SH 7ZR PRQWKV DIWHU WKH UREEHU\
%DUDLOORX[GHVFULEHGWKHSHUSHWUDWRUDVHLWKHU&DXFDVLDQRU
+LVSDQLF DQG ³KXVN\´ +H SURYLGHG QR GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH
DVVDLODQW¶V FORWKLQJ GXULQJ WKDW LQWHUYLHZ %DUDLOORX[¶V
GHVFULSWLRQ FRQWLQXHG WR FKDQJH RYHU WLPH DQG DW WULDO KH
GHVFULEHGWKHSHUSHWUDWRUDVDODUJHKHDY\VHWPDQZLWKDODUJH
QHFNZHDULQJDJUHHQVNLPDVNZLWKJROGVWULSHVDQGD³SXII\´
EOXH MDFNHW 1RQH RI WKH LQFRQVLVWHQW GHVFULSWLRQV ZHUH
GLVFORVHGWRWKHGHIHQVHFRXQVHOEHIRUHWULDO
1RV (VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ
,QP\YLHZWKHIDLOXUHWRSURSHUO\LQVWUXFWWKHMXU\XQGHU
6HFWLRQ $ LQYROYHGDWULDOHUURU³ZKLFKRFFXUUHG
GXULQJWKHSUHVHQWDWLRQRI WKHFDVHWRWKHMXU\´WKDWFRXOG
WKHUHIRUHEHTXDQWLWDWLYHO\DVVHVVHGDJDLQVWWKHRWKHUHYLGHQFH
WRGHWHUPLQHLIWKHHUURUZDVKDUPOHVVEH\RQGDUHDVRQDEOH
GRXEW)XOPLQDQWH86DW0RUHLPSRUWDQWO\
,GRQRWWKLQNLWXQUHDVRQDEOHIRUWKH2KLR&RXUWRI$SSHDOV
WR KDYH GRQH VR EHFDXVH (VSDUD]D¶V WULDO VWLOO VHUYHG DV D
UHOLDEOHYHKLFOHIRUWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQWKDWKHZDVJXLOW\RI
FDSLWDOPXUGHU%\WKHVDPHWRNHQ,GRQRWWKLQNWKHVWDWH
FRXUW¶VFRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKHHUURUZDVLQIDFWKDUPOHVVLQOLJKW
RIWKH³PDQLIHVWZHLJKWRIWKHHYLGHQFH´ZDVDQXQUHDVRQDEOH
DSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHKDUPOHVVHUURUGRFWULQHHLWKHU
7KHPDMRULW\DOVRVWDWHVWKDWHYHQLIKDUPOHVVHUURUDQDO\VLV
ZHUH DSSURSULDWH ³ZH DUH IDFHG ZLWK WKH SUREOHP WKDW
VXSSUHVVHG HYLGHQFH GLVFRYHUHG IRU WKH ILUVW WLPH LQ WKH
'LVWULFW &RXUW LQ WKLV SURFHHGLQJ UDLVHV D TXHVWLRQ DERXW
ZKHWKHU(VSDU]DDFWHGDORQH´0DM2SDW7KHUHFRUGLQ
WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW UHIOHFWV WKDW WKH SURVHFXWLRQ ZLWKKHOG
HYLGHQFH E\ WZR ZLWQHVVHV LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW WKHUH ZHUH WZR
SDUWLFLSDQWVLQWKHFULPH(VSDU]DDQG-RH-DVVR%DVHGRQ
WKLV HYLGHQFH WKH PDMRULW\ FRQFOXGHV WKDW ³>W@KH EDVLV RQ
ZKLFK 2KLR MXGJHV GLUHFWHG D YHUGLFW RQ WKH μSULQFLSDO
RIIHQGHU¶DJJUDYDWRU±WKDWWKHUHZDVRQO\RQHSDUWLFLSDQWLQ
WKHFULPH±DSSHDUVQRZWREHXQWUXH´DQGWKDW³WKHEDVLVIRU
WKH6WDWH¶VKDUPOHVVHUURUDUJXPHQWLQWKH6WDWHFRXUWVKDV
EHHQXQGHUPLQHGE\WKHQHZHYLGHQFH´0DM2SDW,
ZRXOG DJUHH ZLWK WKH PDMRULW\ WKDW WKLV HYLGHQFH ZRXOG
FRPSHODILQGLQJWKDWWKHHUURUZDVQRWKDUPOHVVKHUHH[FHSW
WKDW DV WKH PDMRULW\ QRWHV HOVHZKHUH LQ LWV RSLQLRQ LQ
FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK (VSDU]D¶V %UDG\ FODLP WKDW ³>H@YHQ DIWHU
WKLVKRZHYHUWKHUHUHPDLQVRWKHUVLJQLILFDQWHYLGHQFHDJDLQVW
(VSDU]DLQSDUWLFXODUWKHWHVWLPRQ\RIWZRLQGLYLGXDOVWKDW
(VSDU]DDGPLWWHGWRVKRRWLQJ0HODQLH*HUVKXOW]´0DM2S
DW,QVKRUW,GRQRWWKLQNWKDWLWFDQEHVDLGWKDWWKH2KLR
FRXUW¶V DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH KDUPOHVV HUURU GRFWULQH ZDV DQ
XQUHDVRQDEOHDSSOLFDWLRQRI6XSUHPH&RXUWSUHFHGHQWWRWKH
IDFWVRIWKLVFDVHHYHQLQOLJKWRIWKHQHZHYLGHQFH
-- 6 of 18 --
(VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ 1RV
8OWLPDWHO\KRZHYHULWLVWKHGLVDJUHHPHQWLWVHOIRYHUWKH
DSSURSULDWH DQDORJ\±WR 1HGHU RU 6XOOLYDQ± WKDW LV PRVW
UHOHYDQWKHUHEHFDXVHXQGHUWKH$('3$ZHDUHQRWWRIDXOW
WKHVWDWHFRXUW¶VGHFLVLRQXQOHVVZHILQGLWFRQWUDU\WRRUDQ
XQUHDVRQDEOHDSSOLFDWLRQRI6XSUHPH&RXUWSUHFHGHQW$VWKH
IRUHJRLQJ GLVFXVVLRQ UHYHDOV WKH VWDWH FRXUW¶V GHFLVLRQ LV
FHUWDLQO\QRWFRQWUDU\WRQRULQP\YLHZDQXQUHDVRQDEOH
DSSOLFDWLRQRIFOHDUO\HVWDEOLVKHGIHGHUDOODZDVGHWHUPLQHG
E\WKHKROGLQJVRIWKH6XSUHPH&RXUW
)XUWKHUPRUHLQWKLVFDVH,WKLQNWKHHUURUZDVKDUPOHVV
$OWKRXJKWKHUHZDVQRFDSLWDOVSHFLILFDWLRQLQWKHLQGLFWPHQW
DVIRXQGE\WKH2KLR&RXUWRI$SSHDOVWKHIURQWSDJHRIWKH
LQGLFWPHQW VWDWHV WKDW (VSDU]D ZDV FKDUJHG ZLWK
³$**5$9$7(' 085'(5± % ±ZLWK D JXQ
VSHFLILFDWLRQ$**5$9$7('52%%(5<±DOVR
ZLWKDJXQVSHFLILFDWLRQDOVRDGHDWKSHQDOW\VSHFLILFDWLRQDV
WRWKHILUVWFRXQW>@´+HUHWKHMXU\ZDVLQVWUXFWHGFRPSOHWHO\
DQGSURSHUO\RQWKHHOHPHQWVRIDJJUDYDWHGPXUGHU³GHILQHG
DVSXUSRVHO\FDXVLQJWKHGHDWKRIDQRWKHUZKLOHFRPPLWWLQJ
$JJUDYDWHG5REEHU\´,QDGGLWLRQWKHMXU\ZDVLQVWUXFWHG
WKDWLILWIRXQG(VSDU]DJXLOW\RI$JJUDYDWHG0XUGHU³LWLV
WKHQ\RXUGXW\WRGHOLEHUDWHIXUWKHUDQGGHFLGHWZRDGGLWLRQDO
IDFWXDOTXHVWLRQVFDOOHG6SHFLILFDWLRQV´$VWRWKHVHFRQG
VSHFLILFDWLRQWKHWULDOFRXUWLQVWUXFWHGWKHMXU\WKDWWKHLVVXH
IRU GHFLVLRQ ZDV ³ZKHWKHU WKH 6WDWH KDV SURYHG EH\RQG D
UHDVRQDEOHGRXEWWKDWWKHRIIHQVHRI$JJUDYDWHG0XUGHUZDV
FRPPLWWHGZKLOHWKH'HIHQGDQWZDVFRPPLWWLQJ$JJUDYDWHG
5REEHU\´7KH6WDWHSURFHHGHGRQWKHWKHRU\WKDWRQHSHUVRQ
FRPPLWWHGWKHPXUGHUDQGUREEHU\7KXVLQRUGHUWRILQG
(VSDU]DJXLOW\EH\RQGDUHDVRQDEOHGRXEWWKHMXU\PXVWKDYH
IRXQG WKDW (VSDU]D ³DFWXDOO\ NLOOHG´ 0HODQLH *HUVFKXOW]
³3ULQFLSDORIIHQGHU´KDVEHHQGHILQHGXQGHU2KLRODZDV³WKH
DFWXDONLOOHU´6WDWHY&KLQQ1(G 2KLR
7KXVDOWKRXJKWKHMXU\ZDVQRWH[SOLFLWO\LQVWUXFWHG
WRPDNHDILQGLQJXQGHU6HFWLRQ $ WKDW(VSDU]D
ZDV ³WKH SULQFLSDO RIIHQGHU LQ WKH FRPPLVVLRQ RI WKH
DJJUDYDWHGPXUGHU´LWQHFHVVDULO\KDGWRPDNHWKDWILQGLQJLQ
RUGHU WR ILQG (VSDU]D JXLOW\ RI WKH DJJUDYDWHG PXUGHU RI
*HUVFKXOW]RQWKHIDFWVEHIRUHLW
1RV (VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ
7KH (LJKWK $PHQGPHQW LVVXH ZDV FOHDUO\ UDLVHG LQ WKH 2KLR FRXUWV
)RU H[DPSOH (VSDU]D¶V ILUVW DVVLJQPHQW RI HUURU LQ WKH &RXUW RI $SSHDOV
VDLG
$33(//$17 (63$5=$¶6 '($7+ 6(17(1&( ,6 92,'
$1' 9,2/$7(6 7+( (,*+7+ $1' )2857((17+
$ 0 ( 1 ' 0 ( 1 7 6 7 2 7 + ( 8 1 , 7 ( ' 6 7 $ 7 ( 6
&2167,787,21
7KH &RXUW GHVFULEHG WKH DUJXPHQW DV IROORZV
8QGHU KLV ILUVW DVVLJQPHQW RI HUURU (VSDU]D FRQWHQGV WKDW KLV
GHDWK VHQWHQFH LV YRLG LQ WKDW WKH VWDWH IDLOHG WR DOOHJH DQG WKH
MXU\ IDLOHG WR ILQG DOO RI WKH HOHPHQWV RI D FDSLWDO VSHFLILFDWLRQ
,Q SDUWLFXODU DSSHOODQW DVVHUWV WKDW WKH LQGLFWPHQW IDLOHG WR DOOHJH
D GHDWK SHQDOW\ VSHFLILFDWLRQ EHFDXVH LW GLG QRW DOOHJH WKDW KH ZDV
HLWKHU WKH SULQFLSDO RIIHQGHU RU WKDW KH FRPPLWWHG WKH DJJUDYDWHG
PXUGHU ZLWK SULRU FDOFXODWLRQ DQG GHVLJQ $SSHOODQW IXUWKHU
DVVHUWV WKDW WKH MXU\ LQVWUXFWLRQV DW WKH JXLOW SKDVH RI KLV WULDO
EHORZ ZHUH VLPLODUO\ GHIHFWLYH
:/ DW
2Q GLUHFW DSSHDO IURP WKH YHUGLFW RI GHDWK WKH 2KLR
6XSUHPH&RXUWIRXQGQRUHYHUVLEOHHUURULQWKHWULDOZLWKWZR
RIWKHVHYHQMXVWLFHVGLVVHQWLQJ6WDWHY(VSDU]D2KLR6W
G 1(G ,Q VWDWH SRVWFRQYLFWLRQ
SURFHHGLQJV WKH 2KLR &RXUW RI $SSHDOV LQ JHQHUDO
FRQFOXVRU\ODQJXDJHIRXQGQR(LJKWK$PHQGPHQWHUURULQ
HLWKHU WKH IDLOXUH RI WKH WULDO MXGJH WR UHTXLUH WKDW WKH
DJJUDYDWLQJFLUFXPVWDQFHEHFKDUJHGLQWKHLQGLFWPHQWRUWKH
IDLOXUHWRUHTXLUHWKDWWKHDJJUDYDWLQJFLUFXPVWDQFHEHIRXQG
E\WKHMXU\EH\RQGDUHDVRQDEOHGRXEWDIWHUEHLQJLQVWUXFWHG
RQLWVGXWLHVLQWKLVUHJDUG6WDWHY(VSDU]D1R/
:/ 2KLR$SSWK'LVW-XO\ 7KH
2KLR6XSUHPH&RXUWGLVPLVVHGWKHDSSHDOZLWKRXWRSLQLRQ
6WDWH Y (VSDU]D 2KLR 6W G 1(G
7KH 'LVWULFW &RXUW GLVDJUHHG ,W FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH
SURFHGXUH IROORZHG E\ WKH 6WDWH LQ VHQWHQFLQJ (VSDU]D WR
GHDWK YLRODWHG WKH OLQH RI 6XSUHPH &RXUW FDVHV IROORZLQJ
)XUPDQY*HRUJLD86 HVWDEOLVKLQJQHZ
-- 7 of 18 --
(VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ 1RV
(LJKWK$PHQGPHQWVWDQGDUGVIRUWKHVWDWHVWRIROORZLQGHDWK
FDVHV7KH&RXUWEDVHGLWVUXOLQJRQWKHIDLOXUHRIWKH2KLR
FRXUWVWRIROORZWKHLURZQVWDWXWRU\UXOHVGHVLJQHGWRUHQGHU
2KLR¶V GHDWK SHQDOW\ VFKHPH FRQVWLWXWLRQDO XQGHU WKHVH
(LJKWK$PHQGPHQWFDVHV
+HUHWKHWULDOMXGJHOHGGRZQWKLVSDWKE\WKHGHIHFWLYH
LQGLFWPHQW FKDUJHG WKH MXU\ DV WR RQH RIIHQVH ²
DJJUDYDWHGPXUGHU²EXWVHQWHQFHG(VSDU]DDVLIKHKDG
EHHQFRQYLFWHGRIDQHQWLUHO\VHSDUDWHRIIHQVH²FDSLWDO
PXUGHU$VWKH6XSUHPH&RXUWVDLGLQ6XOOLYDQY
/RXLVLDQD86>@ ³WRK\SRWKHVL]H
D JXLOW\ YHUGLFW WKDW ZDV QHYHU LQ IDFW UHQGHUHG ² QR
PDWWHU KRZ LQHVFDSDEOH WKH ILQGLQJ WR VXSSRUW WKDW
YHUGLFW PLJKW EH ² ZRXOG YLRODWH WKH MXU\ WULDO
JXDUDQWHH´
7KLVSRVWKRFGHWHUPLQDWLRQE\DQDSSHOODWHFRXUWRI
ZKDW WKH MXU\ ZRXOG KDYH GRQH LI WKH FDSLWDO
VSHFLILFDWLRQV TXHVWLRQ KDG EHHQ SUHVHQWHG WR LW LV
SDUWLFXODUO\ WURXEOLQJ LQ OLJKW RI WKH FDSLWDO VFKHPH DW
LVVXHKHUH$VGLVFXVVHGODWHULQWKLVRSLQLRQWKH2KLR
6XSUHPH&RXUWWKLV&RXUWDQGWKH6L[WK&LUFXLWKDYHDOO
UHOLHGXSRQWKHH[LVWHQFHRIWKHFDSLWDOVSHFLILFDWLRQVVHW
IRUWKLQ2KLR5HY&RGH $ WRFRQFOXGH
WKDWWKH2KLRFDSLWDOVFKHPHKDVVXIILFLHQWO\QDUURZHG
WKHFODVVRISHUVRQVVXEMHFWWRWKHGHDWKSHQDOW\WRUHQGHU
WKDWVFKHPHFRQVWLWXWLRQDOXQGHU=DQWY6WHSKHQV
86
7KXVWKH2KLR6XSUHPH&RXUWKDVHPSKDVL]HGWKDWD
GHIHQGDQWPD\QRWEHVXEMHFWWRWKHGHDWKSHQDOW\IRUD
PHUHYLRODWLRQRI2KLR5HY&RGH % EHIRUH
WKH GHDWK SHQDOW\ FDQ EH LPSRVHG WKH VWDWH ³PXVW
DGGLWLRQDOO\ SURYH WKDW WKH RIIHQGHU ZDV WKH SULQFLSDO
RIIHQGHULQWKHFRPPLVVLRQRIWKHDJJUDYDWHGPXUGHURU
LIWKHRIIHQGHUZDVQRWWKHSULQFLSDORIIHQGHUWKDWWKH
DJJUDYDWHGPXUGHUZDVFRPPLWWHGZLWKSULRUFDOFXODWLRQ
DQG GHVLJQ´ 6WDWH Y -HQNLQV 1(G 2KLR
FHUW GHQLHG 86 HPSKDVLV
1RV (VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ
$W WKH ULVN RI VRXQGLQJ XQGXO\ UKHWRULFDO ZK\ ZRXOG WKHUH EH"
1HGHU ZDV QRW D FDSLWDO FDVH $QG DV WKH PDMRULW\ ZHOO NQRZV WKH
6XSUHPH &RXUW DV LW LV FRQVWLWXWLRQDOO\ UHTXLUHG WR GR VSHDNV RQO\ WR WKH
LVVXHV SURSHUO\ EHIRUH LW
7KHPDMRULW\GUDZVDGLIIHUHQWFRQFOXVLRQDQDORJL]LQJWR
WKH UXOLQJ LQ 6XOOLYDQ Y /RXLVLDQD 86
6XOOLYDQKHOGWKDWDGHIHFWLYH³UHDVRQDEOHGRXEW´LQVWUXFWLRQ
LQYLRODWLRQRIWKHGHIHQGDQW¶V)LIWKDQG6L[WK$PHQGPHQW
ULJKWV LV QRW VXEMHFW WR KDUPOHVV HUURU DQDO\VLV EHFDXVH LW
³YLWLDWHVDOOWKHMXU\¶VILQGLQJV´86DWDQGUHVXOWV
LQ ³FRQVHTXHQFHV WKDW DUH QHFHVVDULO\ XQTXDQWLILDEOH DQG
LQGHWHUPLQDWH´ ,G DW ,Q 1HGHU WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW
UHMHFWHGWKHGHIHQGDQW¶VDUJXPHQWWKDW6XOOLYDQSUHFOXGHGWKH
DSSOLFDWLRQ RI KDUPOHVV HUURU ZKHUH DQ HUURQHRXV MXU\
LQVWUXFWLRQRPLWVWKHHOHPHQWRIPDWHULDOLW\EHFDXVHWKHMXU\
FRXOGQRWUHQGHUD³FRPSOHWHYHUGLFW´RQHYHU\HOHPHQWRIWKH
RIIHQVH1HGHU86DW7KHPDMRULW\GLVWLQJXLVKHV
1HGHURQWKHJURXQGVWKDW³PDWHULDOLW\´ZDVDPLQRUHOHPHQW
LQ D WD[ IUDXG FDVH DQG IXUWKHU QRWHV WKDW ³>W@KHUH LV QR
VXJJHVWLRQ LQ WKH &KLHI -XVWLFH¶V RSLQLRQ LQ 1HGHU WKDW
KDUPOHVVHUURUZRXOGSURWHFWDGLUHFWHGYHUGLFWIRUWKH6WDWH
RQDFUXFLDOILQGLQJXQGHUWKH(LJKWK$PHQGPHQWLQDFDSLWDO
FDVH´0DM2SDW
+RZHYHU 1HGHU LWVHOI ZDV QRW EDVHG RQ WKH IDFW WKDW
PDWHULDOLW\ZDVDPLQRUHOHPHQWRIWKHRIIHQVHDWLVVXH:KDW
WKH1HGHU&RXUWGLGVD\LVWKDW³>W@KHHUURUDWLVVXHKHUH±DMXU\
LQVWUXFWLRQRPLWVDQHOHPHQWRIWKHRIIHQVH±GLIIHUVPDUNHGO\
IURP WKH FRQVWLWXWLRQDO YLRODWLRQV ZH KDYH IRXQG WR GHI\
KDUPOHVVHUURUUHYLHZ´1HGHU86DW1RWLQJWKDW
³>Z@H KDYH RIWHQ DSSOLHG KDUPOHVVHUURU DQDO\VLV WR FDVHV
LQYROYLQJLPSURSHULQVWUXFWLRQVRQDVLQJOHHOHPHQWRIWKH
RIIHQVH´WKH&RXUWSURFHHGHGWRGLVFXVVLWVSUHFHGHQWRQWKH
VXEMHFW,GDW7KH&RXUWFRQFOXGHGWKDWZKLOH³>L@WZRXOG
QRWEHLOORJLFDOWRH[WHQGWKHUHDVRQLQJRI6XOOLYDQ´WRWKH
IDLOXUHWRLQVWUXFWRQDQHOHPHQWRIWKHFULPH³WKHPDWWHULV
QRWUHVQRYDXQGHURXUFDVHODZ´,GDW
-- 8 of 18 --
(VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ 1RV
7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW VKDUHG LQ WKLV VWUXJJOH 7KH ORZHU FRXUW¶V DQDO\VLV
LV DQ DPDOJDP RI WKH )LIWK $PHQGPHQW ULJKW WR LQGLFWPHQW E\ JUDQG MXU\
DOEHLW HUURQHRXVO\ EHFDXVH WKLV ULJKW GRHV QRW H[WHQG WR VWDWH
SURVHFXWLRQV WKH )RXUWHHQWK $PHQGPHQW ULJKW WR DGHTXDWH QRWLFH FLWLQJ
,Q UH :LQVKLS 86 WKH 6L[WK $PHQGPHQW JXDUDQWHH RI
WULDO E\ MXU\ FLWLQJ $SSUHQGL Y 1HZ -HUVH\ 86 DQG WKH
(LJKWK $PHQGPHQW ULJKW WR EH VHQWHQFHG XQGHU D FDSLWDO VFKHPH WKDW
VXIILFLHQWO\ QDUURZV WKH FODVV RI SHUVRQ VXEMHFW WR WKH GHDWK SHQDOW\ FLWLQJ
=DQW Y 6WHSKHQV 86
5DWKHUWKHLVVXHLVZKHWKHUWKH6WDWH¶VIDLOXUHWRIROORZWKDW
VFKHPHE\IDLOLQJWRSURSHUO\LQGLFWDQGLQVWUXFWWKHMXU\RQ
WKHHOHPHQWRIFDSLWDOPXUGHUFRQVWLWXWHGFRQVWLWXWLRQDOHUURU
RIDVWUXFWXUDOW\SHRULVVXEMHFWWRKDUPOHVVHUURUDQDO\VLV
%RWKP\VHOIDQGWKHPDMRULW\VWUXJJOHZLWKWKHTXHVWLRQRI
ZKHWKHUWKLVLVSXUHO\DYLRODWLRQRIWKH(LJKWK$PHQGPHQWRU
DYLRODWLRQRIWKH6L[WK$PHQGPHQWULJKWWRWULDOE\MXU\RU
ERWK7KHUHLVQRGLUHFW6XSUHPH&RXUWSUHFHGHQWWRUHVROYH
WKLVTXHVWLRQVRZHFDQQRWDQDO\]HWKH2KLR&RXUWRI$SSHDOV
GHFLVLRQXQGHUWKH³FRQWUDU\WR³FODXVHRIWKH$('3$
7KHTXHVWLRQWKHQEHFRPHVZKHWKHUWKHVWDWHFRXUW¶VUXOLQJ
LV QRQHWKHOHVV DQ ³XQUHDVRQDEOH DSSOLFDWLRQ´ RI FOHDUO\
HVWDEOLVKHG )HGHUDO ODZ :LWKRXW D FOHDU DQVZHU RQ WKH
VXEMHFWZHPXVWH[WHQGE\DQDORJ\ RWKHU6XSUHPH&RXUW
GHFLVLRQV DGGUHVVLQJ WKH DSSURSULDWHQHVV RI KDUPOHVV HUURU
DQDO\VLV,QP\YLHZLWLVQRWXQUHDVRQDEOHWRDQDORJL]HWR
6XSUHPH &RXUW SUHFHGHQW KROGLQJ WKDW RPLVVLRQV DQG
PLVGHVFULSWLRQV RI HOHPHQWV RI DQ RIIHQVH DUH VXEMHFW WR D
KDUPOHVVHUURUDQDO\VLV6HHHJ1HGHU86DW
FDVHV LQYROYLQJ 6L[WK $PHQGPHQW ULJKW WR WULDO E\ MXU\
GLVFXVVLQJ6XSUHPH&RXUWSUHFHGHQWKROGLQJWKDWRPLVVLRQRI
DQHOHPHQWRIDQRIIHQVHDQGPLVGHVFULSWLRQRIDQHOHPHQWDUH
VXEMHFWWRKDUPOHVVHUURUUHYLHZ ³8QOLNHVXFKGHIHFWVDVWKH
FRPSOHWHGHSULYDWLRQRIFRXQVHORUWULDOEHIRUHDELDVHGMXGJH
DQLQVWUXFWLRQWKDWRPLWVDQHOHPHQWRIWKHRIIHQVHGRHVQRW
QHFHVVDULO\UHQGHUDFULPLQDOWULDOIXQGDPHQWDOO\XQIDLURUDQ
XQUHOLDEOHYHKLFOHIRUGHWHUPLQLQJJXLOWRULQQRFHQFH´,GDW
1RV (VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ
DGGHG 6HHDOVR6WDWHY%DUQHV1(G
2KLR FHUWGHQLHG86 ³WKHWULDO
FRXUWKDGWRILQGWKDW>WKHGHIHQGDQW@FRPPLWWHGPXUGHU
ZKLOHFRPPLWWLQJRUDWWHPSWLQJWRFRPPLW>DVSHFLILHG
IHORQ\@ DQG IXUWKHU WKDW >WKH GHIHQGDQW@ ZDV WKH
SULQFLSDORIIHQGHURUWKDWWKHPXUGHUZDVSUHPHGLWDWHG´
$QGIHGHUDOFRXUWVDVWKLVRQHGRHVKHUHKDYHUHOLHG
XSRQWKLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRI2KLR¶VFDSLWDOVFKHPHE\WKH
KLJKHVWFRXUWLQWKHVWDWHDVVXSSRUWIRUWKHFRQFOXVLRQ
WKDW 2KLR¶V FDSLWDO VFKHPH GRHV QDUURZ WKH FODVV RI
SHUVRQVWRZKRPWKHGHDWKSHQDOW\FDQEHDSSOLHGDQG
GRHVQRWXVHWKHSUHFLVHVDPHIDFWRUVERWKWRFRQYLFWIRU
DJJUDYDWHGPXUGHUDQGWRVXEMHFWRQHVRFRQYLFWHGWRWKH
GHDWKSHQDOW\6HHHJ6FRWWY0LWFKHOO)G
WK&LU
:KHUHWKHH[LVWHQFHRIWKHVSHFLILFDWLRQVXQGHU2KLR
5HY&RGH $ DQGRIWKHVWDWH¶VREOLJDWLRQ
WR SURYH WKRVH VSHFLILFDWLRQV DV DGGLWLRQDO IDFWRUV DUH
FULWLFDOWRWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQDOLW\RIWKHFDSLWDOVFKHPHD
IDLOXUHWRFKDUJHWKRVHIDFWRUVRUVXEPLWWKHPWRWKHMXU\
VXUHO\ PXVW EH VWUXFWXUDO %HFDXVH WKH VWDWH IDLOHG WR
LQGLFW (VSDU]D IRU WKH RIIHQVH RI FDSLWDO PXUGHU DQG
IDLOHG WR LQVWUXFW WKH MXU\ WR ILQG DOO HOHPHQWV RI WKH
RIIHQVHRIFDSLWDOPXUGHUDQGEHFDXVHWKDWHUURULVQRW
VXVFHSWLEOH WR D UHYLHZ IRU KDUPOHVV HUURU (VSDU]D LV
FRUUHFW WKDW LPSRVLWLRQ RI WKH GHDWK SHQDOW\ XSRQ KLP
ZRXOGEHXQFRQVWLWXWLRQDO
(VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ1R&9DW 1'2KLR
2FW IRRWQRWHVRPLWWHG
7KH TXHVWLRQ EHIRUH XV LV ZKHWKHU WKLV DQDO\VLV RI WKH
(LJKWK $PHQGPHQW UHTXLUHPHQWV LQ FDSLWDO FDVHV LV
HUURQHRXV
,,$QDO\VLV
-XVWLFH 6FDOLD FRQFLVHO\ SRLQWHG RXW LQ KLV GLVVHQWLQJ
RSLQLRQLQ$OPHQGDUH]7RUUHVY8QLWHG6WDWHV86
-- 9 of 18 --
(VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ 1RV
Q D IXQGDPHQWDO SULQFLSOH RI PRGHUQ GHDWK
SHQDOW\MXULVSUXGHQFH
1HLWKHU WKH FDVHV FLWHG QRU DQ\ RWKHU FDVH SHUPLWV D
MXGJHWRGHWHUPLQHWKHH[LVWHQFHRIDIDFWRUZKLFKPDNHV
DFULPHDFDSLWDORIIHQVH7KHSHUVRQZKRLVFKDUJHG
ZLWKDFWLRQVWKDWH[SRVHKLPWRWKHGHDWKSHQDOW\KDVDQ
DEVROXWHHQWLWOHPHQWWRMXU\WULDORQDOOWKHHOHPHQWVRI
WKHFKDUJH
(PSKDVLVDGGHG $OWKRXJKVWDWHGLQGLVVHQWLWVHHPVFOHDU
WKDW D PDMRULW\ DQG SHUKDSV DOO RI WKH PHPEHUV RI WKH
6XSUHPH&RXUWDJUHHZLWK-XVWLFH6FDOLDRQWKLVSRLQW7KH
DXWKRURIWKH&RXUW¶VRSLQLRQLQ$OPHQGDUH]7RUUHV-XVWLFH
%UH\HUH[SUHVVHGWKHVDPHYLHZLQKLVFRQFXUULQJRSLQLRQLQ
5LQJY$UL]RQD6&W ZKHQKHREVHUYHG
³WKDW MXU\ VHQWHQFLQJ LQ FDSLWDO FDVHV LV PDQGDWHG E\ WKH
(LJKWK$PHQGPHQW´,GDW,Q5LQJDPDMRULW\RIWKH
PHPEHUVRIWKH&RXUWUHDFKHGWKHVDPHFRQFOXVLRQRQWKH
EDVLVRIWKHMXU\WULDOJXDUDQWHHLQWKH6L[WK$PHQGPHQW
7KH VDPH HVVHQWLDO SRLQW ZDV PDGH E\ &KLHI -XVWLFH
5HKQTXLVW LQ WKH SRUWLRQ RI KLV RSLQLRQ IRU WKH &RXUW LQ
/RZHQILHOGTXRWHGDERYH)XQGDPHQWDOSULQFLSOHVIURPERWK
WKH'XH3URFHVV&ODXVHDQGWKH(LJKWK$PHQGPHQWDVWKH
'LVWULFW&RXUWKHOGLQLWVRSLQLRQTXRWHGDERYHDSSO\WRWKH
IDFWVRIWKLVFDVHEHFDXVHWKHMXU\QHYHUIRXQGWKHVWDWXWRULO\
UHTXLUHGDJJUDYDWLQJFLUFXPVWDQFHZKLFKLQ-XVWLFH6FDOLD¶V
ZRUGVVXSSOLHVWKH³IDFWRUZKLFKPDNHV>WKH@FULPHDFDSLWDO
RIIHQVH´ 7KLV HUURU LV XQTXHVWLRQDEO\ D YLRODWLRQ RI WKH
(LJKWK$PHQGPHQW
-XVWLFH6FDOLD¶VSRLQWLVUHLQIRUFHGE\WKHODQJXDJHRIWKH
&RXUW¶VHDUOLHUSHUFXULDPRSLQLRQLQ3UHVQHOOY*HRUJLD
86 DFDSLWDOFDVHVLPLODUWRWKHLQVWDQWFDVH
LQZKLFKWKH*HRUJLD6XSUHPH&RXUWVXSSOLHGWKHDJJUDYDWRU
HOHPHQWRIWKHFDSLWDORIIHQVHRQZKLFKWKHMXU\ZDVVLOHQW
,Q&ROHY$UNDQVDV86 SHWLWLRQHUV
ZHUH FRQYLFWHG DW WULDO RI RQH RIIHQVH EXW WKHLU
FRQYLFWLRQV ZHUH DIILUPHG E\ WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW RI
1RV (VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ
VHQWHQFHYLRODWHGWKH(LJKWKDQG)RXUWHHQWK$PHQGPHQWVDQG
KDGWREHVHWDVLGH,GDW
,Q WKHVH FDVHV WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW PDGH FOHDU WKDW WKH
(LJKWK$PHQGPHQWLPSRVHVDQXQGHUO\LQJUHTXLUHPHQWRQ
VWDWHV WR LQGLYLGXDOL]H FDSLWDO VHQWHQFLQJ SURFHHGLQJV WR
HOLPLQDWHWKHDUELWUDU\LPSRVLWLRQRIWKHGHDWK SHQDOW\,Q
&OHPRQV WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW GHVFULEHG WKH WKUXVW RI WKH
(LJKWK$PHQGPHQWLQWKLVFRQWH[W
7KHSULPDU\FRQFHUQLQWKH(LJKWK$PHQGPHQWFRQWH[W
KDV EHHQ WKDW WKH VHQWHQFLQJ GHFLVLRQ EH EDVHG RQ WKH
IDFWV DQG FLUFXPVWDQFHV RI WKH GHIHQGDQW KLV
EDFNJURXQG DQG KLV FULPH 6HH HJ 6SD]LDQR Y
)ORULGD>86 @=DQWY6WHSKHQV
>86 @(GGLQJVY2NODKRPD
86 /RFNHWWY2KLR86
SOXUDOLW\RSLQLRQ *UHJJY*HRUJLD
86 MRLQW RSLQLRQ RI 6WHZDUW
3RZHOODQG6WHYHQV-- ,QVFUXWLQL]LQJGHDWKSHQDOW\
SURFHGXUHVXQGHUWKH(LJKWK$PHQGPHQWWKH&RXUWKDV
HPSKDVL]HG WKH ³WZLQ REMHFWLYHV´ RI ³PHDVXUHG
FRQVLVWHQW DSSOLFDWLRQ DQG IDLUQHVV WR WKH DFFXVHG´
(GGLQJVVXSUDDW±¶
&OHPRQV86DW VRPHFLWDWLRQVRPLWWHG
2KLR KDV VXFK D FDSLWDO VHQWHQFLQJ VFKHPH ZKLFK WKLV
&RXUWKDVIRXQGFRQVWLWXWLRQDO6HHHJ6FRWWY0LWFKHOO
)G WK &LU FHUW GHQLHG 86
%XWWKHLVVXHLQWKLVFDVHLVQRWDVWKHPDMRULW\¶V
UHVRUW WR (LJKWK $PHQGPHQW MXULVSUXGHQFH PLJKW VXJJHVW
ZKHWKHU (VSDU]D ZDV VHQWHQFHG XQGHU FDSLWDO VHQWHQFLQJ
SURFHGXUHVWKDWYLRODWHWKH(LJKWK$PHQGPHQWXQGHU)XUPDQ
DQG LWV SURJHQ\ )XUWKHUPRUH WKLV OLQH RI FDVHV GRHV QRW
GLVFXVVWKHKDUPOHVVHUURUGRFWULQHDQGWKHPDMRULW\VXSSOLHV
QRDXWKRULW\ZKLFKDOORZVLWWRLQIHUIURPWKH&RXUW¶VVLOHQFH
WKDW WKH GRFWULQH LV QRW DSSOLFDEOH 7KXV LQ $('3$
WHUPLQRORJ\WKHVWDWHFRXUW¶VUXOLQJLVQRW³FRQWUDU\WR´WKH
6XSUHPH&RXUWSUHFHGHQWXSRQZKLFKWKHPDMRULW\UHOLHV
-- 10 of 18 --
(VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ 1RV
,Q)XUPDQY*HRUJLD86 SHUFXULDP
WKH6XSUHPH&RXUWKHOGWKDWWKHSHQDOW\RIGHDWKPD\QRWEH
LPSRVHGXQGHUDVHQWHQFLQJVFKHPHWKDWFUHDWHVDVXEVWDQWLDO
ULVNWKDWWKHSXQLVKPHQWZLOOEHLQIOLFWHGLQDQDUELWUDU\DQG
FDSULFLRXV PDQQHU )XUPDQ PDGH FOHDU WKDW D VWDWH PD\
LPSRVHWKHGHDWKSHQDOW\RQO\LILWVODZVDUHVKDSHGWRQDUURZ
WKHFODVVRIRIIHQGHUVHOLJLEOHIRUWKHGHDWKSHQDOW\*UHJJY
*HRUJLD 86 UHDIILUPHG WKH KROGLQJ RI
)XUPDQ VWDWLQJ WKDW ³ZKHUH GLVFUHWLRQ LV DIIRUGHG D
VHQWHQFLQJERG\RQDPDWWHUVRJUDYHDVWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQRI
ZKHWKHU D KXPDQ OLIH VKRXOG EH WDNHQ RU VSDUHG WKDW
GLVFUHWLRQ PXVW EH VXLWDEO\ GLUHFWHG DQG OLPLWHG VR DV WR
PLQLPL]HWKHULVNRIZKROO\DUELWUDU\DQGFDSULFLRXVDFWLRQ´
,GDW,QRWKHUZRUGVDFDSLWDOVHQWHQFLQJVFKHPHPXVW
SURYLGHD³PHDQLQJIXOEDVLVIRUGLVWLQJXLVKLQJWKHIHZFDVHV
LQ ZKLFK >WKH SHQDOW\@ LV LPSRVHG IURP WKH PDQ\ FDVHV LQ
ZKLFKLWLVQRW´,GDW TXRWLQJ)XUPDQ86DW
6HHDOVR*RGIUH\Y*HRUJLD86
VDPH SOXUDOLW\RSLQLRQ =DQWY6WHSKHQV86
UXOLQJ WKDW MXU\¶V OLPLWHG IXQFWLRQ RI ILQGLQJ
VWDWXWRU\DJJUDYDWLQJFLUFXPVWDQFHGRHVQRWUHQGHU*HRUJLD¶V
VWDWXWRU\VFKHPHLQYDOLGXQGHU)XUPDQ
7KH LVVXH LQ :RRGVRQ ZDV ³ZKHWKHU D GHDWK VHQWHQFH
UHWXUQHG SXUVXDQW WR D ODZ LPSRVLQJ D PDQGDWRU\ GHDWK
SHQDOW\IRUDEURDGFDWHJRU\RIKRPLFLGDORIIHQVHVFRQVWLWXWHV
FUXHO DQG XQXVXDO SXQLVKPHQW ZLWKLQ WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH
(LJKWK DQG )RXUWHHQWK $PHQGPHQWV´ 86 DW
IRRWQRWHV RPLWWHG 7KH :RRGVRQ &RXUW H[SODLQHG WKDW
³>W@KH LVVXH OLNH WKDW H[SORUHG LQ )XUPDQ LQYROYHV WKH
SURFHGXUH HPSOR\HG E\ WKH 6WDWH WR VHOHFW SHUVRQV IRU WKH
XQLTXHDQGLUUHYHUVLEOHSHQDOW\RIGHDWK´,G7KH:RRGVRQ
&RXUWKHOGWKDW³LQFDSLWDOFDVHVWKHIXQGDPHQWDOUHVSHFWIRU
KXPDQLW\ XQGHUO\LQJ WKH (LJKWK $PHQGPHQW UHTXLUHV
FRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKHFKDUDFWHUDQG UHFRUGRIWKHLQGLYLGXDO
RIIHQGHUDQGWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHVRIWKHSDUWLFXODURIIHQVHDVD
FRQVWLWXWLRQDOO\LQGLVSHQVDEOHSDUWRIWKHSURFHVVRILQIOLFWLQJ
WKH SHQDOW\ RI GHDWK´ ,G DW FLWDWLRQV RPLWWHG 7KH
&RXUWWKHUHIRUHFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHGHDWKVHQWHQFHVLPSRVHG
XSRQWKHSHWLWLRQHUVXQGHU1RUWK&DUROLQD¶VPDQGDWRU\GHDWK
1RV (VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ
$UNDQVDV RQ WKH EDVLV RI HYLGHQFH LQ WKH UHFRUG
LQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKH\KDGFRPPLWWHGDQRWKHURIIHQVHRQ
ZKLFKWKHMXU\KDGQRWEHHQLQVWUXFWHG,QUHYHUVLQJWKH
FRQYLFWLRQV 0U -XVWLFH %ODFN ZURWH IRU D XQDQLPRXV
&RXUW
³,WLVDVPXFKDYLRODWLRQRIGXHSURFHVVWRVHQGDQ
DFFXVHGWRSULVRQIROORZLQJFRQYLFWLRQRIDFKDUJH
RQ ZKLFK KH ZDV QHYHU WULHG DV LW ZRXOG EH WR
FRQYLFWKLPXSRQDFKDUJHWKDWZDVQHYHUPDGH
³7RFRQIRUPWRGXHSURFHVVRIODZSHWLWLRQHUVZHUH
HQWLWOHG WR KDYH WKH YDOLGLW\ RI WKHLU FRQYLFWLRQV
DSSUDLVHGRQFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKHFDVHDVLWZDVWULHG
DQGDVWKHLVVXHVZHUHGHWHUPLQHGLQWKHWULDOFRXUW´
,GDW´
7KHVH IXQGDPHQWDO SULQFLSOHV RI SURFHGXUDO IDLUQHVV
DSSO\ZLWKQROHVVIRUFHDWWKHSHQDOW\SKDVHRIDWULDOLQ
DFDSLWDOFDVHWKDQWKH\GRLQWKHJXLOWGHWHUPLQLQJSKUDVH
RIDQ\FULPLQDOWULDO&I*DUGQHUY)ORULGD86
:HDOVRDJUHHZLWKWKHGLVWULFWMXGJHWKDWWKHHUURUFDQQRW
EHRYHUFRPHE\HPSOR\LQJ³KDUPOHVVHUURU´1RQHRIWKH
VHPLQDO6XSUHPH&RXUW(LJKWK$PHQGPHQWFDVHVUHTXLULQJ
WKHQDUURZLQJRIWKHFODVVRIGHIHQGDQWVHOLJLEOHIRUWKHGHDWK
SHQDOW\SHUPLWVWKHRIIHQGHUWREHH[HFXWHGEHFDXVHWKHHUURU
ZDV GHHPHG KDUPOHVV )XUPDQ Y *HRUJLD 86
:RRGVRQ Y 1RUWK &DUROLQD 86
DXWRPDWLF RU PDQGDWRU\ GHDWK SHQDOW\ GRHV QRW
FRPSO\ZLWK³WKHKROGLQJLQ)XUPDQWKDWWKHYHVWLQJRI
VWDQGDUGOHVVVHQWHQFLQJSRZHULQWKHMXU\YLRODWHGWKH(LJKWK
$PHQGPHQW´ *RGIUH\Y*HRUJLD86
³7KH VWDQGDUGOHVV DQG XQFKDQQHOHG LPSRVLWLRQ RI
GHDWKVHQWHQFHVLQWKHXQFRQWUROOHGGLVFUHWLRQRIDEDVLFDOO\
XQLQVWUXFWHG MXU\ LQ WKLV FDVH ZDV LQ QR ZD\ FXUHG E\ WKH
DIILUPDQFH RI WKRVH VHQWHQFHV E\ WKH *HRUJLD 6XSUHPH
&RXUW´ 7KHGHDWKSHQDOW\IRUDOOVXFKRIIHQGHUVKDVEHHQ
VHW DVLGH QRW UHYLHZHG IRU KDUPOHVV HUURU $QG LQ WKH
-- 11 of 18 --
(VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ 1RV
3UHVQHOOY*HRUJLDFDVHVXSUDWKH6XSUHPH&RXUWGLGQRW
VHQGWKHFDVHEDFNIRUKDUPOHVVHUURUUHYLHZ
$VWDWHPD\QRWDGRSWDYDOLGVWDWXWHDQGWKHQGHFOLQHWR
FDUU\LWRXW7RDOORZDVWDWHWRFRQVWUXFWDFRQVWLWXWLRQDOO\
YDOLGGHDWKSHQDOW\VWDWXWHWKDWHVWDEOLVKHVDIDFWWREHSURYHG
WRWKHMXU\EH\RQGDUHDVRQDEOHGRXEWEXWSHUPLWVMXGJHVWR
LJQRUHWKHVWDWXWHLQRUGHUWRLPSRVHWKHGHDWKSHQDOW\LVWKH
VDPHDVGLVSHQVLQJZLWK WKHUHDVRQDEOHGRXEWUHTXLUHPHQW
GHHPHGQRWVXEMHFWWRKDUPOHVVHUURUDQDO\VLVLQ6XOOLYDQY
/RXLVLDQD86 ³7KH6L[WK$PHQGPHQW
UHTXLUHVPRUHWKDQDSSHOODWHVSHFXODWLRQDERXWDK\SRWKHWLFDO
MXU\¶VDFWLRQRUHOVHGLUHFWHGYHUGLFWVIRUWKH6WDWHZRXOGEH
VXVWDLQDEOHRQDSSHDO´ ,WLVQRWWKHVDPHDVGLVSHQVLQJ
ZLWK WKH PLQRU HOHPHQW RI ³PDWHULDOLW\´ LQ D IHGHUDO ZKLWH
FROODU WD[ FDVH IRXQG VXEMHFW WR KDUPOHVV HUURU DQDO\VLV LQ
1HGHU Y 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 86 7KHUH LV QR
VXJJHVWLRQ LQ WKH &KLHI -XVWLFH¶V RSLQLRQ LQ 1HGHU WKDW
KDUPOHVVHUURUZRXOGSURWHFWDGLUHFWHGYHUGLFWIRUWKH6WDWH
RQDFUXFLDOILQGLQJXQGHUWKH(LJKWK$PHQGPHQWLQDFDSLWDO
FDVH,Q1HGHU-XVWLFH6WHYHQVVSHFLILFDOO\SRLQWVRXWLQKLV
FRQFXUULQJRSLQLRQWKDWVXFKKDUPOHVVHUURUZRXOGQRWDSSO\
WRFDSLWDOFDVHVZKHUH³WKHUHLVDVSHFLDOGDQJHUWKDWHOHFWHG
MXGJHV PD\ OLVWHQ WR WKH YRLFH RI YRWHUV UDWKHU WKDQ
ZLWQHVVHV´86DW
:HILQGQRIHGHUDODSSHOODWHFDVHWKDWDOORZVWKHMXGJHLQ
YLRODWLRQRIDVWDWHVWDWXWHFUHDWLQJDJJUDYDWLQJIDFWRUVWREH
IRXQGE\DMXU\EH\RQGDUHDVRQDEOHGRXEWWRGLUHFWDYHUGLFW
RQ WKH FUXFLDO DJJUDYDWLQJ IDFWRU WKDW SHUPLWV WKH GHDWK
VHQWHQFH+DUPOHVVHUURUUHYLHZLQVXFKFDVHVVKRXOGDSSO\
RQO\ZKHQWKHMXU\KDVDFWXDOO\SHUIRUPHGLWVIXQFWLRQXQGHU
WKH(LJKWK$PHQGPHQW7KHMXU\LQWKLVFDVHQHYHUPDGHD
MXGJPHQWDWDOORQWKHRQO\SRVVLEOHDJJUDYDWLQJFLUFXPVWDQFH
²DFRQVWLWXWLRQDOO\LQGLVSHQVDEOHUHTXLUHPHQWZLWKRXWZKLFK
WKHGHDWKSHQDOW\FDQQRWEHLPSRVHG7KH6WDWH¶VDUJXPHQW
WKDWWKHHUURUKHUHFDQEHH[FXVHGDVKDUPOHVVZRXOGOHDGWR
WKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWDQ\RUDOOHOHPHQWVUHTXLUHGE\DVWDWH¶V
FDSLWDOVHQWHQFLQJV\VWHPPD\EHVXSSOLHGE\MXGJHVUDWKHU
WKDQWKHMXU\1HLWKHUWKH(LJKWK$PHQGPHQWQRU2KLR¶VRZQ
1RV (VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ
³VWUXFWXUDO´,GDW,QIDFWWKH6XSUHPH&RXUWKDV
HPSOR\HGWKH³VWUXFWXUDOGHIHFW´YV³WULDOHUURU´GLFKRWRP\
LQFDSLWDO FDVHV6HHHJ6XOOLYDQ86DW
)XOPLQDQWH86DW KROGLQJWKDWDGPLVVLRQRIWKH
GHIHQGDQW¶VFRHUFHGFRQIHVVLRQLQDFDSLWDOFDVHZDVVXEMHFW
WR KDUPOHVV HUURU DQDO\VLV DQG ZDV QRW KDUPOHVV HUURU
6DWWHUZKLWH86DW DSSURYLQJKDUPOHVVHUURU
DQDO\VLV RI DGPLVVLRQ LQ FDSLWDO VHQWHQFLQJ SURFHHGLQJ RI
SV\FKLDWULF WHVWLPRQ\ REWDLQHG LQ YLRODWLRQ RI WKH 6L[WK
$PHQGPHQW &OHPRQV 86 KROGLQJ WKDW WKH
&RQVWLWXWLRQ GRHV QRW SUHYHQW D VWDWH DSSHOODWH FRXUW IURP
XSKROGLQJDGHDWKVHQWHQFHWKDWLVEDVHGLQSDUWRQDQLQYDOLG
DJJUDYDWLQJFLUFXPVWDQFHHLWKHUE\UHZHLJKLQJWKHHYLGHQFH
RUE\KDUPOHVVHUURUUHYLHZUHPDQGLQJIRUFODULILFDWLRQIURP
0LVVLVVLSSL6XSUHPH&RXUW
7KH PDMRULW\ SURFODLPV WKDW ³>Q@RQH RI WKH VHPLQDO
6XSUHPH &RXUW (LJKWK $PHQGPHQW FDVHV UHTXLULQJ WKH
QDUURZLQJ RI WKH FODVV RI GHIHQGDQWV HOLJLEOH IRU WKH GHDWK
SHQDOW\SHUPLWVWKHRIIHQGHUWREHH[HFXWHGEHFDXVHWKHHUURU
ZDVGHHPHGKDUPOHVV´0DM2SDW FLWLQJ)XUPDQY
*HRUJLD 86 SHU FXULDP :RRGVRQ Y
1RUWK &DUROLQD 86 *RGIUH\ Y
*HRUJLD86 ,QQRQHRIWKRVHFDVHV
KRZHYHU GLG WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW H[SOLFLWO\ DQDO\]H WKH
DSSURSULDWHQHVV RI WKH KDUPOHVV HUURU WHVW LQ (LJKWK
$PHQGPHQWFDVHV7KXVLWLVGLVLQJHQXRXVIRUWKHPDMRULW\
WRKROGWKDWEHFDXVHWKHGHDWKSHQDOW\IRUDOOVXFKRIIHQGHUV
ZDVVHWDVLGHLQWKRVHFDVHVDQGQRWUHYLHZHGIRUKDUPOHVV
HUURU WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW KDV DIILUPDWLYHO\ UXOHG WKDW WKH
HUURUVLQWKRVHFDVHVZHUHLQGHHGVWUXFWXUDODQGQRWVXEMHFWWR
KDUPOHVVHUURUUHYLHZ&I5LQJY$UL]RQD6&W
Q KROGLQJWKDWVWDWXWHDOORZLQJWULDOMXGJHWR
GHWHUPLQHSUHVHQFHRUDEVHQFHRIDJJUDYDWLQJIDFWRUVUHTXLUHG
XQGHUVWDWHODZIRULPSRVLWLRQRIGHDWKSHQDOW\YLRODWHG6L[WK
$PHQGPHQWULJKWWRDMXU\WULDOLQFDSLWDOSURVHFXWLRQVDQG
VWDWLQJWKDWWKH&RXUWGLG³QRWUHDFKWKH6WDWH¶VDVVHUWLRQWKDW
DQ\HUURUZDVKDUPOHVV´EHFDXVHWKH&RXUWRUGLQDULO\OHDYHV
LWWRORZHUFRXUWVWRSDVVRQWKHKDUPOHVVQHVVRIWKHHUURULQ
WKHILUVWLQVWDQFH
-- 12 of 18 --
(VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ 1RV
FDVHLQYLRODWLRQRIWKH'XH3URFHVV&ODXVH .HQWXFN\Y
:KRUWRQ86 IDLOXUHWRLQVWUXFWWKHMXU\
RQWKHSUHVXPSWLRQRILQQRFHQFH 0RRUHY,OOLQRLV
86 DGPLVVLRQ RI LGHQWLILFDWLRQ
HYLGHQFHLQYLRODWLRQRIWKH6L[WK$PHQGPHQW&RXQVHO
&ODXVH 0LOWRQ Y :DLQZULJKW 86
FRQIHVVLRQREWDLQHGLQYLRODWLRQRI0DVVLDKY8QLWHG
6WDWHV86 &KDPEHUVY0DURQH\
86 DGPLVVLRQRIHYLGHQFHREWDLQHG
LQ YLRODWLRQ RI WKH )RXUWK $PHQGPHQW &ROHPDQ Y
$ODEDPD86 GHQLDORIFRXQVHODW
SUHOLPLQDU\KHDULQJLQYLRODWLRQRIWKH6L[WK$PHQGPHQW
&RQIURQWDWLRQ&ODXVH
)XOPLQDQWH86DW VRPHFLWDWLRQVRPLWWHG ,Q
)XOPLQDQWHWKH6XSUHPH&RXUWH[SODLQHGWKDW
7KHFRPPRQWKUHDGFRQQHFWLQJWKHVHFDVHVLVWKDWHDFK
LQYROYHG³WULDOHUURU´HUURUZKLFKRFFXUUHGGXULQJWKH
SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH FDVH WR WKH MXU\ DQG ZKLFK PD\
WKHUHIRUH EH TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ DVVHVVHG LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI
RWKHUHYLGHQFHSUHVHQWHGLQRUGHUWRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHU
LWVDGPLVVLRQZDVKDUPOHVVEH\RQGDUHDVRQDEOHGRXEW
,GDW7KHKDUPOHVVHUURUUXOHWKXV³SURPRWHVSXEOLF
UHVSHFWIRUWKHFULPLQDOSURFHVVE\IRFXVLQJRQWKHXQGHUO\LQJ
IDLUQHVV RI WKH WULDO UDWKHU WKDQ RQ WKH YLUWXDOO\ LQHYLWDEOH
SUHVHQFHRILPPDWHULDOHUURU´6DWWHUZKLWHY7H[DV86
TXRWLQJ5RVHY&ODUN86DW
$OWKRXJKWKH6XSUHPH&RXUWKDVUHSHDWHGO\LQGLFDWHGWKDW
³GHDWKLVGLIIHUHQW´VHH:RRGVRQY&DOLIRUQLD86
³>'@HDWKLVTXDOLWDWLYHO\GLIIHUHQWIURPDVHQWHQFH
RILPSULVRQPHQWKRZHYHUORQJ'HDWKLQLWVILQDOLW\GLIIHUV
PRUH IURP OLIH LPSULVRQPHQW WKDQ D \HDU SULVRQ WHUP
GLIIHUV IURP RQH RI RQO\ D \HDU RU WZR´ VHH DOVR 'DYLG
0F&RUG ,V 'HDWK ³'LIIHUHQW´ IRU 3XUSRVHV RI +DUPOHVV
(UURU$QDO\VLV"6KRXOG,W%H"$Q$VVHVVPHQWRI8QLWHG
6WDWHVDQG/RXLVLDQD6XSUHPH&RXUW&DVH/DZ /D/
5HYQ WKH&RXUWKDVQHYHUKHOGWKDW
HYHU\ FRQVWLWXWLRQDO HUURU LQ D GHDWK SHQDOW\ FDVH LV
1RV (VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ
VWDWXWHVDGRSWHGLQRUGHUWRFRPSO\ZLWKLWSHUPLWVXFKDJURVV
GHYLDWLRQIURPWKHSULQFLSOHRIMXU\VHQWHQFLQJDFFRUGLQJWR
H[SUHVVO\VWDWHGFOHDUVWDWXWRU\VWDQGDUGV
,Q WKLV FDVH HYHQ LI KDUPOHVV HUURU DQDO\VLV ZHUH
DSSURSULDWHZHDUHIDFHGZLWKWKHSUREOHPWKDWVXSSUHVVHG
HYLGHQFHGLVFRYHUHGIRUWKHILUVWWLPHLQWKH'LVWULFW&RXUWLQ
WKLVSURFHHGLQJUDLVHVDTXHVWLRQDERXWZKHWKHU(VSDU]DDFWHG
DORQH7KHUHLVQHZHYLGHQFHE\WZRZLWQHVVHVVXSSUHVVHG
E\ WKH SURVHFXWLRQ DW WULDO WKDW WKHUH ZHUH SRVVLEO\ WZR
SDUWLFLSDQWVLQWKHFULPH-RH-DVVRDQG(VSDU]D7KHEDVLVRQ
ZKLFK 2KLR MXGJHV GLUHFWHG D YHUGLFW RQ WKH ³SULQFLSDO
RIIHQGHU´DJJUDYDWRU²WKDWWKHUHZDVRQO\RQHSDUWLFLSDQWLQ
WKHFULPH²DSSHDUVQRZWREHFDOOHGLQWRTXHVWLRQ7KXVWKH
EDVLV IRU WKH 6WDWH¶V KDUPOHVV HUURU DUJXPHQW LQ WKH 6WDWH
FRXUWVKDVEHHQXQGHUPLQHGE\WKHQHZHYLGHQFH
,,,2WKHU,VVXHV
%HFDXVHZHJUDQWWKHZULWDVWRKLVVHQWHQFHRIGHDWKRQ
(LJKWK$PHQGPHQWJURXQGVZHQHHGQRWUHDFKWKHDOWHUQDWH
JURXQGV RQ ZKLFK (VSDU]D DVNV XV WR YDFDWH WKH GHDWK
VHQWHQFHWKDWKHZDVGHQLHGHIIHFWLYHDVVLVWDQFHRIFRXQVHO
DW VHQWHQFLQJ WKDW KLV ULJKWV ZHUH YLRODWHG ZKHQ KH ZDV
GHQLHGDFRQWLQXDQFHWRSUHSDUHIRUWKHVHQWHQFLQJSKDVHDQG
WKDWKLVULJKWVZHUHYLRODWHGWKURXJKFXPXODWLYHHUURULQWKH
VHQWHQFLQJSKDVH
(VSDU]DDOVRDGYDQFHVWKUHHJURXQGVRQZKLFKKHDVNVXV
WR JUDQW D JHQHUDO ZULW LQYDOLGDWLQJ KLV FRQYLFWLRQV IRU
DJJUDYDWHGPXUGHUDQGDJJUDYDWHGUREEHU\+HFODLPVWKDW
KHZDVGHQLHGLQHIIHFWLYHDVVLVWDQFHRIFRXQVHODWWULDO
WKDWKLVULJKWVZHUHYLRODWHGZKHQWKHVWDWHGLGQRWSURYLGH
KLP ZLWK DOO DYDLODEOH UHOHYDQW PDWHULDO DQG H[FXOSDWRU\
HYLGHQFHDQG WKDWKLVULJKWVZHUHYLRODWHGZKHQWKHWULDO
MXGJHUHIXVHGWRUHFXVHKLPVHOIDIWHUFRQGXFWLQJDZLWQHVV
FHUWLILFDWLRQ KHDULQJ FRQFHUQLQJ WKUHDWV DOOHJHGO\ PDGH
DJDLQVWDSRWHQWLDOZLWQHVVE\(VSDU]D¶VEURWKHU:HDGGUHVV
WKHVHLQWXUQ
-- 13 of 18 --
(VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ 1RV
$,QHIIHFWLYH$VVLVWDQFHRI&RXQVHO
(VSDU]D ILUVW FODLPV WKDW KH ZDV GHQLHG LQHIIHFWLYH
DVVLVWDQFHRIFRXQVHODWWULDO7KRXJKKHDGYDQFHVWKLVDVWZR
VHSDUDWHJURXQGVDUJXLQJWKDWLQHIIHFWLYHDVVLVWDQFHRFFXUUHG
ERWKZKHQKLVFRXQVHOIDLOHGWRUHDGWKHIDXOW\LQGLFWPHQWDQG
ZKHQKHGLGQRWFRQGXFWDWKRURXJKSUHWULDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQRU
REMHFWWRDOOHJHGSURVHFXWRULDOPLVFRQGXFWWKHFODLPVDUHRI
DSLHFH7RHYDOXDWHVXFKFODLPVZHDSSO\WKHWZRSDUWWHVW
ODLGRXWLQ6WULFNODQGY:DVKLQJWRQ86
:H PD\ RQO\ UHYHUVH D VWDWH FRXUW UXOLQJ LI LW LV
FRQWUDU\WRRULQYROYHVDQXQUHDVRQDEOHDSSOLFDWLRQRIIHGHUDO
ODZ6HH86& G
(VSDU]D¶VFODLPWKDWKLVFRXQVHOZDVLQHIIHFWLYHZKHQKH
IDLOHGWRUHDG WKHLQGLFWPHQWLVEDVHGRQDIDLUSRLQWDQ\
FRPSHWHQWFRXQVHOVKRXOGUHDGDQLQGLFWPHQW7RVXFFHHG
XQGHU6WULFNODQGKRZHYHU(VSDU]DPXVWDOVRVKRZKHZDV
SUHMXGLFHGE\WKHIDLOXUHWRREMHFWWRWKHLQGLFWPHQW+DGKLV
FRXQVHO REMHFWHG WKHUH LV OLWWOH GRXEW WKDW WKH SURVHFXWLRQ
ZRXOGKDYHDPHQGHGWKHLQGLFWPHQWWRLQFOXGHWKHUHTXLUHG
ODQJXDJH,WPD\KDYHEHHQFRXQVHO¶VVWUDWHJ\WROHDYHWKH
HUURULQSODFH7KXVWKHGHFLVLRQRIWKH2KLRFRXUWVWRGHQ\
UHOLHIRQWKLVEDVLVLVUHDVRQDEOHDQGVRDIILUPHG
(VSDU]DDOVRFODLPVLQHIIHFWLYHDVVLVWDQFHRFFXUUHGZKHQ
KLV FRXQVHO GLG QRW REMHFW WR FORVLQJ VWDWHPHQWV E\ WKH
SURVHFXWLRQ,QWKHTXHVWLRQDEOHVWDWHPHQWVWKHSURVHFXWLRQ
VWDWHGWKDWWKHYLFWLPZDVVKRWZKLOHUHDFKLQJIRUDQDODUP
DQGWKDW³VFLHQWLILFHYLGHQFH´VKRZHGWKHVKRRWLQJZDVQRW
DFFLGHQWDODOWKRXJKQRHYLGHQFHLQWKHUHFRUGVXSSRUWVWKHVH
FODLPV$OWKRXJKWKHVHVWDWHPHQWVDUHVRPHZKDWPLVOHDGLQJ
WKH\GRQRWZDUUDQWLVVXDQFHRIWKHZULW&RXQVHOLVIUHHWR
DUJXH UHDVRQDEOH LQIHUHQFHV IURP WKH HYLGHQFH VR ORQJ DV
HYLGHQFHRQWKHUHFRUGLVQRWPLVVWDWHG6HH8QLWHG6WDWHVY
<RXQJ86 (VSDU]DDOVRFODLPVWKDW
WKHSURVHFXWRUSOD\HGXSRQWKHMXU\¶VSDVVLRQVDQGSUHMXGLFHV
LQDVNLQJIRUDFRQYLFWLRQ(VSDU]D¶VWULDOFRXQVHOFRXOGZHOO
KDYH FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH SURVHFXWLRQ¶V FRPPHQWV ZHUH QRW
REMHFWLRQDEOH (YHQ DVVXPLQJ DUJXHQGR WKDW WKH\ ZHUH
1RV (VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ
UHVXOWZDVFRUUHFW7KDWLV³>H@DFKRIWKHVHFRQVWLWXWLRQDO
GHSULYDWLRQV LV D VLPLODU VWUXFWXUDO GHIHFW DIIHFWLQJ WKH
IUDPHZRUNZLWKLQZKLFKWKHWULDOSURFHHGVUDWKHUWKDQVLPSO\
DQHUURULQWKHWULDOSURFHVVLWVHOI´)XOPLQDQWH86DW
³3XWDQRWKHUZD\WKHVHHUURUVGHSULYHGHIHQGDQWVRI
μEDVLF SURWHFWLRQV¶ ZLWKRXW ZKLFK μD FULPLQDO WULDO FDQQRW
UHOLDEO\VHUYHLWVIXQFWLRQDVDYHKLFOHIRUGHWHUPLQDWLRQRI
JXLOWRULQQRFHQFHDQGQRFULPLQDOSXQLVKPHQWPD\EH
UHJDUGHGDVIXQGDPHQWDOO\IDLU¶´1HGHU86DW
TXRWLQJ 5RVH Y &ODUN 86
DOWHUDWLRQLQRULJLQDO
7KH 6XSUHPH &RXUW KDV UXOHG WKDW FRQVWLWXWLRQDO HUURUV
VXEMHFWWRKDUPOHVVHUURUUHYLHZLQFOXGH
&OHPRQVY0LVVLVVLSSL86
XQFRQVWLWXWLRQDOO\ RYHUEURDG MXU\ LQVWUXFWLRQV DW WKH
VHQWHQFLQJVWDJHRIDFDSLWDOFDVH 6DWWHUZKLWHY7H[DV
86 DGPLVVLRQ RI HYLGHQFH DW WKH
VHQWHQFLQJVWDJHRIFDSLWDOFDVHLQYLRODWLRQRIWKH6L[WK
$PHQGPHQW&RXQVHO&ODXVH &DUHOODY&DOLIRUQLD
86 > @MXU\LQVWUXFWLRQ FRQWDLQLQJDQ
HUURQHRXVFRQFOXVLYHSUHVXPSWLRQ 3RSHY,OOLQRLV
86 MXU\LQVWUXFWLRQPLVVWDWLQJDQ
HOHPHQW RI WKH RIIHQVH 5RVH Y &ODUN 86
MXU\ LQVWUXFWLRQ FRQWDLQLQJ DQ HUURQHRXV
UHEXWWDEOH SUHVXPSWLRQ &UDQH Y .HQWXFN\ 86
HUURQHRXV H[FOXVLRQ RI GHIHQGDQW¶V
WHVWLPRQ\UHJDUGLQJWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHVRIKLVFRQIHVVLRQ
'HODZDUH Y 9DQ $UVGDOO 86
UHVWULFWLRQ RQ D GHIHQGDQW¶V ULJKW WR FURVVH[DPLQH D
ZLWQHVV IRU ELDV LQ YLRODWLRQ RI WKH 6L[WK $PHQGPHQW
&RQIURQWDWLRQ&ODXVH 5XVKHQY6SDLQ86
DQGQ GHQLDORIGHIHQGDQW¶VULJKWWREH
SUHVHQWDWWULDO 8QLWHG6WDWHVY+DVWLQJ86
LPSURSHU FRPPHQW RQ GHIHQGDQW¶V VLOHQFH DW
WULDO LQ YLRODWLRQ RI WKH )LIWK $PHQGPHQW 6HOI
,QFULPLQDWLRQ&ODXVH +RSSHUY(YDQV86
VWDWXWHLPSURSHUO\IRUELGGLQJWULDOFRXUW¶VJLYLQJ
DMXU\LQVWUXFWLRQRQDOHVVHULQFOXGHGRIIHQVHLQDFDSLWDO
-- 14 of 18 --
(VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ 1RV
SDUDJUDSK LQ ZKLFK WKH 2KLR &RXUW RI $SSHDOV VWDWHG WKDW ³:H IXUWKHU
QRWH WKDW WKH ZRUGV GHDWK SHQDOW\ VSHFLILFDWLRQ DV WR WKH ILUVW FRXQW DUH
FOHDUO\ W\SHG RQ WKH IURQW RI WKH LQGLFWPHQW´ (VSDU]D :/
DW
$('3$WKHQLVWRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUDSSOLFDWLRQRIKDUPOHVV
HUURU DQDO\VLV WR DQ (LJKWK $PHQGPHQW YLRODWLRQ ZDV DQ
XQUHDVRQDEOHDSSOLFDWLRQRIRUFRQWUDU\WR6XSUHPH&RXUW
SUHFHGHQWDVRIWKHWLPHRIWKHUHOHYDQWVWDWHFRXUWGHFLVLRQV
6LQFHWKHODQGPDUNFDVHRI&KDSPDQY&DOLIRUQLD
86 LQZKLFKWKH6XSUHPH&RXUWKHOGWKDWVRPH
IHGHUDO FRQVWLWXWLRQDO HUURUV FDQ EH GHHPHG KDUPOHVV WKH
6XSUHPH&RXUWKDVIRXQGRQO\DIHZFRQVWLWXWLRQDOHUURUVWKDW
DUHVRIXQGDPHQWDODVWREHDXWRPDWLFDOO\UHYHUVLEOHDQGQRW
VXEMHFWWRWKHKDUPOHVVHUURUDQDO\VLV$UL]RQDY)XOPLQDQWH
86 VHHDOVR1HGHUY8QLWHG6WDWHV
86 VWDWLQJ WKDW ³ZH KDYH UHFRJQL]HG D
OLPLWHGFODVVRIIXQGDPHQWDOFRQVWLWXWLRQDOHUURUVWKDWμGHI\
DQDO\VLVE\³KDUPOHVVHUURU´VWDQGDUGV¶´ TXRWLQJ)XOPLQDQWH
86DW 6XFK³VWUXFWXUDO´HUURUVLQFOXGHWKHJLYLQJ
RIDQHUURQHRXVUHDVRQDEOHGRXEWLQVWUXFWLRQVHH6XOOLYDQY
/RXLVLDQD86 WKHDSSRLQWPHQWRI
DQLQWHUHVWHGSDUW\¶VDWWRUQH\DVDSURVHFXWRUIRUFRQWHPSW
FKDUJHV<RXQJY8QLWHG6WDWHV86
WKHH[FXVLQJRIDMXURUIRUFDXVHLQDFDSLWDOFDVHZKRZDVQRW
LUUHYRFDEO\ FRPPLWWHG WR YRWH DJDLQVW WKH GHDWK SHQDOW\
UHJDUGOHVVRIWKHIDFWVDQGFLUFXPVWDQFHVRIWKHFDVH*UD\Y
0LVVLVVLSSL86 WKHXQODZIXOH[FOXVLRQ
RI PHPEHUV RI WKH GHIHQGDQW¶V UDFH IURP D JUDQG MXU\
9DVTXH]Y+LOOHU\86 WKHGHQLDO
RIWKHULJKWWRDSXEOLFWULDO:DOOHUY*HRUJLD86
Q WKH DEULGJPHQW RI ULJKW WR VHOI
UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ0F.DVNOHY:LJJLQV86Q
WKHFRPSOHWHGHQLDORIULJKWWRFRXQVHODWWULDO*LGHRQ
Y:DLQZULJKW86 DQGWULDOEHIRUHDELDVHG
MXGJH7XPH\Y2KLR86
,QHDFKRIWKHVHFDVHVWKHHUURUDIIHFWHGWKHIUDPHZRUNRI
WKHWULDOVRWKDWLWZDVLPSRVVLEOHWRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKH
1RV (VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ
REMHFWLRQDEOHDQGWKDWWKHWULDOFRXQVHOVKRXOGKDYHREMHFWHG
(VSDU]D GRHV QRW SURYH WKH FRPPHQWV SUHMXGLFHG KLP ,Q
UHMHFWLQJWKLVFODLPWKH2KLRFRXUWFRQFOXGHGWKDW(VSDU]D
³IDLOHGWRHVWDEOLVKWKDWWKHRXWFRPHRIKLVWULDOZRXOGKDYH
EHHQGLIIHUHQWKDGKLVWULDOFRXQVHOQRWFRPPLWWHGWKHDOOHJHG
HUURUV´ (VSDU]D :/ DW 7KLV LV D
UHDVRQDEOHFRQFOXVLRQWREHGUDZQDIWHUDSSO\LQJ6WULFNODQG
(VSDU]D¶VFODLPWKDWKLVFRXQVHOZDVLQHIIHFWLYHZKHQKH
IDLOHG WR FRQGXFW D SURSHU SUHWULDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQ IDLOV IRU
VLPLODUUHDVRQV$OWKRXJKKLVFRXQVHOUHOLHGFKLHIO\RQWKH
LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI D SULYDWH LQYHVWLJDWRU DQG QHJOHFWHG WR
LQWHUYLHZ VRPH ZLWQHVVHV OLVWHG DV SRWHQWLDO JRYHUQPHQW
ZLWQHVVHV (VSDU]D LV XQDEOH WR H[SODLQ KRZ LQWHUYLHZLQJ
WKHVH LQGLYLGXDOV RU FRQGXFWLQJ D PRUH WKRURXJK
LQYHVWLJDWLRQZRXOGKDYHSURGXFHGDGLIIHUHQWUHVXOWDWWULDO
+LVVLVWHU¶VWHVWLPRQ\ZRXOGVWLOOKDYHEHHQSUHVHQWHGDJDLQVW
KLP OLNHO\ OHDGLQJ WR DQRWKHU FRQYLFWLRQ 7KXV WKH 2KLR
FRXUWVDFWHGUHDVRQDEO\LQFRQFOXGLQJWKDWWKHDOOHJHGHUURUV
GLG QRW SUHMXGLFH (VSDU]D¶V GHIHQVH 2Q KLV FODLP RI
LQHIIHFWLYH DVVLVWDQFH RI FRXQVHO DW WULDO UHOLHI LV QRW
ZDUUDQWHG
%%UDG\&ODLP
(VSDU]DDOVRDVNVWKLVFRXUWWRLVVXHWKHJHQHUDOZULWEDVHG
RQ WKH IDFW WKDW WKH 6WDWH ZLWKKHOG PDWHULDO H[FXOSDWRU\
HYLGHQFH IURP KLP DW WULDO $V GLVFXVVHG DERYH WKH
VXSSUHVVHG HYLGHQFH WHQGHG WR LPSHDFK D ZLWQHVV¶V
GHVFULSWLRQRIWKHLQGLYLGXDOZKRUREEHG,VODQG9DULHW\DQG
VKRW 0HODQLH *HUVKXOW] VKRZ WKDW PRUH WKDQ RQH
LQGLYLGXDOFRPPLWWHGWKHFULPHDQG VKRZWKDWSROLFHDOVR
KDGRWKHUVXVSHFWVLQWKHFULPHEHIRUHFKDUJLQJ(VSDU]DZLWK
WKHNLOOLQJ7DNHQWRJHWKHUWKHHYLGHQFHWKURZVLQWRGRXEW
ZKHWKHU(VSDU]DZDVWKH³SULQFLSDORIIHQGHU´LQWKLVFULPH
DQGWKXVPHULWVDGHDWKVHQWHQFHXQGHU2KLRODZ
7KHTXHVWLRQKHUHKRZHYHULVZKHWKHUWKHHYLGHQFHDOVR
WKURZV LQWR GRXEW (VSDU]D¶V FRQYLFWLRQ IRU DJJUDYDWHG
UREEHU\DQGDJJUDYDWHGPXUGHU8QGHU%UDG\Y0DU\ODQG
DVWDWHPXVWGLVFORVHDOOPDWHULDOH[FXOSDWRU\HYLGHQFHWRD
-- 15 of 18 --
(VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ 1RV
GHIHQGDQW EHIRUH WULDO 86 7R DVVHUW D
VXFFHVVIXO %UDG\ FODLP D SHWLWLRQHU PXVW VKRZ WKDW
HYLGHQFHIDYRUDEOHWRWKHSHWLWLRQHU ZDVVXSSUHVVHGE\
WKH JRYHUQPHQW DQG WKHUHIRUH WKH GHIHQGDQW ZDV
SUHMXGLFHG6HH6WULFNOHUY*UHHQH86 $
GHIHQGDQW LV SUHMXGLFHG ZKHQ ³WKHUH LV D UHDVRQDEOH
SUREDELOLW\ WKDW KDG WKH HYLGHQFH EHHQ GLVFORVHG WR WKH
GHIHQVH WKH UHVXOW RI WKH SURFHHGLQJ ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ
GLIIHUHQW´8QLWHG6WDWHVY%DJOH\86
2XUWDVNKHUHLVWRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUZKHQWKHGHIHQGDQW
ZDVGHSULYHGRIWKHVXSSUHVVHGHYLGHQFHKHVWLOOUHFHLYHGD
³IDLUWULDOXQGHUVWRRGDVDWULDOUHVXOWLQJLQDYHUGLFWZRUWK\
RIFRQILGHQFH´6WULFNOHU86DW TXRWLQJ.\OHVY
:KLWOH\86
$IWHUFRQVLGHULQJWKHHYLGHQFHZHFRQFOXGHWKDW(VSDU]D¶V
WULDO ZDV QRW IDWDOO\ IODZHG DW WKH JXLOW SKDVH RI WKH FDVH
DOWKRXJKREYLRXVO\WKHVXSSUHVVHGHYLGHQFHVKRXOGKDYHEHHQ
SURGXFHG 7KH VXSSUHVVHG HYLGHQFH WHQGHG WR VKRZ WKDW
RQHZLWQHVV¶VVWDWHPHQWWKDWWKHUREEHUVKRRWHULQWKHVWRUH
UHVHPEOHG(VSDU]DPD\KDYHEHHQZURQJDQG WKDWDQRWKHU
LQGLYLGXDOPD\KDYHEHHQLQYROYHGLQWKHFULPH(YHQDIWHU
WKLVKRZHYHUWKHUHUHPDLQVRWKHUVLJQLILFDQWHYLGHQFHDJDLQVW
(VSDU]D LQ SDUWLFXODU WKH WHVWLPRQ\ RI WZR LQGLYLGXDOV WR
ZKRP (VSDU]D DGPLWWHG VKRRWLQJ 0HODQLH *HUVKXOW] :H
QRWHLQSDUWLFXODUWKDWQRQHRIWKHVXSSUHVVHGHYLGHQFHWHQGV
WR VKRZ WKDW (VSDU]D ZDV XQLQYROYHG LQ WKH UREEHU\ DQG
VKRRWLQJ LW PHUHO\ VKRZV WKDW KH PD\ QRW KDYH EHHQ WKH
SULQFLSDORIIHQGHUDQGPD\QRWKDYHDFWHGDORQH7KXVKLV
UHTXHVWIRUDJHQHUDOZULWEDVHGRQD%UDG\HUURULVGHQLHG
&&HUWLILFDWLRQ+HDULQJ
)LQDOO\(VSDU]DFODLPVKLVULJKWVZHUHYLRODWHGZKHQWKH
WULDOMXGJHIDLOHGWRUHFXVHKLPVHOIDIWHUFRQGXFWLQJDSUHWULDO
ZLWQHVVFHUWLILFDWLRQ KHDULQJ SXUVXDQW WR 2KLR 5 &ULP 3
% F XQGHU ZKLFK WKH FRXUW PD\ DOORZ WKH VWDWH WR
ZLWKKROGSHUVRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWDSURVHFXWLRQZLWQHVV
ZKHQWKHSURVHFXWLQJDWWRUQH\³FHUWLILHVWRWKHFRXUWWKDWWRGR
VRPD\VXEMHFWWKHZLWQHVVRURWKHUVWRSK\VLFDORUVXEVWDQWLDO
1RV (VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ
7KH 2KLR &RXUW RI $SSHDOV GLG QRW DGGUHVV FDXVH SUHVXPDEO\
EHFDXVH LW IRXQG WKDW SUHMXGLFH ZDV QRW VKRZQ
7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW VWDWHG LQ UHOHYDQW SDUW
7KH VWDWH FRXUW FRQFHGHG WKDW WKHUH ZDV QR FDSLWDO
VSHFLILFDWLRQ REYLRXV RQ WKH IDFH RI WKH LQGLFWPHQW EXW
FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKLV IDFW GLG QRW SURKLELW (VSDU]D¶V FRQYLFWLRQ IRU
FDSLWDO PXUGHU 7KLV LV VR WKH VWDWH FRXUW UHDVRQHG EHFDXVH LW
IRXQG WKDW WKH LQGLFWPHQW ZDV VXIILFLHQW GHVSLWH WKH DEVHQFH RI
FHUWDLQ SUHFLVH ODQJXDJH WR SXW (VSDU]D RQ QRWLFH RI DOO RI WKH
HOHPHQWV RI WKH RIIHQVH ZLWK ZKLFK KH ZDV FKDUJHG 7KXV WKH
VWDWH FRXUW IRXQG WKDW WKH ³SULQFLSDO RIIHQGHU´ VSHFLILFDWLRQ ZDV
LPSOLFLW LQ WKH LQGLFWPHQW EHFDXVH QR RQH RWKHU WKDQ (VSDU]D ZDV
FKDUJHG ZLWK SDUWLFLSDWLQJ LQ WKH HYHQWV GHVFULEHG 7KH FRXUW
VWDWHG
:H FRQFOXGH WKDW ZKHUH RQO\ RQH GHIHQGDQW LV QDPHG
LQ DQ LQGLFWPHQW DOOHJLQJ IHORQ\ PXUGHU LW ZRXOG EH
UHGXQGDQW WR VWDWH WKDW WKH GHIHQGDQW LV EHLQJ FKDUJHG
DV WKH SULQFLSDO RIIHQGHU 2QO\ ZKHUH PRUH WKDQ RQH
GHIHQGDQW LV QDPHG QHHG WKH LQGLFWPHQW VSHFLI\ WKH
DOOHJDWLRQ μSULQFLSDO RIIHQGHU¶
6WDWH Y (VSDU]D :/ DW >VLF@ 2KLR $SS
0D\
,W DSSHDUV DFFRUGLQJO\ WKDW ZLWKRXW VD\LQJ VR H[SUHVVO\ WKH
VWDWH FRXUW HQJDJHG LQ D KDUPOHVV HUURU DQDO\VLV ILQGLQJ WKDW WKH
DEVHQFH RI WKH ZRUGV ³SULQFLSDO RIIHQGHU´ LQ WKH LQGLFWPHQW ZDV
QRW PHDQLQJIXO ZKHUH DV KHUH WKHUH ZDV RQO\ RQH RIIHQGHU
FKDUJHG LQ WKDW LQGLFWPHQW
(VSDU]D Y $QGHUVRQ 1R &9 VOLS RS DW (' 2KLR
2FW IRRWQRWHG RPLWWHG
7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW IDLOHG WR TXRWH WKH ODVW VHQWHQFH RI WKH IRUHJRLQJ
,G DW ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV LW DSSHDUV WKDW WKH 2KLR FRXUW
FRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHUHZDVQRSUHMXGLFHXQGHU6WULFNODQG7KDW
LVDSSHOODWHFRXQVHO¶VIDLOXUHWRUDLVHWKH(LJKWK$PHQGPHQW
FODLPGLGQRWUHVXOWLQSUHMXGLFHEHFDXVHRIWKHRYHUZKHOPLQJ
HYLGHQFHDJDLQVW(VSDU]D
$VWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWVXJJHVWHGLWDSSHDUVWKDWWKHVWDWHFRXUW
HQJDJHGLQDKDUPOHVVHUURUDQDO\VLV2XUWDVNXQGHUWKH
-- 16 of 18 --
(VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ 1RV
6WULFNODQG Y :DVKLQJWRQ 86
6WDWH Y (VSDU]D 1R / :/ DW
2KLR &W $SS -XO\ XQSXEOLVKHG SHU FXULDP
FDXVH GLVPLVVHG 1(G 2KLR 7KH 2KLR
&RXUWRI$SSHDOVHYDOXDWHGWKHDVVLJQPHQWRIHUURUXQGHUWKH
6WULFNODQGVWDQGDUG6HHLGDW VHWWLQJIRUWK6WULFNODQG
WHVWIRULQHIIHFWLYHDVVLVWDQFHRIFRXQVHOFODLPV $VWRWKLV
LVVXHWKH2KLR&RXUWRI$SSHDOVFRQFOXGHG
8QGHUKLVILUVWDVVLJQPHQWRIHUURU(VSDU]DFRQWHQGV
WKDWKLVGHDWKVHQWHQFHLVYRLGLQWKDWWKHVWDWHIDLOHGWR
DOOHJHDQGWKHMXU\IDLOHGWRILQGDOORIWKHHOHPHQWVRID
FDSLWDOVSHFLILFDWLRQ,QSDUWLFXODUDSSHOODQWDVVHUWVWKDW
WKH LQGLFWPHQW IDLOHG WR DOOHJH D GHDWK SHQDOW\
VSHFLILFDWLRQEHFDXVHLWGLGQRWDOOHJHWKDWKHZDVHLWKHU
WKH SULQFLSDO RIIHQGHU RU WKDW KH FRPPLWWHG WKH
DJJUDYDWHG PXUGHU ZLWK SULRU FDOFXODWLRQ DQG GHVLJQ
$SSHOODQWIXUWKHUDVVHUWVWKDWWKHMXU\LQVWUXFWLRQVDWWKH
JXLOW\SKDVHRIKLVWULDOEHORZZHUHVLPLODUO\GHIHFWLYH
2Q KLV RULJLQDO DSSHDOV EHIRUH WKLV FRXUW DQG WKH
6XSUHPH &RXUW RI 2KLR DSSHOODQW DVVHUWHG WKDW KLV
FRQYLFWLRQ ZDV DJDLQVW WKH PDQLIHVW ZHLJKW RI WKH
HYLGHQFH8SRQUHYLHZERWKWKLVFRXUWDQGWKH6XSUHPH
&RXUW GHWHUPLQHG WKDW WKH YHUGLFW ZDV QRW DJDLQVW WKH
PDQLIHVW ZHLJKW RI WKH HYLGHQFH ,Q VR ILQGLQJ ERWK
FRXUWV QHFHVVDULO\ GHWHUPLQHG WKDW DIWHU YLHZLQJ WKH
HYLGHQFHLQDOLJKWPRVWIDYRUDEOHWRWKHSURVHFXWLRQDQ\
UDWLRQDO WULHU RI IDFW FRXOG KDYH IRXQG WKH HVVHQWLDO
HOHPHQWV RI WKH FULPHV SURYHQ EH\RQG D UHDVRQDEOH
GRXEW6HH6WDWHY-HQNV 2KLR6WG
$GGLWLRQDOO\WKLVFRXUWLQLWVGHFLVLRQRI0D\
UHYLHZLQJDSSHOODQW¶VSRVWFRQYLFWLRQDSSHDODGGUHVVHG
WKHPHULWVRIWKLVDVVLJQPHQWRIHUURUDQGIRXQGLWQRW
ZHOOWDNHQ $V VXFK ZH ILQG WKDW WKHUH DUH QR
VXEVWDQWLYHJURXQGVIRUUHOLHIXQGHUWKLVDVVLJQPHQWRI
HUURU
1RV (VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ
HFRQRPLFKDUPRUFRHUFLRQ´,G7KHZLWQHVVLQTXHVWLRQ
KHUHZDV&DWKHULQH6WHJJ*UHJRU\(VSDU]D¶VJLUOIULHQGDQG
PRWKHURIKLVFKLOGZKRIHDUHGWKDW(VSDU]D¶VEURWKHUVZRXOG
KDUP KHU LI WKH\ NQHZ KHU ZKHUHDERXWV ,Q VXSSRUW RI LWV
FHUWLILFDWLRQ UHTXHVW WKH VWDWH SURYLGHG LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW
(VSDU]D¶VYLROHQWSDVW$IWHUWKHKHDULQJWKHMXGJHJUDQWHG
WKH PRWLRQ DOORZLQJ WKH VWDWH WR H[FOXGH 6WHJJ¶V SHUVRQDO
LQIRUPDWLRQIURPGLVFRYHU\SURYLGHGWR(VSDU]D
7KH2KLR6XSUHPH&RXUWKDVKHOGWKDWLWLVHUURUIRUDMXGJH
WRSUHVLGHDWVXFKDKHDULQJDQGWKHQSUHVLGHDWWKHVXEVHTXHQW
WULDO DV WKH SUHMXGLFLDO LQIRUPDWLRQ RIWHQ UHYHDOHG DW VXFK
KHDULQJVFRXOGWHQGWRSUHMXGLFHDMXGJHDJDLQVWDGHIHQGDQW
6HH6WDWHY*LOODUG2KLR6WG1(G
RYHUUXOHG RQ RWKHU JURXQGV 6WDWH Y 0F*XLUH
2KLR6WG1(G ,QVXFKLQVWDQFHV
KRZHYHUKDUPOHVVHUURUDQDO\VLVLVDSSURSULDWH,GDW
(YDOXDWLQJWKLVFODLPRQUHYLHZWKH2KLR&RXUWRI$SSHDOV
FRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHHUURUZDVKDUPOHVVQRWLQJLQSDUWLFXODU
WKDWWKH HYLGHQFHWKDWWKHMXGJHKHDUGDWWKHKHDULQJ³LH
DSSHOODQW¶VKLVWRU\RIYLROHQWEHKDYLRUZDVDOVRDGPLWWHGDW
WKHSHQDOW\SKDVHRIWKHWULDOEHORZ´6WDWHY(VSDU]D1R/
:/DW 2KLR$SSWK'LVW0D\
5DWKHUWKDQFRQWHQGLQJWKDWWKHHUURUZDVKDUPIXO
(VSDU]DFODLPVWKDWVXFKHUURUVDUH³VWUXFWXUDO´DQGGHPDQG
UHYHUVDOLQHYHU\LQVWDQFH:HGLVDJUHH7KHQDWXUHRIWKH
FULPLQDO MXVWLFH V\VWHP RIWHQ UHTXLUHV MXGJHV WR FRQVLGHU
HYLGHQFH DQG WKHQ GLVPLVV LW IURP WKHLU PLQGV 6HH HJ
:LWKURZY/DUNLQ86 7KXVKDUPOHVV
HUURUDQDO\VLVLVFDOOHGIRUKHUHDQGZHILQGWKH2KLRFRXUW¶V
FRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKHHUURUGLG(VSDU]DQRKDUPLVDUHDVRQDEOH
DSSOLFDWLRQRIIHGHUDOODZ
$FFRUGLQJO\WKHMXGJPHQWRIWKH'LVWULFW&RXUWLVDIILUPHG
-- 17 of 18 --
(VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ 1RV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
',66(17
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
68+5+(,15,&+&LUFXLW-XGJHGLVVHQWLQJ7KHPDMRULW\
KROGVWKDWWKH³2KLRFRXUWVGLGQRWIROORZ2KLRGHDWKSHQDOW\
VWDWXWHV FUHDWHG WR FRPSO\ ZLWK 6XSUHPH &RXUW FDVHV
QDUURZLQJWKHFODVVRIRIIHQGHUVHOLJLEOHIRUWKHGHDWKSHQDOW\
XQGHUWKH(LJKWK$PHQGPHQW´0DM2SDWDQGWKDWWKLV
IDLOLQJFDQQRWEHRYHUFRPHE\HPSOR\LQJ³KDUPOHVVHUURU´
0DM2SDW,DJUHHWKDWWKHVWDWHIDLOHGWRSURSHUO\
LQGLFW(VSDU]DIRUWKHRIIHQVHRIFDSLWDOPXUGHUDQGIDLOHGWR
LQVWUXFWWKHMXU\WRILQGDOOHOHPHQWVRIWKHRIIHQVHRIFDSLWDO
PXUGHU+RZHYHU,GRQRWDJUHHZLWKWKHPDMRULW\WKDWWKLV
HUURUFDQQRWEHVXEMHFWWRD³KDUPOHVVHUURU´DQDO\VLV
$OWKRXJKWKHPDMRULW\EDVLFDOO\VLGHOLQHVLWVHH0DM2S
DW WKLV FDVH LV JRYHUQHG E\ WKH $QWLWHUUURULVP DQG
(IIHFWLYH'HDWK3HQDOW\$FWRI3XE/1R
6WDW FRGLILHG DV DPHQGHG DW 86&
6XSS ³$('3$´ ZKLFKSURYLGHVLQUHOHYDQW
SDUW
G $QDSSOLFDWLRQIRUDZULWRIKDEHDVFRUSXVRQEHKDOI
RIDSHUVRQLQFXVWRG\SXUVXDQWWRWKHMXGJPHQWRID6WDWH
FRXUWVKDOOQRWEHJUDQWHGZLWKUHVSHFWWRDQ\FODLPWKDW
ZDVDGMXGLFDWHGRQWKHPHULWVLQ6WDWHFRXUWSURFHHGLQJV
XQOHVVWKHDGMXGLFDWLRQRIWKHFODLP±
UHVXOWHG LQ D GHFLVLRQ WKDW ZDV FRQWUDU\ WR RU
LQYROYHG DQ XQUHDVRQDEOH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI FOHDUO\
HVWDEOLVKHG )HGHUDO ODZ DV GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH
6XSUHPH&RXUWRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRU
86& G
,Q:LOOLDPVY7D\ORU86 WKH6XSUHPH
&RXUW H[SODLQHG WKH PHDQLQJ RI ³FRQWUDU\ WR´DQG
³XQUHDVRQDEOH DSSOLFDWLRQ´ LQ WKH VWDWXWH $ VWDWH FRXUW¶V
OHJDOGHFLVLRQLV³FRQWUDU\WR´FOHDUO\HVWDEOLVKHGIHGHUDOODZ
1RV (VSDU]DY$QGHUVRQ
XQGHU G ³LIWKHVWDWHFRXUWDUULYHVDWDFRQFOXVLRQ
RSSRVLWHWRWKDWUHDFKHGE\>WKH6XSUHPH@&RXUWRQDTXHVWLRQ
RIODZRULIWKHVWDWHFRXUWGHFLGHVDFDVHGLIIHUHQWO\WKDQ>WKH
6XSUHPH@&RXUWKDVRQDVHWRIPDWHULDOO\LQGLVWLQJXLVKDEOH
IDFWV´,GDW$Q³XQUHDVRQDEOHDSSOLFDWLRQ´RFFXUV
ZKHQ ³WKH VWDWH FRXUW LGHQWLILHV WKH FRUUHFW OHJDO SULQFLSOH
IURP >WKH 6XSUHPH@ &RXUW¶V GHFLVLRQV EXW XQUHDVRQDEO\
DSSOLHVWKDWSULQFLSOHWRWKHIDFWVRIWKHSULVRQHU¶VFDVH´,G
8QGHUWKLVVWDQGDUGDVWDWHFRXUWGHFLVLRQLVQRWXQUHDVRQDEOH
VLPSO\ EHFDXVH WKH IHGHUDO FRXUW FRQFOXGHV WKDW WKH VWDWH
FRXUW¶VGHFLVLRQLVHUURQHRXVRULQFRUUHFW,GDW5DWKHU
WKHIHGHUDOFRXUWPXVWGHWHUPLQHWKDWWKHVWDWHFRXUW¶VGHFLVLRQ
LVDQREMHFWLYHO\XQUHDVRQDEOHDSSOLFDWLRQRIIHGHUDOODZ,G
DW
7KH:LOOLDPV&RXUWHPSKDVL]HGWKDW³FOHDUO\HVWDEOLVKHG
)HGHUDOODZDVGHWHUPLQHGE\WKH6XSUHPH&RXUW´UHIHUVWR
³WKH KROGLQJV DV RSSRVHG WR WKH GLFWD RI >WKH 6XSUHPH@
&RXUW¶VGHFLVLRQVDVRIWKHWLPHRIWKHUHOHYDQWVWDWHFRXUW
GHFLVLRQ,GDW
8QGHUWKH$('3$ZHDUHWKHUHIRUHUHYLHZLQJWKHUHOHYDQW
VWDWH FRXUW GHFLVLRQ (VSDU]D GLG QRW UDLVH DQ (LJKWK
$PHQGPHQWFODLPRQGLUHFWDSSHDOLQWKHVWDWHFRXUWV+HGLG
QRWUDLVHWKHLVVXHXQWLOVWDWHSRVWFRQYLFWLRQSURFHHGLQJVDQG
WKHQKHUDLVHGLWDVSDUWRIKLV6L[WK$PHQGPHQWLQHIIHFWLYH
DVVLVWDQFHRIDSSHOODWHFRXQVHOFODLP$VWKH2KLR&RXUWRI
$SSHDOVVWDWHG
$SSHOODQWKDVQRZILOHGWKHSUHVHQWPRWLRQIRUGHOD\HG
UHFRQVLGHUDWLRQ LQ ZKLFK KH DVVHUWV WKDW KLV RULJLQDO
DSSHOODWHFRXQVHOZDVLQHIIHFWLYHIRUIDLOLQJWRUDLVHWKH
IROORZLQJDVVLJQPHQWVRIHUURULQWKHRULJLQDODSSHDORI
KLVFRQYLFWLRQDQGVHQWHQFHWRWKLVFRXUW
$66,*10(172)(552512
$33(//$17(63$5=$¶6'($7+6(17(1&(
,6 92,' $1' 9,2/$7(6 7+( (,*+7+ $1'
)2857((17+ $0(1'0(176 72 7+(
81,7('67$7(6&2167,787,21
-- 18 of 18 --
Verbinden Sie Omnilex, um den Rechtskorpus über Ihren KI-Assistenten zu durchsuchen.