02a0180p.06

00-5796Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit21.05.2002

Gesamter Gesetzestext


5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21
3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH
(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21 )(' $SS 3 WK &LU
)LOH 1DPH DS
81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6
)257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
0$5< 0225( +229(5
3ODLQWLII$SSHOOHH
Y
3529,'(17 /,)( $1'
$&&,'(17 ,1685$1&(
&203$1<
'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW
;!

1
1R
$SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW
IRUWKH0LGGOH'LVWULFWRI7HQQHVVHHDW&ROXPELD
1R²7KRPDV$+LJJLQV'LVWULFW-XGJH
$UJXHG6HSWHPEHU
'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG0D\
%HIRUH0(55,776,/(5DQG'$8*+75(<&LUFXLW
-XGJHV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
&2816(/
$5*8(' .DWKDULQH 5 &ORXG %2:(1 5,/(<
:$512&. -$&2%621 1DVKYLOOH 7HQQHVVHH IRU
$SSHOODQW-RKQ$'D\%5$1+$0 '$<%UHQWZRRG
7HQQHVVHHIRU$SSHOOHH21%5,().DWKDULQH5&ORXG

-- 1 of 8 --

+RRYHUY3URYLGHQW/LIH 1R
6WHYHQ $ 5LOH\ %2:(1 5,/(< :$512&.
-$&2%6211DVKYLOOH7HQQHVVHHIRU$SSHOODQW-RKQ$
'D\%5$1+$0 '$<%UHQWZRRG7HQQHVVHH.DWKU\Q
(%DUQHWW%5$1+$0 '$<1DVKYLOOH7HQQHVVHHIRU
$SSHOOHH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
23,1,21
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
6,/(5 &LUFXLW -XGJH 'HIHQGDQW 3URYLGHQW /LIH DQG
$FFLGHQW ,QVXUDQFH &RPSDQ\ ³3URYLGHQW´ DSSHDOV WZR
RUGHUV RI WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW ZKLFK UHYHUVHG 3URYLGHQW¶V
GHFLVLRQ WR WHUPLQDWH SODLQWLII 0DU\ 0RRUH +RRYHU¶V
³+RRYHU´ UHVLGXDO GLVDELOLW\ EHQHILWV DQG DZDUGHG KHU
DWWRUQH\V¶ IHHV DV ZHOO DV SUHMXGJPHQW LQWHUHVW XQGHU WKH
(PSOR\HH 5HWLUHPHQW ,QFRPH $FW ³(5,6$´ 86&
† H )RUWKHUHDVRQVVWDWHGEHORZZHDIILUP
,
+RRYHU ZDV D SV\FKRORJLVW HPSOR\HG E\ 0DXU\ &RXQW\
5HJLRQDO +RVSLWDO LQ &ROXPELD 7HQQHVVHH ,Q DQG
+RRYHU REWDLQHG GLVDELOLW\ LQVXUDQFH SROLFLHV IURP
3URYLGHQW7KHVHSROLFLHVSURYLGHGEHQHILWVIRUWKHLQVXUHG
VKRXOG VKH EHFRPH WRWDOO\ RU SDUWLDOO\ GLVDEOHG XQGHU WKH
WHUPVRIWKHSROLFLHV
:LWKUHVSHFWWR³UHVLGXDOGLVDELOLW\´EHQHILWVWKHW\SHRI
FRYHUDJHWKDWLVDWLVVXHLQWKLVFDVHERWKSROLFLHVSURYLGHG
EHQHILWVWRFRPSHQVDWHIRUVXFKDGLVDELOLW\LIVKH
ZDVQRWDEOHWRGRRQHRUPRUHRIKHUVXEVWDQWLDODQG
PDWHULDOGDLO\EXVLQHVVGXWLHVRUVKHZDVQRWDEOHWRGR
KHU XVXDO GDLO\ EXVLQHVV GXWLHV IRU DV PXFK WLPH DV LW
ZRXOGQRUPDOO\WDNHKHUWRGRWKHP
ORVW SHUFHQW RI KHU PRQWKO\ LQFRPH LQ KHU
RFFXSDWLRQDQG
ZDV UHFHLYLQJ FDUH E\ D 3K\VLFLDQ ZKLFK LV
DSSURSULDWHIRUWKHFRQGLWLRQFDXVLQJGLVDELOLW\

-- 2 of 8 --

+RRYHUY3URYLGHQW/LIH 1R
:HILQGQRHUURURIMXGJPHQWLQWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VDZDUG
RIDWWRUQH\V¶IHHVWR+RRYHU$OWKRXJKWKHFRXUWIRXQGQR
EDG IDLWK RQ WKH SDUW RI 3URYLGHQW LW FRQFOXGHG WKDW
3URYLGHQW¶V FXOSDELOLW\ ZDV KLJK 0RUHRYHU DV ZH KDYH
SUHYLRXVO\GLVFXVVHGWKHFRXUWFRUUHFWO\KHOGWKDWWKHPHULWV
RIWKHFDVHIDYRUHG+RRYHU$VWRWKHHIIHFWRIWKHDZDUGZH
GRQRWILQGWKDWWKHFRXUWFOHDUO\HUUHGE\KROGLQJWKDWVXFKDQ
DZDUG ZRXOG DFW DV D GHWHUUHQW IRU 3URYLGHQW DQG RWKHU
VLPLODUO\ VLWXDWHG GHIHQGDQWV 7KH FRXUW GLG QRW DEXVH LWV
GLVFUHWLRQHLWKHULQLWVFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKHIDFWRUVRULQLWV
ZHLJKLQJ RI WKH IDFWRUV WR GHWHUPLQH WKDW IHHV VKRXOG EH
DZDUGHG
3URYLGHQWDOVRDUJXHVWKDWWKHDZDUGRISUHMXGJPHQWDQG
SRVWMXGJPHQWLQWHUHVWZDVLQDSSURSULDWH³$OWKRXJK(5,6$
GRHV QRW PDQGDWH WKH DZDUG RI SUHMXGJPHQW LQWHUHVW WR
SUHYDLOLQJSODQSDUWLFLSDQWV>WKLVFRXUWKDV@ORQJUHFRJQL]HG
WKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWPD\GRVRDWLWVGLVFUHWLRQLQDFFRUGDQFH
ZLWK JHQHUDO HTXLWDEOH SULQFLSOHV´ )RUG )G DW
FLWDWLRQVRPLWWHG $QDZDUGRISUHMXGJPHQWLQWHUHVWVHUYHV
WRFRPSHQVDWHWKH³EHQHILFLDU\IRUWKHORVWLQWHUHVWYDOXHRI
PRQH\ZURQJO\ZLWKKHOGIURPKLPRUKHU´,GDW%\
IHGHUDOVWDWXWHSRVWMXGJPHQWLQWHUHVWLVDOORZHGRQDOOPRQH\
MXGJPHQWV6HH86&†7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWGLGQRW
DEXVH LWV GLVFUHWLRQ E\ FRPSHQVDWLQJ +RRYHU IRU WKH ORVW
LQWHUHVWRQWKHZURQJIXOO\ZLWKKHOGIXQGV
$)),50('
1R +RRYHUY3URYLGHQW/LIH
$IWHU WKH VL[W\GD\ HOLPLQDWLRQ SHULRG ZDV VDWLVILHG VKH
ZDVUHTXLUHGWRVDWLVI\RQO\WKHILUVWDQGVHFRQGHOHPHQWVVHW
IRUWK DERYH DQG ZDV QR ORQJHU UHTXLUHG WR KDYH D ORVV RI
GXWLHVRUWLPHLQRUGHUWRTXDOLI\IRUEHQHILWV
,Q -XO\ +RRYHU XQGHUZHQW HPHUJHQF\ FRURQDU\
E\SDVVVXUJHU\$VDUHVXOWRIWKLVPHGLFDOSURFHGXUHVKH
VXEPLWWHGDFODLPIRUUHVLGXDOGLVDELOLW\EHQHILWVVLQFHVKH
ZDVDEOHWRUHWXUQWRKHUMRERQO\RQDSDUWWLPHEDVLV)URP
XQWLO 0D\ 3URYLGHQW SDLG +RRYHU EHQHILWV
SXUVXDQWWRWKHWHUPVRIWKHGLVDELOLW\SROLFLHVIRUZKDWZDV
GHWHUPLQHGWREHDUHVLGXDOO\GLVDEOLQJFRQGLWLRQRIFRURQDU\
DUWHU\GLVHDVHZLWKVWUHVVLQGXFHGDQJLQD
'XULQJDQG+RRYHUPDGHPXOWLSOHYLVLWVWRKHU
SULPDU\ FDUGLRORJLVW SK\VLFLDQ 'U -DQLFH 0 9LQVRQ $W
PDQ\ RI WKHVH YLVLWV +RRYHU FRPSODLQHG RI LQWHUPLWWHQW
HSLVRGHV RI FKHVW GLVFRPIRUW ZKLFK 'U 9LQVRQ DWWULEXWHG
PRVWO\WRVWUHVVUDWKHUWKDQSK\VLFDOH[HUWLRQ
,Q0D\'U9LQVRQDJDLQVDZ+RRYHUIRUFRPSODLQWV
RIFKHVWSDLQ,QKHUQRWHVFRQFHUQLQJ +RRYHU¶VYLVLW'U
9LQVRQ QRWHG WKDW WKHUH LV ³VRPH GLVHDVH LQ D VHSWDO
SHUIRUDWRU DQG FHUWDLQO\ WKDW LV HQRXJK WR JLYH KHU VRPH
DQJLQDOW\SHSDLQEXWXQIRUWXQDWHO\ZLWKDVHSWDOSHUIRUDWRU
\RXUHDOO\FDQ¶WGRDQ\WKLQJDERXW>VLF@ZLWKUHJDUGWRE\SDVV
RUDQJLRSODVW\EHFDXVHRIWKHDQJOHRIWDNHRIIIURPLWV$'´
,QDGGLWLRQ'U9LQVRQUHSRUWHG
0DU\0RRUHKDVKDGVRPHLQFUHDVHLQKHUFKHVWSDLQ$W
WKLV WLPH , WKLQN PHGLFDO WKHUDS\ LV UHDOO\ DOO WKLV LV
LQGLFDWHG +HU FDWK VKRZHG WKDW KHU ,0$ JUDIW ZDV
SDWHQWEXWVKHVWLOOGRHVKDYHVRPHVHSWDOGLVHDVH,W
VHHPVWKDWPRVWRIKHUFKHVWSDLQLVVWUHVVUHODWHGDQG
PRVWRIKHUVWUHVVLVUHODWHGWRZRUNDQGVRVKHKDVKDG
WRFXWEDFNTXLWHVLJQLILFDQWO\RQWKDW6KHLVFRQWLQXLQJ
WRGRHYHU\WKLQJVKHFDQIURPDVWDQGSRLQWRIWDNLQJFDUH
RIKHUVHOIPRVWVSHFLILFDOO\VKHKDVGRQHDJRRGMRELQ
WU\LQJWRFRQWLQXHKHUH[HUFLVHSURJUDP,WKLQNDWWKLV
WLPH WKH PDLQ WKLQJ ZH DUH WDONLQJ DERXW LV OLIHVW\OH

-- 3 of 8 --

+RRYHUY3URYLGHQW/LIH 1R
FKDQJHV DQG FRQWLQXLQJ WR EH UHDO FDUHIXO DERXW KHU
FKROHVWHURODQGH[HUFLVHSURJUDP
,QKHUUHSRUWGDWHG-XO\WR3URYLGHQW'U9LQVRQ
RSLQHG³*LYHQWKDWWKHSHUIRUDWRUFDQ¶WUHDOO\EHWUHDWHGZLWK
DQJLRSODVW\ RU E\SDVV DQG VKH LV FRQWLQXLQJ WR KDYH FKHVW
GLVFRPIRUW DOEHLW WKRXJK LW LV PRVWO\ VWUHVVUHODWHG , GR
FRQVLGHUWKDWVKHLVGLVDEOHGDQGSDUWLFXODUO\VLQFHKHUMRELV
YHU\VWUHVVIXO,KDYHUHFRPPHQGHGWKDWVKHUHWLUHIURPKHU
FRXQVHOLQJSURIHVVLRQ´
2Q UHIHUUDO IURP 'U 9LQVRQ +RRYHU VRXJKW D VHFRQG
RSLQLRQIURP'U-DQ7XUQHULQ-DQXDU\'U7XUQHU
FRQFOXGHG WKDW +RRYHU FRQWLQXHG WR VXIIHU IURP FRURQDU\
DUWHU\ GLVHDVH DQG ³FHUWDLQO\ WKH VHSWDO SHUIRUDWRU GLVHDVH
ZRXOGH[SODLQWKHLQWHUPLWWHQWDQJLQDZKLFK>+RRYHU@KDV´
+RRYHUZDVDOVRH[DPLQHGE\'U-RVHSK+/HYLQHD1HZ
<RUN FDUGLDF DUUK\WKPLD DQG SDFHPDNHU VSHFLDOLVW LQ
)HEUXDU\'U/HYLQHVWDWHGLQKLVOHWWHUWR'U9LQVRQ
WKDW
>+RRYHU@LVVRPHZKDWFRQFHUQHGWKDWWKHFULWLFDOOHVLRQ
WKDW VKH KDV UHPDLQLQJ LQ WKH VHSWDO SHUIRUDWRU DQG
VRPHRQHWROGKHUWKDWWKLVPD\EHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKKHDUW
EORFNLILWZHUHWRSURJUHVVIXUWKHU,KDYHUHDVVXUHGKHU
WKDWWKHUHLVQRODUJHDPRXQWRILVFKHPLDWKDWLVSUHVHQW
DWWKLVWLPHDQGIXUWKHUPRUHWKDWWKHUHLVQRHYLGHQFHIRU
DQ\ W\SH RI FRQGXFWLRQ DEQRUPDOLW\ QRWHG RQ H[HUFLVH
VWUHVVWHVWLQJ7KXVH[HUFLVHVWUHVVWHVWLQJFDQEHXVHGDV
DDVVD\IRUFRQGXFWLRQDEQRUPDOLW\ZKLFKLQWXUQPD\EH
D IXQFWLRQ RI WKH FULWLFDO OHVLRQ LQ WKLV DUWHU\ ,I VKH
FRQWLQXHV WRSDVVVWUHVVWHVWLQJZLWKRXWEXQGOHEUDQFK
EORFN KHDUW EORFN HWF ZH ZRXOGQ¶W UHDOO\ EH WKDW
FRQFHUQHGWKDWVKHZRXOGGHYHORSDKLJKGHJUHHRI$9
EORFN ZLWK DQ RFFOXVLRQ RI WKLV YHVVHO D SHUPDQHQW
SDFHPDNHU FRXOG EH HDVLO\ SODFHG DQG ZRXOG WRWDOO\
FRQWUROWKHVLWXDWLRQ
1R +RRYHUY3URYLGHQW/LIH
DFWLRQ6HH0DXUHU)GDW,QGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHU
WRDZDUGIHHVDQGFRVWVWKLVFRXUWKDVDGRSWHGDILYHIDFWRU
WHVW
WKHGHJUHHRIWKHRSSRVLQJSDUW\¶VFXOSDELOLW\RUEDG
IDLWK WKHRSSRVLQJSDUW\¶VDELOLW\WRVDWLVI\DQDZDUG
RIDWWRUQH\¶VIHHV WKHGHWHUUHQWHIIHFWRIDQDZDUGRQ
RWKHUSHUVRQVXQGHUVLPLODUFLUFXPVWDQFHV ZKHWKHU
WKH SDUW\ UHTXHVWLQJ IHHV VRXJKW WR FRQIHU D FRPPRQ
EHQHILWRQDOOSDUWLFLSDQWVDQGEHQHILFLDULHVRIDQ(5,6$
SODQ RU UHVROYH VLJQLILFDQW OHJDO TXHVWLRQV UHJDUGLQJ
(5,6$ DQG WKH UHODWLYH PHULWV RI WKH SDUWLHV¶
SRVLWLRQV
,GDW FLWDWLRQRPLWWHG $QDEXVHRIGLVFUHWLRQH[LVWV
RQO\ZKHQWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWPDGHDFOHDUHUURURIMXGJPHQWLQ
LWVFRQFOXVLRQXSRQZHLJKLQJWKHUHOHYDQWIDFWRUV,G
7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWDGGUHVVHGWKHILYHIDFWRUVLQLWVRSLQLRQ
DQG FRQFOXGHG WKDW IRXU RI WKH ILYH ZHLJKHG LQ IDYRU RI
JUDQWLQJ+RRYHUDWWRUQH\V¶IHHVDQGFRVWV:LWKUHJDUGWRWKH
ILUVWHOHPHQWWKHFRXUWIRXQGWKDW3URYLGHQW¶VFXOSDELOLW\LQ
WKLV PDWWHU ZDV KLJK VLQFH LWV GHFLVLRQ ZDV DUELWUDU\ DQG
FDSULFLRXVDQGEDVHGODUJHO\RQWKHRSLQLRQVRIWKHGRFWRUVLQ
LWVFODLPGHSDUWPHQW$VWRWKHVHFRQGDQGWKLUGHOHPHQWWKH
FRXUWIRXQGWKDW3URYLGHQWKDGWKHDELOLW\WRSD\WKHVHIHHV
DQG WKDW WKH DZDUG ZRXOG SURYLGH D GHWHUUHQW HIIHFW IRU
3URYLGHQWDQGRWKHUVLPLODUO\VLWXDWHGGHIHQGDQWV)LQDOO\WKH
FRXUWIRXQGWKDWWKHIRXUWKHOHPHQWGLGQRWIDYRU+RRYHU¶V
PRWLRQEXWWKDWWKHODVWHOHPHQWZHLJKHGLQKHUIDYRUVLQFH
KHUSRVLWLRQKDGJUHDWHUPHULWWKDQ3URYLGHQW¶V
3URYLGHQW DUJXHV WKDW WKH DZDUG RI DWWRUQH\V¶ IHHV ZDV
SXUHO\SXQLWLYHLQQDWXUHEDVHGRQWKHIDFWWKDWWKHGLVWULFW
FRXUW GLG QRW PDNH D ILQGLQJ RI EDG IDLWK DQG HUURQHRXVO\
FRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHUHODWLYHPHULWVRIWKHFDVHIDYRUHG+RRYHU
)XUWKHUPRUH3URYLGHQWDVVHUWVWKDWDQDZDUGRIIHHVLQDFDVH
VXFK DV WKLV ZRXOG QRW DFW DV D GHWHUUHQW WR RWKHU SODQ
DGPLQLVWUDWRUV

-- 4 of 8 --

+RRYHUY3URYLGHQW/LIH 1R
DFFRUGHGQRGHIHUHQFHRUSUHVXPSWLRQRIFRUUHFWQHVV6HHLG
DW 7KH UHYLHZ LV OLPLWHG WR WKH UHFRUG EHIRUH WKH
DGPLQLVWUDWRU DQG WKH FRXUW PXVW GHWHUPLQH ZKHWKHU WKH
DGPLQLVWUDWRUSURSHUO\LQWHUSUHWHGWKHSODQDQGZKHWKHUWKH
LQVXUHG ZDV HQWLWOHG WR EHQHILWV XQGHU WKH SODQ 6HH LG
5HYLHZLQJ3URYLGHQW¶VGHFLVLRQWRGHQ\EHQHILWVWR+RRYHU
XQGHU WKH GH QRYR VWDQGDUG EDVHG RQ WKH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH
UHFRUGLWLVFOHDUWKDW3URYLGHQW¶VGHFLVLRQZDVLQFRUUHFW
3URYLGHQWFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHUHZDVQRREMHFWLYHHYLGHQFH
RILVFKHPLDWRVXSSRUW+RRYHU¶VZRUNUHVWULFWLRQV7KXVLQ
3URYLGHQW¶VYLHZ+RRYHU¶VORVVRIPRQWKO\LQFRPHZDVGXH
WRZRUNUHVWULFWLRQVHPSOR\HGDVSUHYHQWDWLYHPHDVXUHVDQG
QRWDVDUHVXOWRIKHUUHVLGXDOGLVDELOLW\3URYLGHQWUHOLHGRQ
WKH ,0( SHUIRUPHG E\ 'U 5RVHPDQ DQG WKH UHYLHZ RI
+RRYHU¶VPHGLFDOUHFRUGVE\3URYLGHQW¶VLQKRXVHSK\VLFLDQV
'UV2¶&RQQHOO*UHHUDQG%ODORFN$VSRLQWHGRXWE\WKH
GLVWULFW FRXUW DOWKRXJK 'U 5RVHPDQ¶V DVVHVVPHQW GLG QRW
WRWDOO\HQGRUVHWKHDVVHVVPHQWRI+RRYHU¶VWUHDWLQJSK\VLFLDQ
'U9LQVRQKHGLGQRWUHIXWHLW
7KHHYLGHQFHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHUHFRUGGLGQRW
VXSSRUW WKH GHQLDO RI EHQHILWV ZKHQ RQO\ 3URYLGHQW¶V
SK\VLFLDQVZKRKDGQRWH[DPLQHG+RRYHUGLVDJUHHGZLWKWKH
WUHDWLQJSK\VLFLDQV8QGHUWKHVHFLUFXPVWDQFHVWKHGLVWULFW
FRXUW¶V GHFLVLRQ WR UHYHUVH 3URYLGHQW¶V GHQLDO RI UHVLGXDO
EHQHILWVWR+RRYHUZDVFRUUHFWDQGLWLVREYLRXVWKDWQRRWKHU
UHVXOWZDVSRVVLEOHKDGWKHGHQRYRVWDQGDUGRIUHYLHZEHHQ
XWLOL]HG
,,,
7KLVFRXUWUHYLHZVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VDZDUGRIDWWRUQH\V¶
IHHVIRUDQDEXVHRIGLVFUHWLRQ6HH0DXUHUY-R\7HFKV,QF
)G WK &LU $SSHOODWH UHYLHZ RI
DZDUGVRISUHMXGJPHQWLQWHUHVWDUHDOVRVXEMHFWWRWKHDEXVH
RIGLVFUHWLRQVWDQGDUG6HH)RUGY8QLUR\DO3HQVLRQ3ODQ
)G WK&LU
3XUVXDQWWR86&† J DGLVWULFWFRXUWLVJLYHQ
EURDG GLVFUHWLRQ LQ DZDUGLQJ DWWRUQH\V¶ IHHV LQ DQ (5,6$
1R +RRYHUY3URYLGHQW/LIH
,Q2FWREHU+RRYHUZDVKRVSLWDOL]HGIRUSURORQJHG
FKHVW SDLQ ,Q KHU UHSRUW GDWHG 1RYHPEHU WR
3URYLGHQW'U9LQVRQVWDWHGWKDW
>+RRYHU@KDVDVHSWDOSHUIRUDWHGZKLFKKDVDOHVLRQ
DQGGRHVVWLOOKDYHDQJLQDIURPWKDW+HUDQJLQDVHHPV
WR EH PRUH IUHTXHQWO\ LQGXFHG E\ VWUHVV ZKHQ VKH¶V
HPRWLRQDOWKDQE\SK\VLFDOH[HUWLRQ$VIDUDVOLPLWLQJ
KHUGXWLHV,KDYHIHOWWKDWWKHUHZDVGLUHFWFRUUHODWLRQ
EHWZHHQ KHU VWUHVV DW ZRUN DQG WKH IUHTXHQF\ DQG
LQWHQVLW\ RI KHU FKHVW SDLQ DQG VR , KDYH DVNHG KHU WR
UHVWULFW KHUVHOI EDVHG RQ KHU V\PSWRPDWRORJ\
2EMHFWLYHO\VKHGRHVKDYHWKLVOHVLRQRQDFDUGLDFFDWK
ZKLFK ZDV GRQH DSSUR[LPDWHO\ WZR \HDUV DJR DQG
VXEMHFWLYHO\ FHUWDLQO\ KHU KLVWRU\ LV FRPSDWLEOH ZLWK
DQJLQDZKLFKLVLQFXUUHGZKHQVKHLVXQGHUDJUHDWGHDO
RIVWUHVV
,Q'HFHPEHURQHRI3URYLGHQW¶VFODLPUHSUHVHQWDWLYHV
DVNHG'U:LOOLDP2¶&RQQHOODOVRHPSOR\HGE\3URYLGHQWWR
UHYLHZ+RRYHU¶VPHGLFDOUHFRUGVWRGHWHUPLQHLIWKHUHZDV
DQ\ REMHFWLYH HYLGHQFH VXSSRUWLQJ UHVWULFWLRQV WKDW ZRXOG
SUHYHQW+RRYHUIURPSHUIRUPLQJKHURFFXSDWLRQDOGXWLHVRQ
DIXOOWLPHEDVLV'U2¶&RQQHOOFRQFOXGHGWKDWEHFDXVHRI
WKH QRUPDO VWUHVV WHVW DQG HMHFWLRQ IUDFWLRQ WKHUH ZDV QR
UHDVRQ +RRYHU FRXOG QRW GR KHU IXOOWLPH RFFXSDWLRQ +H
VXJJHVWHG+RRYHUVXEPLWWRDQLQGHSHQGHQWPHGLFDOH[DP
³,0(´
+RRYHUVXEPLWWHGWRDQ,0(DQGZDVH[DPLQHGE\'U+DO
0LFKDHO5RVHPDQLQ)HEUXDU\$IWHUUHYLHZLQJDOORI
+RRYHU¶V SDVW PHGLFDO KLVWRU\ DQG FRQGXFWLQJ KLV RZQ
H[DPLQDWLRQ 'U 5RVHPDQ VXPPDUL]HG KLV ILQGLQJV DV
IROORZV
7KLV\HDUROGSV\FKRORJLVWLVDOOHJLQJGLVDELOLW\RQWKH
EDVLV RI HPRWLRQDO LQGXFHG DQJLQD +HU SURIHVVLRQDO
IXQFWLRQ GRHV QRW LQYROYH DQ\ H[HUWLRQDO DFWLYLW\ EXW
LQYROYHVVLJQLILFDQWHPRWLRQDOVWUHVV

-- 5 of 8 --

+RRYHUY3URYLGHQW/LIH 1R
&HUWDLQO\LQWKHPHGLFDOOLWHUDWXUHDQJLQDLVRQO\>VLF@
KDVEHHQUHSRUWHGWREHWULJJHUHGE\HPRWLRQDOVWUHVVDQG
QRWE\H[HUFLVHDQGQRWEHGHPRQVWUDWHGZLWKH[HUFLVH
SK\VLRORJLF VWUHVV WHVWLQJ +RZHYHU 0V +RRYHU¶V
VLWXDWLRQ LV TXLWH XQXVXDO HVSHFLDOO\ LQ OLJKW RI KHU
VXFFHVVIXO E\SDVV VXUJHU\ SHUIRUPHG LQ +HU
SULPDU\FDUGLRORJLVWKDVLPSOLFDWHGWKHVHSWDOSHUIRUDWRU
VWHQRVLV DV D FDXVH IRU KHU FKHVW GLVFRPIRUW , DP
FHUWDLQO\QRWDEOHWRGHQ\WKLVDVDSRVVLELOLW\%XWJLYHQ
WKH SUREDEOH VPDOO FDOLEHU RI KHU VHSWDO SHUIRUDWRU ,
GRXEWZKHWKHUWKHFKHVWSDLQVRXUFHFDQEHOHJLWLPDWHO\
UHODWHGWRWKLVYHVVHO
7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOKLVWRULFDOIDFWVWKDWZRXOGDUJXHDJDLQVW
LVFKHPLD7KHSURORQJHGQDWXUHRIWKHFKHVWGLVFRPIRUW
LV TXLWH XQXVXDO IRU FRURQDU\ LVFKHPLD 6KH UHSRUWV
KDYLQJFKHVWSDLQODVWLQJDVORQJDVVHYHQKRXUVZLWKRXW
DPHOLRUDWLRQGHVSLWHWUHDWPHQWVZLWKPRUSKLQHVXOSKDWH
DQG,9QLWUDWHV'XULQJWKHVHFKHVWSDLQHSLVRGHVWKH
UHFRUGV GR QRW LQGLFDWH DQ\ (.* FKDQJHV LQFOXGLQJ
FRQGXFWLRQ DEQRUPDOLWLHV LI WKH VHSWDO SHUIRUDWRU ZDV
VLJQLILFDQW HQRXJK WR FDXVH LVFKHPLD , ZRXOG VXVSHFW
WKDWLWZRXOGEHVLJQLILFDQWHQRXJKWRFDXVHFRQGXFWLRQ
RU67DEQRUPDOLWLHVDVZHOO ,QDGGLWLRQWKHSDWLHQWKDV
H[SHULHQFHG WLQJOLQJ SDUHVWKHVLDV $OWKRXJK WKH
V\PSWRPVKDYHQRWEHHQHIIHFWHGE\DQ\PHGLFDWLRQWKH
SDWLHQWGRHVUHSRUWLPSURYHPHQWRIKHUV\PSWRPVVLQFH
EHLQJ RQ KHU SUHVHQW SV\FKRWURSLF PHGLFDWLRQV ZKLFK
LQFOXGH :HOOEXWULQ 3UR]DF DQG ;DQD[ 7KH SDWLHQW¶V
DQJLQDLVSUHVHQWRQO\ZLWKHPRWLRQDOVWUHVV+RZHYHU
LW ZRXOG EH XQXVXDO WR KDYH LQGXFHG DQJLQD DW VXFK D
GLVDEOLQJPDJQLWXGHZLWKRXWDQ\GHPRQVWUDWLYHLVFKHPLD
7KHSDWLHQWKDVFHUWDLQO\EHHQHYDOXDWHGRQ QXPHURXV
RFFDVLRQVZLWKQXPHURXVPRGDOLWLHVZLWKRXWXQFRYHULQJ
DQ\SURYRNDEOHLVFKHPLD
%DVHG XSRQ SK\VLFDO H[DPLQDWLRQ WKH SDWLHQW¶V
GHVFULSWLRQ RI KHU V\PSWRPV GR QRW DSSHDU WR EH
PDQXIDFWXUHG+RZHYHUWKHUHDOTXHVWLRQVWLOOSHUVLVWV
1R +RRYHUY3URYLGHQW/LIH
%RWK SROLFLHV SURYLGH ³>3URYLGHQW@ DW RXU H[SHQVH >KDV@ WKH ULJKW
WR KDYH \RX H[DPLQHG DV RIWHQ DV LV UHDVRQDEOH ZKLOH D FODLP LV SHQGLQJ´
7KHUHTXLUHPHQWWKDWWKHLQVXUHGVXEPLWZULWWHQSURRIRI
ORVV ZLWKRXW PRUH GRHV QRW FRQWDLQ ³D FOHDU JUDQW RI
GLVFUHWLRQ>WR3URYLGHQW@WRGHWHUPLQHEHQHILWVRULQWHUSUHWWKH
SODQ´ 3HUH] )G DW FLWDWLRQV RPLWWHG 7KH
SROLFLHV GR QRW H[SUHVVO\ VWDWH WKDW WKH DGPLQLVWUDWRU KDV
GLVFUHWLRQRYHUWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIUHVLGXDOEHQHILWVQRULV
WKHUHODQJXDJHUHTXLULQJ³VDWLVIDFWRU\´SURRIRIDGLVDELOLW\
,QVWHDGWKHSROLFLHVSHUPLW3URYLGHQWRQO\WRUHTXLUHSURRIWR
GHWHUPLQHILQDQFLDOORVV(YHQLIZHZHUHWRDVVXPHWKDWWKLV
ODQJXDJHYHVWHGGLVFUHWLRQLQ3URYLGHQWLWZRXOGDSSO\RQO\
WRSURRIRIORVWLQFRPH7KHODQJXDJHUHOLHGRQE\3URYLGHQW
LQQRZD\HTXDOVDJUDQWRIGLVFUHWLRQLQGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHU
+RRYHUVXIIHUVIURPDPHGLFDOFRQGLWLRQUHQGHULQJKHUXQDEOH
WR ZRUN $EVHQW VXFK D JUDQW RI GLVFUHWLRQ 3URYLGHQW¶V
GHWHUPLQDWLRQVUHJDUGLQJ+RRYHU¶VUHVLGXDOGLVDELOLW\EHQHILWV
VKRXOGKDYHEHHQUHYLHZHGGHQRYR
)XUWKHU ZH UHMHFW WKH LGHD WKDW 3URYLGHQW UHVHUYHG LWVHOI
GLVFUHWLRQ E\ SURYLGLQJ WKDW LW PD\ UHTXLUH SK\VLFDO
H[DPLQDWLRQV DW LWV RZQ H[SHQVH 7KH SROLFLHV GR QRW
SURYLGHDQ\GLVFUHWLRQLQWKHUHYLHZRIWKHVHH[DPLQDWLRQV
QRU GR WKH\ UHTXLUH WKDW WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH H[DPLQDWLRQV
SURYLGHDGHTXDWHHYLGHQFHWKDWWKHLQVXUHGLVGLVDEOHG
%DVHGRQWKHODQJXDJHLQWKHVHSROLFLHVZHFRQFOXGHWKDW
GHWHUPLQDWLRQVUHJDUGLQJ+RRYHU¶VUHVLGXDOEHQHILWVVKRXOG
KDYHEHHQUHYLHZHGE\WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWGHQRYR8QGHUWKH
FLUFXPVWDQFHVRIWKLVFDVHZHILQGLWXQQHFHVVDU\WRUHPDQG
WR WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW IRU WKLV FRQVLGHUDWLRQ EHFDXVH WKH
QHFHVVDU\UHVXOWXQGHUWKHGHQRYRVWDQGDUGLVWKHVDPHDVWKDW
UHDFKHGE\WKHGLVWULFWFRXUW6HH3HUU\Y6LPSOLFLW\(QJ¶J
)G WK&LU
:KHQDSSO\LQJDGHQRYRVWDQGDUGLQWKH(5,6$FRQWH[W
WKH UROH RI WKH FRXUW UHYLHZLQJ D GHQLDO RI EHQHILWV ³LV WR
GHWHUPLQH ZKHWKHU WKH DGPLQLVWUDWRU PDGH D FRUUHFW
GHFLVLRQ´ ,G DW 7KH DGPLQLVWUDWRU¶V GHFLVLRQ LV

-- 6 of 8 --

+RRYHUY3URYLGHQW/LIH 1R
FRQVWUXHSODQWHUPVEDVHGRQWKHIROORZLQJODQJXDJH³>7KH
DGPLQLVWUDWRU@VKDOOKDYHWKHULJKWWRUHTXLUHDVSDUWRIWKH
SURRIRIFODLPVDWLVIDFWRU\HYLGHQFHWKDW>WKHFODLPDQW@
KDVIXUQLVKHGDOOUHTXLUHGSURRIVRIVXFKEHQHILWV´,GDW
7KH 3HUH] FRXUW UHDVRQHG WKDW WKH ³SODQ FOHDUO\ JUDQWV
GLVFUHWLRQ WR >WKH DGPLQLVWUDWRU@ EHFDXVH XQGHU WKH RQO\
UHDVRQDEOHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHODQJXDJH>WKHDGPLQLVWUDWRU@
UHWDLQVWKHDXWKRULW\WRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKHVXEPLWWHGSURRI
RIGLVDELOLW\LVVDWLVIDFWRU\´,GDW
7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW KHOG WKDW DOWKRXJK WKH SODQ GLG QRW
H[SUHVVO\ JUDQW GLVFUHWLRQ WR 3URYLGHQW LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ
EHQHILWV WKH ODQJXDJH QHYHUWKHOHVV YHVWHG GLVFUHWLRQ LQ
3URYLGHQW WR DVVHVV WKH VXEPLWWHG SURRI DQG GHWHUPLQH WKH
LQVXUHG¶VHOLJLELOLW\IRUUHVLGXDOEHQHILWV,QVXSSRUWRIWKLV
LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW DOVR QRWHG WKDW WKH SODQ
SURYLGHGWKHGHIHQGDQWZLWKWKHULJKW³WRKDYH>WKHLQVXUHG@
H[DPLQHGDVRIWHQDVLVUHDVRQDEOHZKLOHDFODLPLVSHQGLQJ´
:HGLVDJUHHDQGILQGWKDWWKHODQJXDJHLQWKHSROLFLHVGR
QRWJUDQWGLVFUHWLRQWR3URYLGHQWUHJDUGLQJUHVLGXDOGLVDELOLW\
GHWHUPLQDWLRQV$UJXLQJWKDWWKHSROLFLHVFRQWDLQWKHUHTXLVLWH
FOHDUJUDQWRIGLVFUHWLRQ3URYLGHQWSRLQWVWRWKHIROORZLQJ
ODQJXDJHFRQWDLQHGLQERWKSROLFLHV
3522)2)/266
,I WKH SROLF\ SURYLGHV IRU SHULRGLF SD\PHQW IRU D
FRQWLQXLQJORVV\RXPXVWJLYHXVZULWWHQSURRIRIORVV

7,0(2)3$<0(172)&/$,06
$IWHU ZH UHFHLYH ZULWWHQ SURRI RI ORVV ZH ZLOO SD\
PRQWKO\DOOEHQHILWVWKHQGXH\RXIRUGLVDELOLW\%HQHILWV
IRUDQ\ORVVFRYHUHGE\WKLVSROLF\ZLOOEHSDLGDVVRRQDV
ZHUHFHLYHSURSHUZULWWHQSURRI
5(6,'8$/',6$%,/,7<5(&29(5<%(1(),76
:HFDQUHTXLUHDQ\SURRIZKLFKZHFRQVLGHUQHFHVVDU\
WR GHWHUPLQH \RXU &XUUHQW 0RQWKO\ ,QFRPH DQG 3ULRU
0RQWKO\,QFRPH
1R +RRYHUY3URYLGHQW/LIH
ZKHWKHUWKH V\PSWRPVDUHLQGHHGFDXVHGE\GLVDEOLQJ
FRURQDU\LQVXIILFLHQF\

,QHVVHQFHVLQFHWKHSDWLHQW¶VV\PSWRPVDUHHPRWLRQDOO\
WULJJHUHGWKHQWKHSDWLHQWZRXOGKDYHDGLIILFXOWWLPHLQ
GHDOLQJZLWKHPRWLRQDOO\VWUHVVIXOVLWXWLRQV+RZHYHUDV
DSV\FKRORJLVW,EHOLHYHRFFXSDWLRQDOVLWXDWLRQVFDQEH
SUHVHQWDVWRPLQLPL]HWKRVHHPRWLRQDOWULJJHUV0RUH
LPSRUWDQWO\LVWKHTXHVWLRQRIZKHWKHUWKHV\PSWRPVDUH
FDUGLDF LQ RULJLQ &RURQDU\ DUWHU\ GLVHDVH KDV EHHQ
LQYRNHGDVDFDXVHIRUKHUV\PSWRPVGHVSLWHREMHFWLYH
WHVWVWRWKHFRQWUDU\,ILWZDVSURYHQWKDWWKHSDWLHQW¶V
V\PSWRPVZHUHQRWFDUGLDFWKHSDWLHQWIUHHO\DGPLWVWKDW
VKHZRXOGIHHOPRUHVHFXUHDERXWKHUIXWXUHHVSHFLDOO\
LQ OLJKW RI KHU IDWKHU¶V SUHPDWXUH GHDWK RFFXUULQJ MXVW
IRXU\HDUVROGHUWKDQVKHLV
,Q 0DUFK 'U 0LFKDHO *HHU 3URYLGHQW¶V LQKRXVH
FDUGLRORJLVW UHYLHZHG 'U 5RVHPDQ¶V ,0( UHSRUW DQG
+RRYHU¶VPHGLFDOUHFRUGV%DVHGRQWKLVUHYLHZ'U*HHU
QRWHG WKDW KH DJUHHG ZLWK 'U 5RVHPDQ¶V ILQGLQJV DQG
FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKHUH ZDV QR REMHFWLYH HYLGHQFH WR VXSSRUW
+RRYHU¶VZRUNUHVWULFWLRQV
3URYLGHQWLQIRUPHG+RRYHULQ$SULOWKDWKHUUHVLGXDO
GLVDELOLW\FODLPZDVEHLQJGHQLHGEDVHGRQLWVUHYLHZRIKHU
PHGLFDOUHFRUGVDQGWKH,0(SHUIRUPHGE\'U5RVHPDQ,Q
GHQ\LQJ+RRYHU¶VFODLP3URYLGHQWQRWHGWKDWWKHUHZDVQR
REMHFWLYH HYLGHQFH RI LVFKHPLD WR VXSSRUW KHU ZRUN
UHVWULFWLRQV DQG WKDW WKH ORVV RI PRQWKO\ LQFRPH KDG WR EH
FDXVHG E\ WKH UHVLGXDO GLVDELOLW\ IRU ZKLFK WKH FODLP ZDV
PDGHDQGEHFDXVH+RRYHU¶VZRUNUHVWULFWLRQVDSSHDUHGWREH
SUHYHQWDWLYHPHDVXUHVKHUFODLPZDVQRWFRYHUHGXQGHUWKH
SROLF\
+RRYHU DSSHDOHG WKLV GHFLVLRQ DQG VXEPLWWHG DGGLWLRQDO
PHGLFDOUHFRUGVIRU3URYLGHQW¶V(5,6$$SSHDOV&RPPLWWHH
WRFRQVLGHU,QFOXGHGLQWKLVDGGLWLRQDOPDWHULDOZDVDOHWWHU
IURP 'U 9LQVRQ VWDWLQJ WKDW VKH IHOW VKH KDG D ³JUHDWHU

-- 7 of 8 --

+RRYHUY3URYLGHQW/LIH 1R
DELOLW\´WRHYDOXDWH+RRYHU¶VFRQGLWLRQEHFDXVHRIKHUORQJ
WHUPWUHDWPHQWRI+RRYHUDQGQRWHGWKDW'U5RVHPDQKDG
QRWGLVDJUHHGZLWKKHUGLDJQRVLVEXWUHFRJQL]HGLQKLVUHSRUW
WKDW HPRWLRQDO VWUHVV FRXOG WULJJHU DQJLQD WKDW ZRXOG QRW
DSSHDULQSK\VLRORJLFDOWHVWLQJ$JDLQ3URYLGHQWKDGDQRWKHU
LQKRXVHSK\VLFLDQ 'U:LOOLDP%ODORFNUHYLHZ+RRYHU¶V
PHGLFDOUHFRUGVDQG'U5RVHPDQ¶V,0(UHSRUW%DVHGRQKLV
UHYLHZRIWKHFDVH'U%ODORFNFRQFOXGHGWKDWEHFDXVHWKHUH
ZDV QR REMHFWLYH HYLGHQFH RI LVFKHPLD LW ZDV GLIILFXOW WR
VXEVWDQWLDWH+RRYHU¶VGLVDELOLW\EDVHGRQHPRWLRQDOVWUHVV
2Q $XJXVW 3URYLGHQW QRWLILHG +RRYHU WKDW KHU
DSSHDOZDVGHQLHGVWDWLQJWKDWWKHUHZDVVWLOOQRREMHFWLYH
HYLGHQFHVXSSRUWLQJKHUFDUGLDFFRQGLWLRQDVGLVDEOLQJDQG
H[SODLQLQJWKDW+RRYHU¶VSROLFLHVGLGQRWSURYLGHEHQHILWVIRU
ZRUNUHODWHGUHVWULFWLRQVEDVHGRQDOLIHVW\OHFKRLFH
+RRYHU WKHQ ILOHG VXLW LQ 7HQQHVVHH VWDWH FRXUW DJDLQVW
3URYLGHQW DOOHJLQJ EUHDFK RI FRQWUDFW DQG YLRODWLRQ RI WKH
7HQQHVVHH&RQVXPHU3URWHFWLRQ$FW3URYLGHQWUHPRYHGWKH
FDVH WR IHGHUDO FRXUW RQ WKH EDVLV RI IHGHUDO TXHVWLRQ
MXULVGLFWLRQXQGHU(5,6$
7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWUHYHUVHG3URYLGHQW¶VGHFLVLRQWRWHUPLQDWH
+RRYHU¶V EHQHILWV 7KH FRXUW QRWHG WKDW DOWKRXJK 'U
5RVHPDQGLGQRWWRWDOO\HQGRUVH'U9LQVRQ¶VDVVHVVPHQWKH
GLGQRWUHIXWHLW,QDGGLWLRQ 'U 5RVHPDQKDGVXJJHVWHG
IXUWKHUWHVWLQJZKLFKZDVQHYHUSXUVXHGE\3URYLGHQW,WWKHQ
H[SODLQHG WKDW RSLQLRQV E\ WUHDWLQJ SK\VLFLDQV DUH WR EH
DFFRUGHG PRUH ZHLJKW WKDQ QRQWUHDWLQJ SK\VLFLDQV DQG
3URYLGHQW KDG IDLOHG WR SUHVHQW VXIILFLHQW SURRI IRU
GLVFRXQWLQJWKHRSLQLRQVRI+RRYHU¶VWUHDWLQJSK\VLFLDQV7KH
FRXUWDOVRQRWHGWKDW3URYLGHQWZDVRSHUDWLQJXQGHUDFRQIOLFW
RI LQWHUHVW DQG WKDW VXFK FRQIOLFW PXVW EH WDNHQ LQWR
FRQVLGHUDWLRQ ZKHQ UHYLHZLQJ WKLV W\SH RI EHQHILW
GHWHUPLQDWLRQ)LQDOO\LWQRWHGWKDWWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHUHFRUG
ZDV YRLG DV WR WKH FUHGHQWLDOV TXDOLILFDWLRQV DQG
VSHFLDOL]DWLRQV RI 3URYLGHQW¶V 'UV 2¶&RQQHOO *HHU DQG
%ODORFN$FFRUGLQJO\LWFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHGHQLDORIEHQHILWV
ZDVDUELWUDU\DQGFDSULFLRXVEHFDXVHLWZDVQRWVXSSRUWHGE\
WKHHYLGHQFHLQWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHUHFRUG7KHGLVWULFWFRXUW
1R +RRYHUY3URYLGHQW/LIH
ODWHU DZDUGHG +RRYHU DWWRUQH\V¶ IHHV DQG SUHMXGJPHQW
LQWHUHVW
,,
2XUUHYLHZRIWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VGHFLVLRQPXVWEHJLQZLWK
WKH LVVXH RI ZKHWKHU WKH FRXUW DSSOLHG WKH SURSHU OHJDO
VWDQGDUG 3URYLGHQW PDLQWDLQV WKDW WKH FRXUW VHOHFWHG WKH
SURSHUVWDQGDUGEXWDSSOLHGDPRUHVWULQJHQWUHYLHZWKDQLV
UHTXLUHGXQGHUWKHDUELWUDU\DQGFDSULFLRXVVWDQGDUG+RRYHU
FRXQWHUVE\DUJXLQJWKDWVKHZDVHQWLWOHGWRGHQRYRUHYLHZ
:HUHYLHZDGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VGHWHUPLQDWLRQUHJDUGLQJWKH
SURSHUVWDQGDUGWRDSSO\LQLWVUHYLHZRIDSODQDGPLQLVWUDWRU¶V
GHFLVLRQGHQRYR6HH<HDJHUY5HOLDQFH6WDQGDUG/LIH,QV
&R)G WK&LU
,Q)LUHVWRQH7LUH 5XEEHU&RY%UXFK86
WKH6XSUHPH&RXUWVWDWHGWKDWDQDGPLQLVWUDWRU¶V
GHFLVLRQ WR GHQ\ EHQHILWV LV UHYLHZHG XQGHU D GH QRYR
VWDQGDUG XQOHVV WKH SODQ SURYLGHV WKH DGPLQLVWUDWRU ZLWK
³GLVFUHWLRQDU\DXWKRULW\WRGHWHUPLQHHOLJLELOLW\IRUEHQHILWVRU
WR FRQVWUXH WKH WHUPV RI WKH SODQ´ 7KLV GRHV QRW PHDQ
KRZHYHUWKDWLQRUGHUWRILQGVXFKDXWKRULW\WKHSODQPXVWXVH
WKHWHUP³GLVFUHWLRQDU\´RUVRPHRWKHUVSHFLILFWHUPLQRORJ\
6HH-RKQVRQY(DWRQ&RUS)GQ WK
&LU ,QVWHDGWKLVFLUFXLWKDVFRQVLVWHQWO\UHTXLUHGWKDW
D SODQ FRQWDLQ ³D FOHDU JUDQW RI GLVFUHWLRQ >WR WKH
DGPLQLVWUDWRU@´ :XOI Y 4XDQWXP &KHP &RUS )G
WK&LU
%DVHGRQWKLVFRXUW¶VGHFLVLRQLQ3HUH]Y$HWQD/LIH,QV
&R )G WK &LU DQG LWV FLWDWLRQ WR
%ROOHQEDFKHUY+HOHQD&KHP&R)6XSS 1'
,QG WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW FRQFOXGHG WKDW EHFDXVH WKH
SROLFLHVUHTXLUHGZULWWHQSURRIRIORVV3URYLGHQWLPSOLFLWO\
ZDVJUDQWHGWKHGLVFUHWLRQWRUHYLHZWKDWSURRIDQGGHWHUPLQH
ZKHWKHUWKHLQVXUHGTXDOLILHGIRUGLVDELOLW\EHQHILWV
,Q WKH 3HUH] FDVH WKLV FRXUW FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH
DGPLQLVWUDWRU KDG GLVFUHWLRQ WR GHWHUPLQH HOLJLELOLW\ DQG

-- 8 of 8 --

Setzen Sie Ihre Recherche in ChatGPT oder Claude fort

Verbinden Sie Omnilex, um den Rechtskorpus über Ihren KI-Assistenten zu durchsuchen.