01a0203p.06

00-1043Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit22.06.2001

Gesamter Gesetzestext

2QLIHUY7\V]NLHZLF] 1R
VXEVWDQWLDOSDVVDJHRIWLPHKDVFUHDWHGVHWWOHGH[SHFWDWLRQVDV
WRWKHILQDOLW\RIWKHVHQWHQFHLPSRVHG6HHHJ'H:LWWY
9HQWHWRXOR)G VW&LU KDEHDVUHOLHI
RUGHUHGZKHUHVWDWHVRXJKWWRUHLQVWDWHVHQWHQFHDIWHU'H:LWW
KDGEHHQUHOHDVHGIURPSULVRQ 8QLWHG6WDWHVY/XQGLHQ
)G WK&LU UHMHFWLQJGXHSURFHVVFODLPEXW
QRWLQJWKDW³GXHSURFHVVPD\DOVREHGHQLHGZKHQDVHQWHQFH
LVHQKDQFHG DIWHUWKHGHIHQGDQWKDVVHUYHGVRPXFKRIKLV
VHQWHQFH WKDW KLV H[SHFWDWLRQV DV WR LWV ILQDOLW\ KDYH
FU\VWDOOL]HGDQGLWZRXOGEHIXQGDPHQWDOO\XQIDLUWRGHIHDW
WKHP´ 8QGHU$('3$WKHVHFDVHVKDYHQREHDULQJRQRXU
GLVSRVLWLRQRI2QLIHU¶VFODLPDVRXULQTXLU\LVOLPLWHGWRDQ
H[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHOHJDOODQGVFDSHDVLWZRXOGKDYHDSSHDUHG
WR WKH 0LFKLJDQ VWDWH FRXUWV LQ OLJKW RI 6XSUHPH &RXUW
SUHFHGHQWDWWKHWLPH2QLIHU¶VFRQYLFWLRQEHFDPHILQDO$V
QRWHGDERYHFDVHVVXFKDV%HQ]DQG%R]]DGRQRWGLVFXVVGXH
SURFHVVQRUGRWKH\PHQWLRQWKHSRVVLELOLW\ODWHUGHYHORSHG
LQ RXU VLVWHU FLUFXLWV WKDW D SULVRQHU¶V H[SHFWDWLRQ LQ WKH
ILQDOLW\ RI KLV RU KHU VHQWHQFH PD\ FU\VWDOL]H LQWR D GXH
SURFHVVULJKWQRWWRKDYHWKDWVHQWHQFHDGMXVWHGXSZDUGVHYHQ
LQ RUGHU WR FRUUHFW OHJDO HUURUV LQ VHQWHQFLQJ 7KXV WKH
0LFKLJDQVWDWHFRXUWVGLGQRWUXOHXQUHDVRQDEO\ZKHQWKH\
UHMHFWHG2QLIHU¶VGXHSURFHVVFODLP
9
7KH GHFLVLRQ RI WKH 0LFKLJDQ FRXUWV WR UHMHFW 2QLIHU¶V
FRQVWLWXWLRQDO FODLPV ZDV QHLWKHU FRQWUDU\ WR QRU DQ
XQUHDVRQDEOHDSSOLFDWLRQRIFOHDUO\HVWDEOLVKHGIHGHUDOODZDV
GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW )RU WKLV UHDVRQ ZH
UHYHUVHWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VJUDQWRIKDEHDVUHOLHI

5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21
3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH
(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21 )(' $SS 3 WK &LU
)LOH 1DPH DS
81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6
)257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
*(25*( ) 21,)(5
3HWLWLRQHU$SSHOOHH
Y
=%,*1,(: 7<6=.,(:,&=
:DUGHQ
5HVSRQGHQW$SSHOODQW
;!

1
1R
$SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW
IRUWKH(DVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI0LFKLJDQDW%D\&LW\
1R²9LFWRULD$5REHUWV'LVWULFW-XGJH
$UJXHG0DUFK
'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG-XQH
%HIRUH.(,7+1255,6DQG'$8*+75(<&LUFXLW
-XGJHV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
&2816(/
$5*8('%UDG+%HDYHU2)),&(2)7+($77251(<
*(1(5$/ +$%($6 &25386 ',9,6,21 /DQVLQJ
0LFKLJDQIRU$SSHOODQW0HOYLQ+RXVWRQ'HWURLW0LFKLJDQ
IRU$SSHOOHH21%5,()%UDG+%HDYHU2)),&(2)
7+( $77251(< *(1(5$/ +$%($6 &25386

-- 1 of 4 --

2QLIHUY7\V]NLHZLF] 1R
',9,6,21 /DQVLQJ 0LFKLJDQ IRU $SSHOODQW 0HOYLQ
+RXVWRQ'HWURLW0LFKLJDQIRU$SSHOOHH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
23,1,21
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
$/$1(1255,6&LUFXLW-XGJH=ELJQLHZ7\V]NLHZLF]
ZDUGHQRIWKH0LFKLJDQSULVRQZKHUHSHWLWLRQHULVSUHVHQWO\
LQFDUFHUDWHG DSSHDOV IURP WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW¶V GHFLVLRQ WR
JUDQW KDEHDV UHOLHI WR SHWLWLRQHU *HRUJH 2QLIHU )RU WKH
UHDVRQVWKDWIROORZZHQRZUHYHUVH
,
2Q0D\2QLIHUZDVFRQYLFWHGRIWKHNLGQDSSLQJ
DQGUDSHRIDILIWHHQ\HDUROGVFKRROJLUODQGVHQWHQFHGWRWZR
FRQFXUUHQW WHUPV RI WR \HDUV¶ LPSULVRQPHQW 2Q
$XJXVWIROORZLQJ2QLIHU¶VDSSDUHQWUHKDELOLWDWLRQLQ
SULVRQDQGZLWKWKHVXSSRUWRIWKHSDUROHERDUGWKH0DFRPE
&RXQW\SURVHFXWRU¶VRIILFHEURXJKWDPRWLRQEHIRUHWKHWULDO
FRXUW WR UHVHQWHQFH 2QLIHU $FWLQJ XSRQ WKH SURVHFXWRU¶V
PRWLRQ WKH WULDO FRXUW UHGXFHG 2QLIHU¶V VHQWHQFH WR D
PLQLPXPWHUPRIILYH\HDUVZKLFKLPPHGLDWHO\PDGHKLP
HOLJLEOHIRUSDUROH+HZDVSDUROHGLQ6HSWHPEHUDQG
VXFFHVVIXOO\ FRPSOHWHG KLV WZR\HDU WHUP RI SDUROH RQ
6HSWHPEHU
2QLIHU¶VUHKDELOLWDWLRQZDVKRZHYHUQRWORQJOLYHG2Q
0DUFKKHDEGXFWHGUDSHGDQGNLOOHGDQHOHYHQ\HDU
ROGJLUODVVKHZDVZDONLQJWRVFKRRO,PPHGLDWHO\IROORZLQJ
WKLVDWWDFN0LFKLJDQ¶VDWWRUQH\JHQHUDOILOHGDPRWLRQWRVHW
DVLGH 2QLIHU¶V UHGXFHG VHQWHQFH DQG UHLPSRVH WKH RULJLQDO
PLQLPXPWHUPRI\HDUV¶LPSULVRQPHQW7KHPRWLRQZDV
GLVPLVVHGDVXQWLPHO\E\WKH0DFRPE&RXQW\&LUFXLW&RXUW
7KH DWWRUQH\ JHQHUDO DSSHDOHG WR WKH 0LFKLJDQ &RXUW RI
$SSHDOVVHHNLQJDQRUGHURIVXSHULQWHQGLQJFRQWUROWRGLUHFW
WKHORZHUFRXUWWRGHFODUHWKHUHVHQWHQFLQJDQXOOLW\DQGWR
UHLQVWDWHWKHRULJLQDOWHUP
1R 2QLIHUY7\V]NLHZLF]
LQDGGLWLRQWRWKHDOUHDG\LPSRVHGSULVRQWHUP%R]]D
86 DW 7KH 6XSUHPH &RXUW UHMHFWHG %R]]D¶V
DUJXPHQWWKDWWKHWULDOFRXUW¶VGHFLVLRQWRLQFUHDVHDVHQWHQFH
WKDW ZDV PLVWDNHQO\ OHQLHQW YLRODWHG WKH GRXEOH MHRSDUG\
FODXVH
,IWKLVLQDGYHUWHQWHUURUFDQQRWEHFRUUHFWHGLQWKHPDQQHU
XVHG KHUH E\ WKH WULDO FRXUW QR YDOLG DQG HQIRUFHDEOH
VHQWHQFHFDQEHLPSRVHGDWDOO7KLV&RXUWKDVUHMHFWHG
WKH³GRFWULQHWKDWDSULVRQHUZKRVHJXLOWLVHVWDEOLVKHG
E\DUHJXODUYHUGLFWLVWRHVFDSHSXQLVKPHQWDOWRJHWKHU
EHFDXVH WKH FRXUW FRPPLWWHG DQ HUURU LQ SDVVLQJ WKH
VHQWHQFH´ 7KH &RQVWLWXWLRQ GRHV QRW UHTXLUH WKDW
VHQWHQFLQJVKRXOGEHDJDPHLQZKLFKDZURQJPRYHE\
WKHMXGJHPHDQVLPPXQLW\IRUWKHSULVRQHU,QWKLVFDVH
WKHFRXUW³RQO\VHWDVLGHZKDWLWKDGQRDXWKRULW\WRGR
DQG VXEVWLWXWH G GLUHFWLRQV UHTXLUHG E\ WKH ODZ WR EH
GRQHXSRQWKHFRQYLFWLRQRIWKHRIIHQGHU´ ,WGLGQRW
WZLFH SXW SHWLWLRQHU LQ MHRSDUG\ IRU WKH VDPH RIIHQVH
7KHVHQWHQFHDVFRUUHFWHGLPSRVHVDYDOLGSXQLVKPHQW
IRUDQRIIHQVHLQVWHDGRIDQLQYDOLGSXQLVKPHQWIRUWKDW
RIIHQVH
%R]]D 86 DW LQWHUQDO FLWDWLRQV DQG IRRWQRWH
RPLWWHG VHHDOVR1RUWK&DUROLQDY3HDUFH86
KROGLQJWKDWWKHGRXEOHMHRSDUG\FODXVHLVQRWYLRODWHG
ZKHQDGHIHQGDQWKDVKLVRULJLQDOFRQYLFWLRQVHWDVLGHEXW
WKHQKDVDPRUHVHYHUHVHQWHQFHLPSRVHGXSRQUHFRQYLFWLRQ
RYHUUXOHGRQRWKHUJURXQGVE\$ODEDPDY6PLWK86
8QLWHG6WDWHVY%HQ]86
KROGLQJWKDWDGLVWULFWFRXUWPD\GXULQJWKHVHVVLRQLQZKLFK
DVHQWHQFHLVHQWHUHGDPHQGDVHQWHQFHGRZQZDUGV
1RQH RI WKHVH GHFLVLRQV ZHUH EDVHG XSRQ GXH SURFHVV
LQVWHDGWKH\UHOLHGVROHO\RQWKHGRXEOHMHRSDUG\FODXVH,Q
UHDFKLQJ LWV GHFLVLRQ WR JUDQW WKH ZULW RQ WKH EDVLV RI GXH
SURFHVV WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW PLVWDNHQO\ ORRNHG WR D VHULHV RI
UHFHQW FLUFXLW FRXUW GHFLVLRQV WKDW KDYH KHOG WKDW DQ
LQGLYLGXDO¶VGXHSURFHVVULJKWVDUHLPSOLFDWHGZKHQWKHVWDWH
DWWHPSWVWRUHYLVHDQLQGLYLGXDO¶VVHQWHQFHXSZDUGVDIWHUD

-- 2 of 4 --

2QLIHUY7\V]NLHZLF] 1R
E\ WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW RI WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV´ 86&
† G
,9
%HIRUHWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW2QLIHUFODLPHGWKDWWKH0DFRPE
&RXQW\&LUFXLW&RXUW¶VGHFLVLRQWRUHLPSRVHKLVRULJLQDOWHUP
IROORZLQJKLVUHOHDVHIURPSDUROHYLRODWHGGXHSURFHVVDQGWKH
GRXEOHMHRSDUG\FODXVH7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWUHMHFWHG2QLIHU¶V
GRXEOHMHRSDUG\FODLPDGHFLVLRQWKDW2QLIHUGRHVQRWFRQWHVW
XSRQ DSSHDO EXW JUDQWHG KLV SHWLWLRQ IRU D ZULW RI KDEHDV
FRUSXV RQ WKH JURXQG WKDW UHLQVWDWHPHQW RI KLV RULJLQDO
VHQWHQFH DIWHU KH KDG EHHQ UHOHDVHG DQG FRPSOHWHG SDUROH
YLRODWHGGXHSURFHVV:HEHOLHYHWKLVGHWHUPLQDWLRQWRKDYH
EHHQLQHUURUDQGQRZUHYHUVH
8QGHU $('3$ RXU UHYLHZ LV OLPLWHG WR GHWHUPLQLQJ
ZKHWKHU WKH VWDWH FRXUW GHFLVLRQ ZDV FRQWUDU\ WR RU DQ
XQUHDVRQDEOHDSSOLFDWLRQRI6XSUHPH&RXUWSUHFHGHQWWKDW
ZDVFOHDUO\HVWDEOLVKHGDW³WKHWLPHRIWKHUHOHYDQWVWDWHFRXUW
GHFLVLRQ´ :LOOLDPV Y 7D\ORU 86
+HUH2QLIHU¶VRULJLQDOVHQWHQFHZDVUHLQVWDWHGRQ'HFHPEHU
ZKLOHKLVGHOD\HGPRWLRQIRUOHDYHWRDSSHDOZDV
GHQLHG E\ WKH 0LFKLJDQ 6XSUHPH &RXUW LQ 2XU
H[DPLQDWLRQ RI WKH UHOHYDQW 6XSUHPH &RXUW SUHFHGHQW
FRQYLQFHVXVWKDWWKHGXHSURFHVVDQDO\VLVUHOLHGXSRQE\WKH
GLVWULFWFRXUWZDVQRWFOHDUO\HVWDEOLVKHGIHGHUDOODZDWWKH
WLPH2QLIHU¶VFRQYLFWLRQEHFDPHILQDO
3ULRUWRWKH6XSUHPH&RXUW¶VGHFLVLRQLQ8QLWHG6WDWHVY
'L)UDQFHVFR86 KROGLQJWKDWWKHGRXEOH
MHRSDUG\FODXVHGLGQRWDSSO\WRWKHLQFUHDVHRIDVHQWHQFH
XSRQ DSSHDO FDVHV VXFK DV 2QLIHU¶V ZHUH LQYDULDEO\
FRQVLGHUHGXQGHUWKHGRXEOHMHRSDUG\FODXVHQRWXQGHUGXH
SURFHVV)RULQVWDQFHLQ%R]]DY8QLWHG6WDWHV86
WKH DSSHOODQW KDG EHHQ FRQYLFWHG RI YLRODWLQJ D
VWDWXWHZKLFKUHTXLUHGDVLWVPLQLPXPPDQGDWRU\VHQWHQFH
ERWKDILQHDQGLPSULVRQPHQW%R]]D86DW$W
VHQWHQFLQJWKHWULDOMXGJHRQO\PHQWLRQHG%R]]D¶VPDQGDWRU\
WHUP RI LPSULVRQPHQW 5HDOL]LQJ KLV PLVWDNH D IHZ KRXUV
ODWHUWKHMXGJHUHFDOOHG%R]]DDQGLPSRVHGWKHPLQLPXPILQH
1R 2QLIHUY7\V]NLHZLF]
7KH &RXUW RI $SSHDOV FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH WULDO FRXUW KDG
EHHQ ZLWKRXW MXULVGLFWLRQ WR KHDU WKH RULJLQDO PRWLRQ IRU
UHVHQWHQFLQJDQGGLUHFWHGWKHORZHUFRXUWWRUHLQVWDWH2QLIHU¶V
RULJLQDO VHQWHQFH 0LFKLJDQ Y 0DFRPE &RXQW\ &LUFXLW
-XGJH1RDW 0LFK&W$SS1RY
7KHWULDOFRXUWGXO\UHLQVWDWHG2QLIHU¶VRULJLQDOVHQWHQFHRQ
'HFHPEHU6HYHUDO\HDUVODWHU2QLIHUILOHGDGHOD\HG
DSSOLFDWLRQ IRU OHDYH WR DSSHDO ZKLFK ZDV GHQLHG E\ WKH
0LFKLJDQ6XSUHPH&RXUWRQ1RYHPEHU
%HWZHHQDQG2QLIHUILOHGWKUHHKDEHDVFRUSXV
SHWLWLRQV LQ WKH (DVWHUQ 'LVWULFW RI 0LFKLJDQ DOO RI ZKLFK
ZHUHGLVPLVVHGZLWKRXWSUHMXGLFHIRUIDLOXUHWRH[KDXVWVWDWH
UHPHGLHV ,Q KH ILOHG D GHOD\HG PRWLRQ WR YDFDWH
VHQWHQFHZKLFKZDVGHQLHGE\WKH0DFRPE&RXQW\&LUFXLW
&RXUW6XEVHTXHQWDSSHDOVWRWKH0LFKLJDQ&RXUWRI$SSHDOV
DQG0LFKLJDQ6XSUHPH&RXUWZHUHGHQLHGDVZLWKRXWPHULWRQ
-DQXDU\DQG-XO\
2QLIHUILOHGWKHSUHVHQWSHWLWLRQIRUDZULWRIKDEHDVFRUSXV
RQ6HSWHPEHU7KHSHWLWLRQZDVLQLWLDOO\UHMHFWHGIRU
IDLOXUHWRILOHSURSHUO\DQLQIRUPDSDXSHULVDSSOLFDWLRQEXW
ZDVVXFFHVVIXOO\UHILOHGE\2QLIHURQ6HSWHPEHU
%HIRUHWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWKHDUJXHGWKDWUHLPSRVLWLRQRIKLV
RULJLQDO VHQWHQFH YLRODWHG WKH )LIWK $PHQGPHQW¶V GRXEOH
MHRSDUG\FODXVHDVZHOODVGXHSURFHVV2Q'HFHPEHU
WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWLVVXHGDPHPRUDQGXPRSLQLRQDQG
RUGHU JUDQWLQJ WKH ZULW RQ WKH JURXQGV WKDW 2QLIHU¶V
H[SHFWDWLRQRIILQDOLW\LQKLVUHGXFHGVHQWHQFHKDGFU\VWDOOL]HG
XSRQKLVSDUROHVRWKDWUHLPSRVLWLRQRIWKHRULJLQDOVHQWHQFH
YLRODWHG GXH SURFHVV 7KH ZDUGHQ QRZ DSSHDOV IURP WKH
GLVWULFWFRXUW¶VRUGHUJUDQWLQJ2QLIHU¶VSHWLWLRQIRUDZULWRI
KDEHDVFRUSXV
,,
7KHZDUGHQLQLWLDOO\DUJXHVWKDW2QLIHUIDLOHGWRSUHVHQWKLV
GXHSURFHVVDUJXPHQWVWRWKH0LFKLJDQVWDWHFRXUWVDQGWKDW
WKRVH FODLPV ZHUH WKHUHIRUH QHYHU DGMXGLFDWHG E\ WKH VWDWH
FRXUWV:HDJUHHZLWKWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWWKDW2QLIHU¶VFODLPV

-- 3 of 4 --

2QLIHUY7\V]NLHZLF] 1R
ZHUHSUHVHQWHGWRDQGDGMXGLFDWHGE\WKHVWDWHFRXUWV,Q
*UD\Y1HWKHUODQGWKH6XSUHPH&RXUWREVHUYHGWKDW
,Q3LFDUGY&RQQRU866&W
/(GG ZH KHOG WKDW IRU SXUSRVHV RI
H[KDXVWLQJVWDWHUHPHGLHVDFODLPIRUUHOLHILQKDEHDV
FRUSXV PXVW LQFOXGH UHIHUHQFH WR D VSHFLILF IHGHUDO
FRQVWLWXWLRQDO JXDUDQWHH DV ZHOO DV D VWDWHPHQW RI WKH
IDFWVWKDWHQWLWOHWKHSHWLWLRQHUWRUHOLHI

:HKDYHDOVRLQGLFDWHGWKDWLWLVQRWHQRXJKWRPDNHD
JHQHUDODSSHDOWRDFRQVWLWXWLRQDOJXDUDQWHHDVEURDGDV
GXHSURFHVVWRSUHVHQWWKH³VXEVWDQFH´RIVXFKDFODLPWR
DVWDWHFRXUW
*UD\Y1HWKHUODQG86 ,QWKLV
FDVH2QLIHULGHQWLILHGERWKWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQDOULJKWVWKDWKH
FODLPHG KDG EHHQ YLRODWHG DQG WKH SDUWLFXODU IDFWV ZKLFK
VXSSRUWHGKLVFODLPVKHKDVWKXVGRQHDOOWKDWLVUHTXLUHGRI
KLPWRSUHVHQWKLVFRQVWLWXWLRQDOFODLPVWRERWKWKH0LFKLJDQ
VWDWHFRXUWVDQGWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW
,,,
7KLVFRXUWUHYLHZVDGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VOHJDOFRQFOXVLRQVLQD
KDEHDVSURFHHGLQJGHQRYRDQGLWVIDFWXDOILQGLQJVIRUFOHDU
HUURU6HH/XFDVY2¶'HD)G WK&LU
2QLIHUILOHGKLVKDEHDVSHWLWLRQDIWHUWKHHIIHFWLYHGDWHRIWKH
$QWLWHUURULVPDQG(IIHFWLYH'HDWK3HQDOW\$FWRI3XE
/ 1R 6WDW ³$('3$´ 6HH
/LQGK Y 0XUSK\ 86 +DUSVWHU Y
2KLR)G WK&LU 2XUUHYLHZLVWKXV
JRYHUQHGE\86&† G ZKLFKSURYLGHVDVIROORZV
G $QDSSOLFDWLRQIRUDZULWRIKDEHDVFRUSXVRQEHKDOI
RIDSHUVRQLQFXVWRG\SXUVXDQWWRWKHMXGJPHQWRID6WDWH
FRXUWVKDOOQRWEHJUDQWHGZLWKUHVSHFWWRDQ\FODLPWKDW
ZDVDGMXGLFDWHGRQWKHPHULWVLQ6WDWHFRXUWXQOHVVWKH
DGMXGLFDWLRQRIWKHFODLP±
1R 2QLIHUY7\V]NLHZLF]
UHVXOWHG LQ D GHFLVLRQ WKDW ZDV FRQWUDU\ WR RU
LQYROYHG DQ XQUHDVRQDEOH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI FOHDUO\
HVWDEOLVKHG )HGHUDO ODZ DV GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH
6XSUHPH&RXUWRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRU
UHVXOWHG LQ D GHFLVLRQ WKDW ZDV EDVHG XSRQ DQ
XQUHDVRQDEOHGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHIDFWVLQOLJKWRIWKH
HYLGHQFHSUHVHQWHGLQWKH6WDWHFRXUWSURFHHGLQJ
86&† G
7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWGHFOLQHGWRDSSO\$('3$¶VGHIHUHQWLDO
VWDQGDUG RI UHYLHZ WR WKH GHFLVLRQV RI WKH 0LFKLJDQ VWDWH
FRXUWV EHFDXVH ³>Z@KHUH DV KHUH WKH VWDWH FRXUWV GLG QRW
DGMXGLFDWHWKHSHWLWLRQHU¶VFRQVWLWXWLRQDOFODLPVRQWKHPHULWV
WKH$('3$GRHVQRWDSSO\DQGWKHSHWLWLRQHULVHQWLWOHGWR
SOHQDU\ RU GH QRYR UHYLHZ RI KLV FODLPV´ 2QLIHU Y
7\V]NLHZLF]1R&9%&DW ('0LFK'HF
+RZHYHUWKLVFRXUWKDVKHOGWKDWHYHQLIDVWDWHFRXUW
IDLOVWRDUWLFXODWHLWVUHDVRQLQJIRUDGHFLVLRQRQWKHPHULWVWKH
GHIHUHQWLDOVWDQGDUGVRI$('3$VWLOODSSO\
2WKHU FLUFXLW FRXUWV KDYH FRQFOXGHG WKDW ZKHUH WKH
VWDWHFRXUWKDVQRWDUWLFXODWHGLWVUHDVRQLQJIHGHUDOFRXUWV
DUHREOLJDWHGWRFRQGXFWDQLQGHSHQGHQWUHYLHZRIWKH
UHFRUGDQGDSSOLFDEOHODZWRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKHVWDWH
FRXUWGHFLVLRQLVFRQWUDU\WRIHGHUDOODZXQUHDVRQDEO\
DSSOLHV FOHDUO\ HVWDEOLVKHG ODZ RU LV EDVHG RQ DQ
XQUHDVRQDEOHGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHIDFWVLQOLJKWRIWKH
HYLGHQFH SUHVHQWHG 7KDW LQGHSHQGHQW UHYLHZ
KRZHYHULVQRWDIXOOGHQRYRUHYLHZRIWKHFODLPVEXW
UHPDLQVGHIHUHQWLDOEHFDXVHWKHFRXUWFDQQRWJUDQWUHOLHI
XQOHVVWKHVWDWHFRXUW¶VUHVXOWLVQRWLQNHHSLQJZLWKWKH
VWULFWXUHVRIWKH$('3$
+DUULVY6WRYDOO)G WK&LU FLWDWLRQV
RPLWWHG 7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWWKXVHUUHGZKHQLWDSSOLHGGHQRYR
UHYLHZ WR 2QLIHU¶V FODLPV :H WXUQ QRZ WR 2QLIHU¶V
FRQVWLWXWLRQDOFODLPVDVNLQJZKHWKHUVWDWHDGMXGLFDWLRQRIKLV
FODLPV ZDV ³FRQWUDU\ WR RU LQYROYHG DQ XQUHDVRQDEOH
DSSOLFDWLRQRIFOHDUO\HVWDEOLVKHG)HGHUDOODZDVGHWHUPLQHG

-- 4 of 4 --

Setzen Sie Ihre Recherche in ChatGPT oder Claude fort

Verbinden Sie Omnilex, um den Rechtskorpus über Ihren KI-Assistenten zu durchsuchen.