Der KI-Arbeitsbereich für Juristen
- Rechtsrecherche mit Zugriff auf über 1 Million Quellen
- Dokumentenautomatisierung
- Mandatsverwaltung
- Gehostet in der EU und der Schweiz
14 Tage kostenlos testen (10 Fragen/Tag während der Testphase)
Der KI-Arbeitsbereich für Juristen
14 Tage kostenlos testen (10 Fragen/Tag während der Testphase)
98-4230•00a0209p.06
5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21
3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH
(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21 )(' $SS 3 WK &LU
)LOH 1DPH DS
81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6
)257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
'2/25(6 &/$<DV
$GPLQLVWUDWUL[RIWKH(VWDWHRI
.DWKOHHQ3&OD\-2+1 '
67520DV$GPLQLVWUDWRURI
WKH(VWDWHRI&KULVWRSKHU-
6WURP
3ODLQWLIIV$SSHOOHHV
Y
)25' 02725 &203$1<D
'HODZDUH&RUSRUDWLRQ
'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW
:,//,$0 5 6/216.<
7KLUG3DUW\
'HIHQGDQW$SSHOOHH
;!
1
1R
$SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW
IRUWKH1RUWKHUQ'LVWULFWRI2KLRDW$NURQ
1RV²'DYLG''RZG-U
'LVWULFW-XGJH
$UJXHG6HSWHPEHU
'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG-XQH
-- 1 of 14 --
&OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO 1R
7KH +RQRUDEOH -RKQ 5 *LEVRQ &LUFXLW -XGJH RI WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV
&RXUW RI $SSHDOV IRU WKH (LJKWK &LUFXLW VLWWLQJ E\ GHVLJQDWLRQ
%HIRUH5<$10225(DQG*,%621 &LUFXLW-XGJHV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
&2816(/
$5*8('&UDLJ$0RUJDQ%52:10F&$552//
2$.6 +$57/,1( //3 $XVWLQ 7H[DV IRU $SSHOODQW
'DQLHO-%XFNOH\925<66$7(56(<0285 3($6(
&LQFLQQDWL 2KLR IRU $SSHOOHHV 21 %5,() &UDLJ $
0RUJDQ %52:1 0F&$552// 2$.6 +$57/,1(
//3$XVWLQ7H[DV(OL]DEHWK%:ULJKW0LFKDHO(6PLWK
7+203621 +,1( )/25< &OHYHODQG 2KLR IRU
$SSHOODQW'DQLHO-%XFNOH\$QGUHZ0.DSODQ925<6
6$7(56(<0285 3($6(&LQFLQQDWL2KLR(GJDU3
+HLVNHOO,,,&KDUOHVWRQ:HVW9LUJLQLD0DUWLQ-0F*HWULFN
&+$1'/(5 )5$1./,1 2¶%5<$1 &KDUORWWHVYLOOH
9LUJLQLDIRU$SSHOOHHV
*,%621-GHOLYHUHGWKHRSLQLRQRIWKHFRXUWLQZKLFK
0225( - MRLQHG 5<$1 - SS GHOLYHUHG D
VHSDUDWHGLVVHQWLQJRSLQLRQ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
23,1,21
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
-2+15*,%621&LUFXLW-XGJH)RUG0RWRU&RPSDQ\
DSSHDOV IURP D MXGJPHQW RQ D MXU\ YHUGLFW WKDW WKH )RUG
%URQFR ,, KDV D GHVLJQ GHIHFW WKDW SUR[LPDWHO\ FDXVHG WKH
GHDWKVRI.DWKOHHQ&OD\DQG&KULVWRSKHU6WURPDQGLQMXU\WR
:LOOLDP6ORQVN\)RUGDUJXHVWKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWHUUHGE\
GHQ\LQJLWVPRWLRQVIRUMXGJPHQWDVDPDWWHURIODZDQGDQHZ
WULDO)RUGDOVRDUJXHVWKDWWKHDGPLVVLRQRIWKHWHVWLPRQ\RI
-- 2 of 14 --
1R &OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO
7KH HVWDWHV RI &OD\ DQG 6WURP EURXJKW WKLV DFWLRQ 6ORQVN\ EHFDPH
D SDUW\ E\ ILOLQJ D FRXQWHUFODLP LQ UHVSRQVH WR )RUG V LPSOHDGHU 6ORQVN\
MRLQHG ZLWK WKH HVWDWHV LQ SUHVHQWLQJ HYLGHQFH DW WULDO DQG )RUG DSSHDOV
IURP WKH HQWU\ RI MXGJPHQW RQ WKH MXU\ YHUGLFW LQ IDYRU RI HDFK RI WKH WKUHH
SDUWLHV :H ZLOO UHIHU WR WKH WZR HVWDWHV DQG 6ORQVN\ FROOHFWLYHO\ DV
DSSHOOHHV
7KH %URQFR ,, ZDV DFWXDOO\ SXUFKDVHG E\ /DQFH V PRWKHU /HQRUD
%XFNODQG IRU /DQFH WR XVH
'U0HOYLQ5LFKDUGVRQWKHDSSHOOHHV H[SHUWZLWQHVVZDV
HUURUDVZDVWKHJUDQWRISUHMXGJPHQWLQWHUHVWWRWKH&OD\DQG
6WURPHVWDWHV:HDIILUP
6ORQVN\ ZDV GULYLQJ D WZRZKHHO GULYH %URQFR ,,
QRUWKRQ,QWHUVWDWHLQ2KLRRQD6XQGD\QLJKW,QWKHIURQW
SDVVHQJHUVHDWZDV6HDQ/DQFHWKHYHKLFOH VRZQHUDQGLQ
WKHEDFNVHDWZHUH&OD\DQG6WURP7KHIRXUIULHQGVZHUH
KHDGHGWRDFOXELQ&OHYHODQG6ORQVN\ZDVDSSDUHQWO\WKH
GHVLJQDWHGGULYHU/DQFHKDGWDNHQ/6'DQGDVNHGKLPWR
GULYH6ORQVN\KDGQHYHUGULYHQWKH%URQFR,,EHIRUHWKDW
QLJKWDOWKRXJKKHGLGGULYHLWWRDJDVVWDWLRQWRJHWFLJDUHWWHV
SULRUWROHDYLQJIRUWKHFOXE
6ORQVN\ZDVGULYLQJWRPLOHVSHUKRXULQWKHPLGGOH
ODQHRIWKUHHODQHVZKHQKHQRWLFHGDIDVWPRYLQJFDUEHKLQG
KLP7RDYRLGWKHIDVWHUFDUKHPRYHGLQWRWKHULJKWODQH
2QFH WKHUH KH REVHUYHG WKDW WKH FDU LQ IURQW RI KLP ZDV
VORZLQJGRZQVRKHUHWXUQHGWRWKHFHQWHUODQH$WWKDWSRLQW
KHIHOWWKHYHKLFOHMHUNRURYHUFRUUHFWWRWKHOHIWDQGKH
UHVSRQGHGE\WXUQLQJWKHVWHHULQJZKHHOEDFNWRWKHULJKW$W
VRPHSRLQWZKLOHWU\LQJWRUHJDLQFRQWURORIWKHYHKLFOHKH
PD\ KDYH WXUQHG WKH VWHHULQJ ZKHHO DV PXFK DV D IXOO
UHYROXWLRQ
7KHYHKLFOHWXUQHGVLGHZD\VLWVSDVVHQJHUVLGHZKHHOULPV
OHDYLQJ JRXJH PDUNV LQ WKH SDYHPHQW IRU DSSUR[LPDWHO\
ILIWHHQ IHHW ,W UROOHG WZR DQG WKUHHTXDUWHUV RU WKUHH DQG
WKUHHTXDUWHUVWLPHVFRPLQJWRUHVWRQWKHGULYHU VVLGHDERXW
IHHWIURPWKHHQGRIWKHJRXJHV&OD\DQG6WURPZKR
-- 3 of 14 --
&OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO 1R
ZHUHQRWZHDULQJVHDWEHOWVZHUHHMHFWHGGXULQJWKHUROORYHU
&OD\GLHGDWWKHVFHQHDQG6WURPGLHGDWWKHKRVSLWDOVRRQ
DIWHU6ORQVN\DQG/DQFHZKRKDGEHHQZHDULQJVHDWEHOWV
ZHUHDEOHWRFOLPERXWWKHSDVVHQJHUVLGHZLQGRZ$WWKH
KRVSLWDO6ORQVN\WHVWHGQHJDWLYHIRUGUXJVDQGDOFRKRO
'RORUHV&OD\DQG-RKQ6WURPVXHG)RUGRQEHKDOIRIWKHLU
FKLOGUHQ V HVWDWHV LQ WKLV GLYHUVLW\ SURGXFW OLDELOLW\ DFWLRQ
)RUG DVVHUWHG WKLUGSDUW\ FODLPV IRU LQGHPQLW\ DQG
FRQWULEXWLRQ DJDLQVW 6ORQVN\ ZKR WKHQ EURXJKW D
FRXQWHUFODLP DJDLQVW )RUG $IWHU DQ H[WHQVLYH WULDO RQ
OLDELOLW\WKHMXU\IRXQGWKDWWKH%URQFR,,KDVDGHVLJQGHIHFW
DQGWKDWWKHGHIHFWSUR[LPDWHO\FDXVHGWKHGHDWKVRI&OD\DQG
6WURPDQGWKHLQMXULHVWR6ORQVN\7KHMXU\UHMHFWHG)RUG V
DIILUPDWLYHGHIHQVHVRIVXSHUVHGLQJFDXVHDQGDVWR6ORQVN\
DVVXPSWLRQRIWKHULVN$IWHUWKHGDPDJHVSKDVHRIWKHWULDO
WKH MXU\ DZDUGHG FRPSHQVDWRU\ GDPDJHV WRWDOLQJ
PLOOLRQ EXW IRXQG WKDW WKH DSSHOOHHV ZHUH QRW HQWLWOHG WR
SXQLWLYHGDPDJHV'RORUHV&OD\-RKQ6WURPDQG6ORQVN\
FRQVHQWHGWRUHPLWWLWXUVWRWDOLQJPLOOLRQDIWHUWKHGLVWULFW
FRXUW UXOHG RQ WKH SRVWWULDO PRWLRQV DQG DZDUGHG
SUHMXGJPHQWLQWHUHVWWRWKH&OD\DQG6WURPHVWDWHV
)RUGDVVHUWVWKDWWKHDSSHOOHHVIDLOHGWRSUHVHQWVXEVWDQWLDO
HYLGHQFHWKDWWKH%URQFR,,KDVDGHVLJQGHIHFWWKDWFDXVHG
WKLVSDUWLFXODUDFFLGHQWDQGWKDWWKHYHUGLFWZDVDJDLQVWWKH
ZHLJKWRIWKHHYLGHQFH)RUGDOVRDUJXHVWKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW
HUUHGE\DGPLWWLQJ5LFKDUGVRQ VWHVWLPRQ\DQGE\DZDUGLQJ
SUHMXGJPHQWLQWHUHVW
,
:H ILUVW FRQVLGHU )RUG V DUJXPHQW WKDW WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW
VKRXOGKDYHH[FOXGHG5LFKDUGVRQ VWHVWLPRQ\:HUHYLHZD
GLVWULFWFRXUW VGHFLVLRQWRDGPLWRUH[FOXGHH[SHUWWHVWLPRQ\
IRUDEXVHRIGLVFUHWLRQVHH*HQHUDO(OHF&RY-RLQHU
86 ILQGLQJLWRQO\ LI ZH DUHILUPO\
FRQYLQFHG WKDW WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW HUUHG VHH *UHHQZHOO Y
%RDWZULJKW)G WK&LU 'HIHUHQFHWR
WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW V GHFLVLRQV LV WKH KDOOPDUN RI DEXVH RI
GLVFUHWLRQUHYLHZ-RLQHU86DW7KLVLVDFORVH
1R &OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO
DQ\WHVWLQJRQD%URQFR,,WKHYHKLFOHPRGHOLQYROYHGLQWKLV
FDVHDQGKDVQHYHUGHVLJQHGDYHKLFOHRUYHKLFOHFRPSRQHQWV
7KHRQO\PDFKLQH'U5LFKDUGVRQKDVGHVLJQHGKLPVHOILVDQ
RNUDSLFNHU7REHVXUHVXFKODFNRIVSHFLILFH[SHULHQFHZLOO
QRWDOZD\VGLVTXDOLI\DQH[SHUWDQG)RUGGRHVQRWIRFXVLWV
FKDOOHQJH WR 'U 5LFKDUGVRQ¶V RSLQLRQ RQ KLV JHQHUDO
SURIHVVLRQDO TXDOLILFDWLRQV %XW 'U 5LFKDUGVRQ¶V
TXHVWLRQDEOHTXDOLILFDWLRQVWRUHQGHUDQRSLQLRQFRQFHUQLQJ
WKH DGHTXDF\ RI )RUG¶V GHVLJQ RI WKH YHKLFOH LQ WKLV FDVH
VKRXOG DW OHDVW KDYH VLJQDOHG WR WKH WULDO FRXUW WKDW WKH
PHWKRGRORJ\WKLVZLWQHVVHPSOR\HGWRJHWWRKLVFRQFOXVLRQ
ZRXOGUHTXLUHFORVHJDWHNHHSLQJVFUXWLQ\
7KHPDMRULW\IXUWKHUH[FXVHVWKHSODLQWLIIV¶PDQLIHVWIDLOXUH
WR LQWURGXFH SURRI RI WKH HQJLQHHULQJ VRXQGQHVV RI 'U
5LFKDUGVRQ¶VPHWKRGRORJ\DQGSHUIRUFHWKHUHOLDELOLW\RIKLV
XOWLPDWHRSLQLRQLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK'DXEHUWDQG.XPKRE\
QRWLQJ WKDW )RUG KDG DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ WR FURVVH[DPLQH 'U
5LFKDUGVRQ,WLVQRWFOHDUWRPHKRZWKLVSRLQWLVUHOHYDQW
EXW LQ DQ\ HYHQW , GR QRW XQGHUVWDQG WKH PDMRULW\¶V
REVHUYDWLRQ WR VXJJHVW WKDW VXFK FURVVH[DPLQDWLRQ ZRXOG
SURSHUO\VXEVWLWXWHIRUDWULDOFRXUW¶VJDWHNHHSLQJIXQFWLRQ
7KLVLVQRWDGXW\DFRXUWPD\GHOHJDWHWRWKHMXU\XQGHUDQ\
FLUFXPVWDQFHV,WZDVWKHWULDOFRXUW¶VJDWHNHHSLQJGXW\WR
UHTXLUH SURRI WKDW 'U 5LFKDUGVRQ¶V PHWKRGRORJLHV ZHUH
VRXQGDVDFRQGLWLRQRIDGPLWWLQJ'U5LFKDUGVRQ¶VRSLQLRQV
WKHFRXUWGLGQRWGRVRDQGWKHUHIRUHWKHH[SHUW¶VRSLQLRQ
ZDVLPSURSHUO\DGPLWWHG
,QVKRUWEHFDXVH,EHOLHYHWKDW'U5LFKDUGVRQ¶VWHVWLPRQ\
VKRXOGKDYHEHHQH[FOXGHGDQGWKDWWKHHUURULQDGPLWWLQJLW
ZDV QRW KDUPOHVV , ZRXOG UHYHUVH WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW¶V
MXGJPHQW
-- 4 of 14 --
&OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO 1R
GHVLJQRIDYHKLFOH+RZHYHU'U5LFKDUGVRQFRQGXFWHGQR
³IDOVLILDELOLW\´ WHVWLQJ DW DOO RQ D YHKLFOH RI WKH PRGHO
LQYROYHGLQWKLVFDVHDQGDOWKRXJKKHFRQGXFWHGYHU\OLPLWHG
WHVWLQJRQD%URQFR;DPRGHOQRWLQYROYHGLQWKLVFDVHKH
GLGQRWEDVHKLVGHVLJQGHIHFWRSLQLRQRQVXFKWHVWVKHQHYHU
VXEMHFWHG KLV WKHRULHV RU WHFKQLTXHV WR SHHU UHYLHZ RU
SXEOLFDWLRQ KH SURGXFHG QR HYLGHQFH RI DQ HUURU UDWH RU
VWDQGDUGVFRQWUROOLQJKLV³WHFKQLTXH´DQGKHGLGQRWDWWHPSW
WRVKRZWKDWKLV³WHFKQLTXH´RUPHWKRGRORJ\ZDV³JHQHUDOO\
DFFHSWHG´ LQ WKH VFLHQWLILF FRPPXQLW\ $QG WKH SODLQWLIIV
RIIHUHGQRSUR[LHVIRUWKHVHLQGLFLDRIUHOLDELOLW\
7KH PDMRULW\ LV YHU\ ZHOO DZDUH RI FRXUVH RI WKHVH
GHILFLHQFLHVLQWKHSODLQWLIIV¶HYLGHQFHEXWVHHNVWRGLVPLVV
WKHP DV XQLPSRUWDQW :LWK UHJDUG WR WKH ILUVW 'DXEHUW
IDFWRU²³WHVWLQJ´ RU ³IDOVLILDELOLW\´²WKH PDMRULW\
DFNQRZOHGJHVWKDW'U5LFKDUGVRQQHYHUWHVWHGKLVK\SRWKHVLV
EXWFRQFOXGHVWKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW³FRXOGKDYH´GHFLGHGWKDW
WKLV IDLOXUH ³ZHQW WR WKH ZHLJKW RI >'U 5LFKDUGVRQ¶V@
WHVWLPRQ\ UHJDUGLQJ GHIHFWV LQ WKH %URQFR ,, QRW WR LWV
DGPLVVLELOLW\´:KHWKHUWKHFRXUWGLGVRRUQRWZHGRQRW
NQRZEHFDXVHWKHFRXUWPDGHQRILQGLQJRQWKHPDWWHULQWKH
UHFRUG,DJUHHWKDWDVDJHQHUDOPDWWHUDK\SRWKHVLVPD\
VDWLVI\'DXEHUWHYHQLILWLVXQWHVWHGE\WKHH[SHUWSURSRVLQJ
LW+RZHYHULQVXFKFDVHVWKHSURSRQHQWRIWKHWHVWLPRQ\
PXVWGHPRQVWUDWHRWKHUDSSURSULDWHLQGLFLDRIUHOLDELOLW\7KLV
UHTXLUHPHQW LV DOO WKH PRUH FULWLFDO LQ D FDVH LQ ZKLFK DQ
HQJLQHHUZKRFRQGXFWHGQRWHVWLQJLVWHVWLI\LQJDERXWDGHVLJQ
GHIHFWSDUWLFXODUO\JLYHQWKDWDFWXDOWHVWLQJLVWKHSULQFLSDO
PHWKRGHPSOR\HGE\WKHHQJLQHHULQJFRPPXQLW\WRSURYHRU
GLVSURYH DQ HQJLQHHULQJ K\SRWKHVLV %XW WKH SODLQWLIIV
VXEPLWWHG QR HYLGHQFH ZKDWVRHYHU WKDW 'U 5LFKDUGVRQ
HPSOR\HGDQ\DFFHSWDEOHVFLHQWLILFHQJLQHHULQJPHWKRGRORJ\
ZKHWKHUPHQWLRQHGLQ'DXEHUWRURWKHUZLVHWRVXSSRUWKLV
FRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKH%URQFR,,ZDVGHIHFWLYHO\GHVLJQHG
, QRWH LQ SDVVLQJ WKDW HYHQ 'U 5LFKDUGVRQ¶V JHQHUDO
TXDOLILFDWLRQV DV DQ H[SHUW LQ YHKLFOH GHVLJQ GHIHFW DUH
TXHVWLRQDEOH JLYHQ WKDW KH KDV QHYHU SXEOLVKHG D VLQJOH
DUWLFOHRQYHKLFOHKDQGOLQJRUVWDELOLW\KDVQHYHUFRQGXFWHG
1R &OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO
7KLV RYHUUXOHG RXU SUHYLRXV KROGLQJ WKDW WKH VSHFLILF 'DXEHUW
IDFWRUV GLG QRW DSSO\ WR QRQVFLHQWLILF H[SHUW WHVWLPRQ\ 6HH -RQHV
)G DW
FDVHEXWDIWHUFDUHIXOUHYLHZRIWKHUHFRUGZHDUHQRWILUPO\
FRQYLQFHG WKDW WKH FRXUW DEXVHG LWV GLVFUHWLRQ E\ DOORZLQJ
5LFKDUGVRQWRWHVWLI\
3ULRUWRWULDO)RUGVXEPLWWHGDPRWLRQLQOLPLQHWRH[FOXGH
RUOLPLW5LFKDUGVRQ VWHVWLPRQ\DOOHJLQJWKDWKLVRSLQLRQVGLG
QRW PHHW WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU H[SHUW WHVWLPRQ\ )RUG
UHTXHVWHGDKHDULQJRQLWVPRWLRQ)LQGLQJWKDW)RUG VPRWLRQ
ZDVSUHGLFDWHGRQDUXOLQJPDGHDOPRVWWKUHHPRQWKVHDUOLHU
E\DGLVWULFWFRXUWLQ:HVW9LUJLQLDDQGWKDW)RUGKDGVKRZQ
QRJRRGFDXVHIRUZDLWLQJWRILOHWKHPRWLRQXQWLORQHZHHN
EHIRUH WKH VWDUW RI WULDO WKH FRXUW GHQLHG LWV UHTXHVW IRU D
KHDULQJ+DYLQJEHHQDOHUWHGWR)RUG VREMHFWLRQVWKHFRXUW
LQGLFDWHGWKDWLWPLJKWFRQGXFWLWVRZQYRLUGLUHRI5LFKDUGVRQ
EHIRUHKHWHVWLILHG
'LVWULFWFRXUWMXGJHVPXVWGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUDQH[SHUW V
WHVWLPRQ\ LV ERWK UHOHYDQW DQG UHOLDEOH ZKHQ UXOLQJ RQ LWV
DGPLVVLRQ6HH8QLWHG6WDWHVY-RQHV)G
WK&LU ,Q.XPKR7LUH&RY&DUPLFKDHO86
WKH6XSUHPH&RXUWFRQILUPHGZKDWZHKHOGLQ
-RQHV WKH JHQHUDO JDWHNHHSLQJ REOLJDWLRQ VHW IRUWK LQ
'DXEHUWY0HUUHOO'RZ3KDUPDFHXWLFDOV,QF86
DSSOLHV ZKHQ FRQVLGHULQJ DOO H[SHUW WHVWLPRQ\
LQFOXGLQJWHVWLPRQ\EDVHGRQWHFKQLFDODQGRWKHUVSHFLDOL]HG
NQRZOHGJH6HH.XPKR7LUH86DW,WIXUWKHUKHOG
WKDWWKHVSHFLILF'DXEHUWIDFWRUV²WHVWLQJSHHUUHYLHZDQG
SXEOLFDWLRQSRWHQWLDOUDWHRIHUURUDQGJHQHUDODFFHSWDQFHLQ
WKHUHOHYDQWFRPPXQLW\²PD\EHFRQVLGHUHGE\WKHGLVWULFW
FRXUW HYHQ ZKHQ WKH SURIIHUHG H[SHUW WHVWLPRQ\ LV QRW
VFLHQWLILF 6HH LG :KHWKHU WKHVH VSHFLILF IDFWRUV DUH
UHDVRQDEOHPHDVXUHVRIUHOLDELOLW\LQDSDUWLFXODUFDVHLVD
PDWWHU WKDW WKH ODZ JUDQWV WKH WULDO MXGJH EURDG ODWLWXGH WR
GHWHUPLQH,GDW
-- 5 of 14 --
&OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO 1R
$IWHU WKH DSSHOOHHV PRYHG WR TXDOLI\ 5LFKDUGVRQ DV DQ H[SHUW LQ
WKHVH ILHOGV WKH FRXUW FDOOHG FRXQVHO WR WKH EHQFK DQG UHFRJQL]HG WKDW LW
KDG RYHUUXOHG )RUG V HDUOLHU PRWLRQ WR H[FOXGH WKH WHVWLPRQ\ :KHQ
RIIHUHG WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR FRQGXFW YRLU GLUH DW WKLV SRLQW )RUG V DWWRUQH\
VWDWHG WKDW KH ZRXOG SUHIHU WR TXHVWLRQ 5LFKDUGVRQ ZKHQ D VSHFLILF WRSLF
ZDV UHDFKHG RWKHUZLVH LW ZRXOG VHHP GLVMRLQWHG 7KH FRXUW DJDLQ RIIHUHG
)RUG WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR TXHVWLRQ 5LFKDUGVRQ JHQHUDOO\ DERXW WKRVH DUHDV
RI H[SHUWLVH EXW QRWHG WKDW TXHVWLRQV RQ VSHFLILF RSLQLRQV ZRXOG EH EHVW
UHVHUYHG IRU FURVVH[DPLQDWLRQ )RUG V DWWRUQH\ VWDWHG WKDW KH GLG QRW
GLVDJUHH DQG WKDW )RUG ZRXOG DOVR PDNH REMHFWLRQV DV WR IRXQGDWLRQ DW
DSSURSULDWH WLPHV
$OWKRXJK WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW GLG QRW H[SOLFLWO\ UHFLWH WKDW
5LFKDUGVRQ VWHVWLPRQ\ZDVUHOHYDQWDQGUHOLDEOHLWVUXOLQJV
LQGLFDWH WKDW LW PDGH WKDW GHWHUPLQDWLRQ )RUG V PRWLRQ LQ
OLPLQHVTXDUHO\UDLVHGWKHLVVXHRIUHOLDELOLW\)RUGPDGHD
YDULHW\ RI REMHFWLRQV WKURXJKRXW 5LFKDUGVRQ V WHVWLPRQ\
LQFOXGLQJ D FRQWLQXLQJ REMHFWLRQ WR KLV DELOLW\ WR RIIHU
RSLQLRQVZLWKUHVSHFWWRDFFLGHQWUHFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGDWWKH
FRQFOXVLRQ RI WKH DSSHOOHHV FDVH )RUG PRYHG WR VWULNH
5LFKDUGVRQ VWHVWLPRQ\LQLWVHQWLUHW\:HFRQFOXGHEDVHGRQ
WKHGLVWULFWFRXUW VUXOLQJVRQWKHPRWLRQVDQGREMHFWLRQVWKDW
WKHFRXUWGHWHUPLQHG5LFKDUGVRQ VWHVWLPRQ\ZDVUHOHYDQWDQG
UHOLDEOH
7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW LV QRW REOLJDWHG WR KROG D 'DXEHUW
KHDULQJDQGLQWKHDEVHQFHRIDKHDULQJZHPXVWUHYLHZWKH
UHFRUG WR GHWHUPLQH ZKHWKHU WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW HUUHG LQ LWV
DVVHVVPHQW RI WKH UHOHYDQFH DQG UHOLDELOLW\ RI WKH H[SHUW
WHVWLPRQ\*UHHQZHOO)GDW+DYLQJXQGHUWDNHQ
WKDW UHYLHZ ZH DJUHH WKDW 5LFKDUGVRQ V WHVWLPRQ\ ZDV
UHOHYDQWWRWKHLVVXHVLQWKLVFDVH+HWHVWLILHGUHJDUGLQJWKH
DOOHJHG GHIHFWV LQ WKH %URQFR ,, DQG KH UHFRQVWUXFWHG WKH
DFFLGHQW)RUG VVROHFKDOOHQJHWR5LFKDUGVRQ VWHVWLPRQ\LV
WKDW LW ZDV QRW UHOLDEOH 2XU LQTXLU\ IRFXVHV RQ WKH
PHWKRGRORJ\DQGSULQFLSOHVXVHGE\5LFKDUGVRQQRWRQKLV
FRQFOXVLRQV6HH'DXEHUW86DW
7KHFRXUWTXDOLILHG5LFKDUGVRQDVDQH[SHUWLQWKHILHOGVRI
PHFKDQLFDOHQJLQHHULQJPDFKLQHGHVLJQYHKLFOHG\QDPLFV
DQG DFFLGHQW UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ 5LFKDUGVRQ KDV DQ
1R &OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO
FRXUW VKRXOG UHTXLUH FRPSOLDQFH ZLWK DW OHDVW VRPH RI WKH
'DXEHUWIDFWRUVLQGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUDQHQJLQHHU¶VRSLQLRQ
RQ D GHVLJQ GHIHFW LV UHOLDEOH (QJLQHHULQJ LV DIWHU DOO
QRWKLQJPRUHWKDQDSSOLHGVFLHQFHWKDW³UHVWVXSRQVFLHQWLILF
IRXQGDWLRQV´,GDW$WDEDUHPLQLPXP'DXEHUW¶VILUVW
IDFWRU²³WHVWLQJ´RU³IDOVLILDELOLW\´²ZLOOJHQHUDOO\UHTXLUHDQ
HQJLQHHUWRWHVWKLVK\SRWKHVLVRIGHVLJQGHIHFW$VRQHRI
)RUG¶V H[SHUWV H[SODLQHG DQ HQJLQHHU¶V HYDOXDWLRQ RI D
YHKLFOH¶V GHVLJQ LQYROYHV QRW RQO\ IROORZLQJ JHQHUDOO\
DFFHSWHGGHVLJQSURFHGXUHVEXWDOVRSHUIRUPLQJDYDULHW\RI
DFWXDOWHVWVRQWKHGHVLJQGXULQJWKHGHYHORSPHQWSURFHVV
7KLVLVSUHFLVHO\ZKDW)RUGGLGLQGHYHORSLQJWKH%URQFR,,
'U5LFKDUGVRQKRZHYHUEDVHGKLVRSLQLRQWKDWWKH%URQFR
,,ZDVGHIHFWLYHO\GHVLJQHGVROHO\RQKLVUHYLHZRI)RUG¶V
LQWHUQDOPHPRUDQGDLQGXVWU\FRPSDULVRQVRIYHKLFOHUROORYHU
UDWHV DQG )RUG¶V YHKLFOH WHVWLQJ :KLOH WKHUH LV D FHUWDLQ
ORJLFDO DSSHDO WR WKH QRWLRQ WKDW 'U 5LFKDUGVRQ¶V RSLQLRQ
PXVW EH UHOLDEOH LI LW UHVWV XSRQ GDWD SURGXFHG E\ WKH
GHIHQGDQWWKHQRWLRQGRHVQRWZLWKVWDQGFORVHFRQVLGHUDWLRQ
:KDW'DXEHUWDQG.XPKRUHTXLUHRIWKHSURSRQHQWRIH[SHUW
RSLQLRQ LV HYLGHQFH WKDW WKH PHWKRGRORJ\ XQGHUO\LQJ WKH
H[SHUW¶VFRQFOXVLRQLV³JRRGVFLHQFH´RU³JRRGHQJLQHHULQJ´
7KDWPHDQVWKDWWKHSODLQWLIIVZHUHREOLJDWHGWRLQWURGXFHDW
OHDVWVRPHHYLGHQFHWKDW'U5LFKDUGVRQ¶VPHWKRG²WKDWLV
H[DPLQLQJ GHSRVLWLRQV SROLFH UHSRUWV SKRWRJUDSKV RI WKH
YHKLFOH)RUG¶VLQWHUQDOPHPRUDQGDLQGXVWU\FRPSDULVRQVRI
YHKLFOH UROORYHU ULVNV DQG )RUG¶V YHKLFOH WHVWLQJ GDWD EXW
QHYHUSHUVRQDOO\H[DPLQLQJWKHDFFLGHQWYHKLFOHRUWHVWLQJDQ\
RWKHU YHKLFOH RI WKH VDPH PRGHO²LV D VRXQG HQJLQHHULQJ
PHWKRGRORJ\IRUHYDOXDWLQJYHKLFOHGHVLJQ
'DXEHUWDQG.XPKRWHDFKWKDWZKHWKHUVXFKPHWKRGRORJ\
LV³JRRGHQJLQHHULQJ´LVGHWHUPLQHGE\WHVWLQJVXFKGDWDIRU
³IDOVLILDELOLW\´ FRQVLGHULQJ ZKHWKHU SHHU UHYLHZ DQG
HQJLQHHULQJ SXEOLFDWLRQV DSSURYH RI VXFK DQ DSSURDFK
FRQVLGHULQJWKHUDWHRIHUURUVXFKGDWDPLJKWSURGXFHDQG
FRQVLGHULQJ ZKHWKHU WKH UHOHYDQW VFLHQWLILFHQJLQHHULQJ
FRPPXQLWLHVJHQHUDOO\DFFHSWFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIVXFKGDWDDVD
VRXQG PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU UHDFKLQJ D FRQFOXVLRQ DERXW WKH
-- 6 of 14 --
&OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO 1R
IROORZLQJWKHDFFLGHQW+HDGPLWWHGKRZHYHUWKDWKHGLGQRW
SHUVRQDOO\LQVSHFWWKHYHKLFOHEXWUDWKHUVHQWKLVVRQWRWDNH
WKHSKRWRJUDSKV:KLOHWKLVHYLGHQFHLQGLUHFWO\VXJJHVWVWKDW
'U 5LFKDUGVRQ WKRXJKW KLV PHWKRGRORJ\ ZDV UHOLDEOH LW
KDUGO\VXIILFHVDVHYLGHQFHRIUHOLDELOLW\XQGHU'DXEHUW6HH
LGDW1RWKLQJLQWKLVWHVWLPRQ\WRXFKHVRQDQ\RIWKH
'DXEHUWIDFWRUVRUDQ\RWKHUPHDVXUHVRIUHOLDELOLW\IRUWKDW
PDWWHU7KHUHFRUGLVDEVROXWHO\GHYRLGRIDQ\LQGLFDWLRQWKDW
WKH SURFHVV RU PHWKRGRORJ\ 'U 5LFKDUGVRQ HPSOR\HG LQ
UHDFKLQJ KLV DFFLGHQW UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ RSLQLRQ ZDV ³JRRG
VFLHQFH´RU³JRRGHQJLQHHULQJ´
7KH PDMRULW\ PLQLPL]HV WKLV GHILFLHQF\ E\ QRWLQJ WKDW
)RUG¶VDFFLGHQWUHFRQVWUXFWLRQH[SHUW'U&DUUSHUIRUPHG
VRPHRIWKHVDPHSURFHGXUHVLQUHDFKLQJKLVFRQFOXVLRQDERXW
KRZ WKH DFFLGHQW RFFXUUHG ZKLFK RI FRXUVH ZDV YHU\
GLIIHUHQWWKDQ'U5LFKDUGVRQ¶VFRQFOXVLRQ,WLVQRWFOHDUWR
PHKRZWKLVREVHUYDWLRQLVXVHIXO6LPLODULW\LQWKHPHWKRGV
HPSOR\HGE\WZRJURXSVRIH[SHUWVWHOOVXVQRWKLQJDERXWWKH
OHJDO VXIILFLHQF\ LH WKH UHOLDELOLW\ RI HLWKHU 0RUHRYHU
SODLQWLIIV¶ FRXQVHO GLG QRW REMHFW WR WKH DGPLVVLRQ RI 'U
&DUU¶VWHVWLPRQ\7KHPDMRULW\DOVRRYHUORRNVSRWHQWLDOO\NH\
GLVWLQFWLRQV EHWZHHQ WKH H[SHUWV¶ PHWKRGV 8QOLNH 'U
5LFKDUGVRQ'U&DUUSHUVRQDOO\LQVSHFWHGERWKWKHVLWHRIWKH
DFFLGHQW DQG WKH YHKLFOH IROORZLQJ WKH DFFLGHQW +H DOVR
WHVWLILHGWKDWKLVRSLQLRQRQWKHDFFLGHQWUHFRQVWUXFWLRQZDV
EDVHGLQSDUWRQKLVH[WHQVLYHSHUVRQDOH[SHULHQFHWHVWLQJWKH
GHVLJQ DQG KDQGOLQJ RI WKH YHKLFOH PRGHO LQYROYHG LQ WKLV
FDVH'U5LFKDUGVRQ¶VH[SHULHQFHWHVWLQJDQ\YHKLFOHZDV
PXFKPRUHOLPLWHGDQGKHGLGQRWUHO\RQWKLVH[SHULHQFHLQ
UHDFKLQJ KLV DFFLGHQW UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ RSLQLRQ 0RUH
LPSRUWDQWO\KHFRQGXFWHGQRWHVWVZKDWVRHYHURQWKHPRGHO
RIYHKLFOHLQYROYHGLQWKLVFDVH
7KHUHFRUGLVDOVRGHYRLGRIDQ\HYLGHQFHVKRZLQJWKDW'U
5LFKDUGVRQ HPSOR\HG UHFRJQL]HG UHOLDEOH VFLHQWLILF RU
HQJLQHHULQJPHWKRGRORJ\LQUHDFKLQJKLVFRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKH
%URQFR,,KDVKDQGOLQJDQGVWDELOLW\GHVLJQGHIHFWV:KDW¶V
PRUH WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW UHTXLUHG QR VXFK HYLGHQFH LQ
GLVFKDUJLQJLWVJDWHNHHSLQJIXQFWLRQ,QJHQHUDOD GLVWULFW
1R &OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO
XQGHUJUDGXDWH GHJUHH LQ PHFKDQLFDO HQJLQHHULQJ PDVWHUV
GHJUHHVLQERWKPHFKDQLFDOHQJLQHHULQJ ZLWKDQHPSKDVLVLQ
PDFKLQH GHVLJQ DQG DSSOLHG PDWKHPDWLFV DQG D GRFWRUDO
GHJUHH LQ HQJLQHHULQJ PHFKDQLFV +H WDXJKW DW &OHPVRQ
8QLYHUVLW\ IRU WZHQW\ \HDUV LQ WKH ILHOGV RI PHFKDQLFDO
HQJLQHHULQJ PDFKLQH GHVLJQ G\QDPLFV HQJLQHHULQJ
PHFKDQLFVDQGVWUHVVDQDO\VLV
5LFKDUGVRQWHVWLILHGWKDWDTXDUWHURUDWKLUGRIWKHIXOOWLPH
FRQVXOWLQJZRUNKHKDVGRQHVLQFHKDVEHHQLQDFFLGHQW
UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ ZLWK WKH PDMRULW\ EHLQJ UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ RI
DXWRPRELOH DFFLGHQWV +H VSHQGV WKH UHPDLQGHU RI KLV
FRQVXOWLQJ WLPH JHQHUDOO\ LQ WKH ILHOG RI PDFKLQH GHVLJQ
ORRNLQJDWWKHSURFHVVE\ZKLFKDPDFKLQHLVGHVLJQHGDQG
GHWHUPLQLQJ ZKHWKHU WKH PDFKLQH LV VXLWDEOH DQG VDIH IRU
FHUWDLQSXUSRVHV2QDFRXSOHRIRFFDVLRQV)RUGKDVUHWDLQHG
5LFKDUGVRQWRFRQVXOWDQGSURYLGHRSLQLRQV
5LFKDUGVRQWHVWLILHGWKDWG\QDPLFVRUWKHDQDO\VLVRIWKH
IRUFHVWKDWSURGXFHPRWLRQLQREMHFWVFDQEHXVHGWRDQDO\]H
YHKLFOHV DQG SDUWV RI PDFKLQHV DQG WKDW DFFLGHQW
UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ LV VLPSO\ DQ DSSOLFDWLRQ RI G\QDPLFV 7R
UHFRQVWUXFWDFFLGHQWV5LFKDUGVRQORRNVDWWKHSK\VLFDODQG
IDFWXDO LQIRUPDWLRQ DYDLODEOH DSSOLHV VWDQGDUG HQJLQHHULQJ
SULQFLSOHV WR WKLV LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG GHWHUPLQHV WKH PRVW
SUREDEOHVHTXHQFHRIHYHQWV
5LFKDUGVRQ KDV QHYHU ZRUNHG LQ WKH DXWRPRELOH
PDQXIDFWXULQJLQGXVWU\QRUKDVKHWHVWHGDWZRZKHHOGULYH
%URQFR ,, +H KDV QHYHU SXEOLVKHG DQ DUWLFOH RQ YHKLFOH
KDQGOLQJDQGVWDELOLW\DOWKRXJKKHKDVPDGHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRQ
WKRVHWRSLFV
5LFKDUGVRQ VWHVWLPRQ\IRFXVHGRQWKUHHDOOHJHGGHIHFWVLQ
WKH %URQFR ,, )LUVW KH FULWLFL]HG WKH YHKLFOH V VWDELOLW\
LQGH[ DV WRR ORZ 7KH VWDELOLW\ LQGH[ LV FDOFXODWHG E\
GLYLGLQJWKHWUDFNZLGWKPHDVXUHGIURPWKHFHQWHURIRQHWLUH
WRWKHFHQWHURIWKHWLUHDFURVVIURPLWE\WKHKHLJKWRIWKH
FHQWHURIJUDYLW\RIDYHKLFOH6HFRQGKHWHVWLILHGWKDWDUHDU
VWDELOL]HUEDURQWKH%URQFR,,ZRXOGFDXVHRYHUVWHHUZKLFK
LVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\VSLQQLQJRXWRUDVOLGLQJRIWKHUHDURIWKH
-- 7 of 14 --
&OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO 1R
YHKLFOH RQ D WXUQ )LQDOO\ KH WKHRUL]HG WKDW WKH IURQW
VXVSHQVLRQXVHGRQWKH%URQFR,,WKH7ZLQ,EHDPFDXVHV
MDFNLQJ $FFRUGLQJ WR 5LFKDUGVRQ LQ D KDUG WXUQ WKLV
VXVSHQVLRQZLOOFDXVHWKHIURQWHQGRIWKHYHKLFOHWRULVHDQG
WKH WUDFN ZLGWK WR GHFUHDVH PDNLQJ WKH YHKLFOH WDOOHU DQG
QDUURZHUDQGHOHYDWLQJWKHFHQWHURIJUDYLW\
5LFKDUGVRQDOVRUHFRQVWUXFWHGWKHDFFLGHQWGHVFULELQJKRZ
SKRWRJUDSKVRIWKHYHKLFOHDQGWKHURDGUHODWHGWRKLVDQDO\VLV
DQGUHIHUULQJWRDVFDOHGUDZLQJRIWKHKLJKZD\ZKHUHWKH
DFFLGHQWRFFXUUHG+HVDLGWKDW6ORQVN\ VVWDWHPHQWWKDWWKH
YHKLFOH RYHUFRPSHQVDWHG GXULQJ WKH GRXEOH ODQH FKDQJH
ZDV FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH %URQFR ,, V WHQGHQF\ WR RYHUVWHHU
5LFKDUGVRQ VWDWHG WKDW WKH UROORYHU UHVXOWHG IURP WKH
LQDGHTXDWH VWDELOLW\ RI WKH %URQFR ,, +H H[SUHVVHG WKH
RSLQLRQWKDWWKHVHKDQGOLQJDQGVWDELOLW\GHIHFWVFDXVHGWKH
%URQFR,,WRUROORYHULQWKLVFDVHDQGWKDWWKHUHZHUHQRRWKHU
FDXVHVRIWKHDFFLGHQW
)RUG FKDUDFWHUL]HV 5LFKDUGVRQ V DSSURDFK WR DFFLGHQW
UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ DV FDYDOLHU VWDWLQJ WKDW KLV LQYHVWLJDWLRQ
FRQVLVWHG RQO\ RI UHYLHZLQJ WKH SROLFH DFFLGHQW UHSRUW DQG
VRPH GHSRVLWLRQV VWDWHPHQWV DQG SKRWRJUDSKV DQG RI
YLVLWLQJWKHDFFLGHQWVLWHWKHGD\EHIRUHKHWHVWLILHG)RUG V
H[SHUW RQ DFFLGHQW UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ DOVR UHYLHZHG WKH SROLFH
UHSRUWGHSRVLWLRQVVWDWHPHQWVDQGSKRWRJUDSKV,QDGGLWLRQ
KHLQVSHFWHGWKHDFWXDOYHKLFOHDQGYLVLWHGWKHDFFLGHQWVLWH
VHYHUDOPRQWKVEHIRUHWKHWULDO
)RUGGRHVQRWLQGLFDWHKRZ5LFKDUGVRQ VIDLOXUHWRLQVSHFW
WKH%URQFR,,RUKLVODWHYLVLWWRWKHDFFLGHQWVLWHXQGHUPLQH
KLV PHWKRGRORJ\ RI DFFLGHQW UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ RU UHQGHU KLV
WHVWLPRQ\DERXWWKLVSDUWLFXODUDFFLGHQWLQDGPLVVLEOH7KH
GLVWULFW FRXUW DOORZHG D FRQWLQXLQJ REMHFWLRQ E\ )RUG WR
5LFKDUGVRQ V WHVWLPRQ\ FRQFHUQLQJ DFFLGHQW UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
DQGXOWLPDWHO\UHMHFWHG)RUG VPRWLRQWRVWULNH
)RUGDOVRIRFXVHVRQ5LFKDUGVRQ VIDLOXUHWRWHVWKLVWKHRULHV
WKDW WKH %URQFR ,, RYHUVWHHUV DQG MDFNV EXW GRHV QRW
FKDOOHQJHWKHSULQFLSOHWKDWG\QDPLFVFDQEHXVHGWRDQDO\]H
YHKLFOHGHVLJQVDQGSUHGLFWWKHLUPRWLRQ7KHGLVWULFWFRXUW
1R &OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO
WKH WHFKQLTXH V RSHUDWLRQ DQG ZKHWKHU WKH WKHRU\ RU
WHFKQLTXH KDV EHHQ JHQHUDOO\ DFFHSWHG LQ WKH SDUWLFXODU
VFLHQWLILFILHOG'DXEHUW86DW$WULDOFRXUW
PD\FRQVLGHURQHRUPRUHRIWKHVHIDFWRUVEXWWKH6XSUHPH
&RXUWKDVFDXWLRQHGWKDWWKLV³OLVWRIVSHFLILFIDFWRUVQHLWKHU
QHFHVVDULO\QRUH[FOXVLYHO\DSSOLHVWRDOOH[SHUWVRULQHYHU\
FDVH´DQGWKDWDWULDOFRXUWKDV³EURDGODWLWXGH´WRGHWHUPLQH
ZKHWKHUWKHVHIDFWRUVDUH³UHDVRQDEOHPHDVXUHVRIUHOLDELOLW\
LQDSDUWLFXODUFDVH´.XPKR86DW'HVSLWH
WKH EURDG IOH[LELOLW\ DIIRUGHG WR WULDO FRXUWV , GR QRW UHDG
'DXEHUWRU.XPKRWRPHDQWKDWWKHFRPSOHWHGLVUHJDUGRIRQH
RUPRUHRIWKH'DXEHUWIDFWRUVLQDJLYHQFDVHFDQQHYHUEH
GHILQLWLYH
,Q LWV DSSOLFDWLRQ RI 'DXEHUW WKH PDMRULW\ ILUVW GHYRWHV
VLJQLILFDQWDWWHQWLRQWR'U5LFKDUGVRQ¶VJHQHUDOHGXFDWLRQ
DQG H[SHULHQFH 7KHUH LV QR TXHVWLRQ WKDW D ZLWQHVV¶V
HGXFDWLRQSHUVRQDONQRZOHGJHDQGH[SHULHQFHDUHLPSRUWDQW
FRPSRQHQWVRIWKHZLWQHVV¶VTXDOLILFDWLRQWRUHQGHUDQH[SHUW
RSLQLRQYL]ZKHWKHUKHRUVKHLVDQ³H[SHUW´%XWLQFDVHV
LQYROYLQJ VFLHQWLILF RSLQLRQ 'DXEHUW FDVHV RU DSSOLHG
VFLHQWLILFRSLQLRQDVLQPDWWHUVRIHQJLQHHULQJ .XPKRFDVHV
LWLVWKHPHWKRGRORJ\HPSOR\HGE\WKHH[SHUWQRWWKHH[SHUW¶V
JHQHUDO HGXFDWLRQDO TXDOLILFDWLRQV WKDW LV LQ LVVXH 'U
5LFKDUGVRQ¶VLPSUHVVLYHDFDGHPLFDQGH[SHULHQWLDOKLVWRU\
WHOOVXVQRWKLQJDERXWKRZKHGLGZKDWKHGLGWRUHDFKKLV
FRQFOXVLRQVLQWKLVFDVH$QG,GRQRWUHDGWKHPDMRULW\¶V
RSLQLRQWRVXJJHVWRWKHUZLVH
7R EH VXUH WKH PDMRULW\ RSLQLRQ VXPPDUL]HV 'U
5LFKDUGVRQ¶VWHVWLPRQ\GHVFULELQJWKHPHWKRGVKHHPSOR\HG
LQUHDFKLQJKLVFRQFOXVLRQV)RUH[DPSOHEHIRUHKHRSLQHG
RQ DFFLGHQW UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ 'U 5LFKDUGVRQ UHYLHZHG WKH
SURFHVVKHHPSOR\HGWRUHDFKKLVFRQFOXVLRQV+HSHUVRQDOO\
UHYLHZHG VHYHUDO GLVFRYHU\ GHSRVLWLRQV LQ WKH OLWLJDWLRQ
UHYLHZHG SROLFH UHSRUWV DQG SUHSDUHG D VFDOH GUDZLQJ
UHIOHFWLQJ SRLQWV LGHQWLILHG LQ WKH SROLFH UHSRUWV +H DOVR
YLVLWHGWKHVFHQHRIWKHDFFLGHQWEXWWKLVYLVLWRFFXUUHGWKH
GD\ EHIRUH WKH WULDO ZHOO DIWHU KH KDG IRUPHG KLV RSLQLRQ
)LQDOO\'U5LFKDUGVRQUHYLHZHGSKRWRJUDSKVRIWKHYHKLFOH
-- 8 of 14 --
&OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO 1R
GLUH DW WKDW WLPH EHFDXVH WKH TXHVWLRQLQJ ZRXOG DSSHDU
GLVMRLQWHGIURPWKHMXU\¶VSHUVSHFWLYH7KHFRXUWVXJJHVWHG
WKDWJLYHQWKHEUHDGWKRI'U5LFKDUGVRQ¶VDUHDVRIH[SHUWLVH
GHIHQVHFRXQVHOUHVHUYHKLVTXHVWLRQLQJRI'U5LFKDUGVRQIRU
FURVVH[DPLQDWLRQ7KHFRXUWWKHQUXOHGWKDW'U5LFKDUGVRQ
ZDV TXDOLILHG DV DQ H[SHUW LQ VHYHUDO ILHOGV ZLWK WKH
XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKDW WKH GHIHQVH ZRXOG PDNH FRQWLQXLQJ
IRXQGDWLRQDOREMHFWLRQVDVWKHWHVWLPRQ\SURFHHGHG$WWKH
FRQFOXVLRQRIWKHSODLQWLIIV¶FDVH)RUGPRYHGWRVWULNH'U
5LFKDUGVRQ¶V WHVWLPRQ\ SXUVXDQW WR 'DXEHUW 7KH FRXUW
RYHUUXOHGWKHPRWLRQZLWKRXWSURYLGLQJDQ\UHDVRQLQJRQWKH
UHFRUG
$OWKRXJKZHKDYHVWDWHGWKDWDWULDOFRXUWQHHGQRWKROGDQ
HYLGHQWLDU\KHDULQJLQHYHU\FDVHWRFRPSO\ZLWK'DXEHUWZH
KDYH PDGH LW FOHDU WKDW WKH FRXUW PXVW PDNH DQ ³LQLWLDO
DVVHVVPHQW RI WKH UHOHYDQFH DQG UHOLDELOLW\ RI WKH H[SHUW
WHVWLPRQ\´*UHHQZHOOY%RDWZULJKW)G WK
&LU HPSKDVLVDGGHG +HUHWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWGLGQRW
PDNHVXFKDQLQLWLDODVVHVVPHQWDQGLQGHHGPDGHQRH[SUHVV
DVVHVVPHQW DW DQ\ WLPH DV WR WKH UHOLDELOLW\ RI 'U
5LFKDUGVRQ¶VWHVWLPRQ\7KHDEVHQFHRIVXFKGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
VLJQDOV WKH WULDO FRXUW¶V IDLOXUH WR SHUIRUP LWV JDWHNHHSLQJ
IXQFWLRQDVPDQGDWHGE\'DXEHUWDQG.XPKR,QP\YLHZ
WKLV IDLOXUH DORQH FRQVWLWXWHV DQ DEXVH RI GLVFUHWLRQ 7KH
PDMRULW\ KRZHYHU LV ZLOOLQJ WR RYHUORRN WKLV IDLOXUH LQ
HVVHQFHVXEVWLWXWLQJLWVRZQGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIUHOLDELOLW\IRU
WKDWRIWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW(YHQLI,DJUHHGZLWKWKHPDMRULW\¶V
DSSURDFK,FDQQRWDJUHHZLWKWKHPDMRULW\¶VDVVHVVPHQWRI
UHOLDELOLW\
,,,
'DXEHUWVHWVIRUWKDQRQH[FOXVLYHOLVWRIIDFWRUVIRUWULDO
FRXUWV WR FRQVLGHU LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH UHOLDELOLW\ RI H[SHUW
WHVWLPRQ\ ZKHWKHUDWKHRU\RUWHFKQLTXHFDQEH DQGKDV
EHHQ WHVWHG ZKHWKHUWKHWKHRU\RUWHFKQLTXHKDVEHHQ
VXEMHFWHGWRSHHUUHYLHZDQGSXEOLFDWLRQ WKHNQRZQRU
SRWHQWLDOUDWHRIHUURULQXVLQJDSDUWLFXODUVFLHQWLILFWHFKQLTXH
DQGWKHH[LVWHQFHDQGPDLQWHQDQFHRIVWDQGDUGVFRQWUROOLQJ
1R &OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO
LQLWVGLVFUHWLRQFRXOGKDYHGHFLGHGWKDW5LFKDUGVRQ VIDLOXUH
WR WHVW KLV WKHRULHV ZHQW WR WKH ZHLJKW RI KLV WHVWLPRQ\
UHJDUGLQJGHIHFWVLQWKH%URQFR,,QRWWRLWVDGPLVVLELOLW\$V
ZLWK 5LFKDUGVRQ V DFFLGHQW UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ WHVWLPRQ\ )RUG
ZDV DEOH WR FKDOOHQJH WKH WHVWLPRQ\ UHJDUGLQJ WKH DOOHJHG
GHIHFWV LQ WKH %URQFR ,, RQ FURVVH[DPLQDWLRQ 9LJRURXV
FURVVH[DPLQDWLRQ SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI FRQWUDU\ HYLGHQFH DQG
FDUHIXOLQVWUXFWLRQRQWKHEXUGHQRISURRIDUHWKHWUDGLWLRQDO
DQG DSSURSULDWH PHDQV RI DWWDFNLQJ VKDN\ EXW DGPLVVLEOH
HYLGHQFH'DXEHUW86DW
,QDFFRUGZLWKWKHWHDFKLQJRI*UHHQZHOOZHUHYLHZHGWKH
UHFRUGLQGHWDLOWRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWHUUHG
LQLWVDVVHVVPHQWRIUHOLDELOLW\:HREVHUYHWKDW)RUGKDGD
IXOORSSRUWXQLW\WRFURVVH[DPLQH5LFKDUGVRQDQGWKDWWKH
FRXUWZDVFDUHIXOWRSUHVHUYHDQGUXOHRQ)RUG VREMHFWLRQV
%HFDXVHZHDUHQRWILUPO\FRQYLQFHGWKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW
HUUHGZHILQGQRDEXVHRIGLVFUHWLRQ
,,
,QDGLYHUVLW\DFWLRQZHDSSO\WKHVWDQGDUGRIUHYLHZRIWKH
VWDWHZKRVHVXEVWDQWLYHODZJRYHUQVZKHQUHYLHZLQJDGHQLDO
RIDPRWLRQIRUMXGJPHQWDVDPDWWHURIODZWKDWLVEDVHGRQ
WKH VXIILFLHQF\ RI WKH HYLGHQFH 6HH 0RUDOHV Y $PHULFDQ
+RQGD0RWRU&R)G WK&LU 7KH
GLVWULFWFRXUWDSSOLHGWKHIROORZLQJVWDQGDUG
7KHHYLGHQFHDGGXFHGDWWULDODQGWKHIDFWVHVWDEOLVKHGE\
DGPLVVLRQVLQWKHSOHDGLQJVDQGLQWKHUHFRUGPXVWEH
FRQVWUXHG PRVW VWURQJO\ LQ IDYRU RI WKH SDUW\ DJDLQVW
ZKRPWKHPRWLRQLVPDGHDQGZKHUHWKHUHLVVXEVWDQWLDO
HYLGHQFH WR VXSSRUW KLV VLGH RI WKH FDVH XSRQ ZKLFK
UHDVRQDEOHPLQGVPD\UHDFKGLIIHUHQWFRQFOXVLRQVWKH
PRWLRQ PXVW EH GHQLHG 1HLWKHU WKH ZHLJKW RI WKH
HYLGHQFHQRUWKHFUHGLELOLW\RIWKHZLWQHVVHVLVIRUWKH
FRXUW V GHWHUPLQDWLRQ LQ UXOLQJ XSRQ >D PRWLRQ IRU
MXGJPHQWDVDPDWWHURIODZ@
3RVLQY$%&0RWRU&RXUW+RWHO,QF1(G
2KLR 7KH2KLR6XSUHPH&RXUWKDVVLQFHVWDWHGWKDW
-- 9 of 14 --
&OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO 1R
7KH FXUUHQW 2KLR VWDWXWH ZKLFK DSSOLHV WR SURGXFWV GHVLJQHG RQ RU
DIWHU -DQXDU\ RPLWV WKH FRQVXPHUH[SHFWDWLRQV WHVW 6HH 2KLR
5HY &RGH $QQ $ $QGHUVRQ
WKHUHDVRQDEOHPLQGVWHVWFDOOVXSRQWKHFRXUWRQO\WR
GHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKHUHH[LVWVDQ\HYLGHQFHRIVXEVWDQWLDO
SUREDWLYHYDOXHLQVXSSRUWRIWKHFODLPVRIWKHSDUW\DJDLQVW
ZKRP WKH PRWLRQ LV GLUHFWHG 7H[OHU Y ' 2 6XPPHUV
&OHDQHUV 6KLUW/DXQGU\&R1(G 2KLR
FLWDWLRQVDQGLQWHUQDOTXRWDWLRQVRPLWWHG
8QGHU2KLRODZDPDQXIDFWXUHULVOLDEOHIRUDGHVLJQGHIHFW
LIWKHSODLQWLIISURYHVE\DSUHSRQGHUDQFHRIWKHHYLGHQFHERWK
WKDWWKHSURGXFWZDVGHIHFWLYHLQGHVLJQDQGWKDWWKHGHIHFW
ZDV D SUR[LPDWH FDXVH RI WKH KDUP IRU ZKLFK WKH SODLQWLII
VHHNV GDPDJHV 6HH 2KLR 5HY &RGH $QQ $
$QGHUVRQ $SURGXFWLVGHIHFWLYHLQGHVLJQLI WKH
IRUHVHHDEOHULVNVRIWKHGHVLJQH[FHHGWKHEHQHILWVRU WKH
SURGXFWLVPRUHGDQJHURXVWKDQDQRUGLQDU\FRQVXPHUZRXOG
H[SHFWZKHQXVHGLQDUHDVRQDEO\IRUHVHHDEOHZD\6HH2KLR
5HY&RGH$QQ $ $QGHUVRQ
$
8QGHUWKHULVNEHQHILWWHVWWKHIRUHVHHDEOHULVNVRIDGHVLJQ
DUH GHWHUPLQHG E\ FRQVLGHULQJ WKH IROORZLQJ QRQ
FRPSUHKHQVLYHOLVWRIIDFWRUVWKHQDWXUHDQGPDJQLWXGHRI
WKHULVNVLQOLJKWRIWKHLQWHQGHGDQGUHDVRQDEO\IRUHVHHDEOH
XVHVRIWKHSURGXFWWKHOLNHO\DZDUHQHVVRIWKHSURGXFW VXVHUV
RI WKRVH ULVNV WKH OLNHOLKRRG WKDW WKH GHVLJQ ZRXOG FDXVH
KDUPLQOLJKWRILWVLQWHQGHGDQGUHDVRQDEO\IRUHVHHDEOHXVHV
DQG WKH H[WHQW WR ZKLFK WKH SURGXFW FRQIRUPHG WR DQ\
DSSOLFDEOHSURGXFWVWDQGDUGVWKDWZHUHLQHIIHFWZKHQLWOHIWLWV
PDQXIDFWXUHU6HH2KLR5HY&RGH$QQ %
)RUG DUJXHV WKDW HYLGHQFH UHJDUGLQJ WKH %URQFR ,, V
SURGXFWLRQDQGGHYHORSPHQWLVLUUHOHYDQWEHFDXVHWKHSURGXFW
QRWWKHPDQXIDFWXUHU VFRQGXFWLVWKHIRFXVRIDGHVLJQGHIHFW
FODLP 7KH 2KLR VWDWXWH KRZHYHU PDNHV WKH IRUHVHHDEOH
ULVNVRIWKHGHVLJQRIWKDWSURGXFWUHOHYDQW7KHKDQGOLQJDQG
1R &OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
',66(17
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
5<$1&LUFXLW-XGJHGLVVHQWLQJ%HFDXVH,EHOLHYHWKDW
WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW DEXVHG LWV GLVFUHWLRQ LQ DGPLWWLQJ 'U
5LFKDUGVRQ¶VWHVWLPRQ\,UHVSHFWIXOO\GLVVHQW
7KH PDMRULW\ GHVFULEHV WKH DGPLVVLELOLW\ RI 'U
5LFKDUGVRQ¶VWHVWLPRQ\DVD³FORVHFDVH´,GLVDJUHH,QP\
YLHZWKLVFDVHSUHVHQWVDFOHDUH[DPSOHRIDFRXUWLPSURSHUO\
DEGLFDWLQJLWVJDWHNHHSLQJIXQFWLRQXQGHU'DXEHUWY0HUUHOO
'RZ3KDUPDFHXWLFDOV,QF86 DQG.XPKR
7LUH&RY&DUPLFKDHO86
,
([SHUW WHVWLPRQ\ LV DGPLVVLEOH XQGHU )HG 5 (YLG
RQO\LIWKHWULDOFRXUWILQGVWKDWWKHWHVWLPRQ\LVERWKUHOHYDQW
DQGUHOLDEOH'DXEHUW86DW:KLOH
'DXEHUWIRFXVHVRQ³VFLHQWLILF´H[SHUWVWKH6XSUHPH&RXUW
UHFHQWO\PDGHFOHDUWKDWWKH'DXEHUWSULQFLSOHVDSSO\WRWKH
RSLQLRQV RI ³QRQVFLHQWLILF´ H[SHUWV VXFK DV HQJLQHHUV
.XPKR86DW+HUHWKHUHLVQRTXHVWLRQWKDW'U
5LFKDUGVRQ¶VWHVWLPRQ\ZDVUHOHYDQWWRWKHPDWHULDOLVVXHV
SUHVHQWHG LQ WKLV SURGXFW OLDELOLW\ ODZVXLW 7KH FULWLFDO
TXHVWLRQWKHQLVZKHWKHUWKHWHVWLPRQ\ZDVUHOLDEOH
,,
7KH SURFHGXUDO KLVWRU\ SUHFHGLQJ WKH DGPLVVLRQ RI 'U
5LFKDUGVRQ¶VWHVWLPRQ\SURYLGHVWKHILUVWXQPLVWDNDEOHVLJQ
RIWURXEOH$VWKHPDMRULW\DFNQRZOHGJHVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW
UHIXVHGWRKROGDKHDULQJRQ)RUG¶VSUHWULDOPRWLRQLQOLPLQH
³UHVHUY>LQJ@WRLWVHOIWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIHQJDJLQJLQDEULHIYRLU
GLUH RI 'U 5LFKDUGVRQ EHIRUH KLV WHVWLPRQ\ LV RIIHUHG´
(PSKDVLVDGGHG $WWULDODIWHU'U5LFKDUGVRQVXPPDUL]HG
KLV WUDLQLQJ DQG H[SHULHQFH SODLQWLIIV¶ FRXQVHO PRYHG WR
TXDOLI\KLPDVDQH[SHUWLQVHYHUDOHQJLQHHULQJUHODWHGILHOGV
'HIHQVH FRXQVHO GHFOLQHG WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR FRQGXFW YRLU
-- 10 of 14 --
&OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO 1R
RI KLV FDVHV EHFDXVH LW GLG QRW ZDQW WR LQFHQWLYL]H KLP
)RUGKDVVHWWOHGHOHYHQRIQLQHWHHQFDVHVWKDW+HLVNHOOEURXJKW
DJDLQVW LW VRPH RI WKHP DIWHU WKLV DOOHJHG VWDWHPHQW ZDV
PDGH
7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW IRXQG WKDW WKH &OD\ DQG 6WURP HVWDWHV
HVWDEOLVKHGWKDWWKH\DWWHPSWHGWRVHWWOHWKHFDVHLQJRRGIDLWK
DQGWKDW)RUGIDLOHGWRDFWLQJRRGIDLWKE\UHIXVLQJWRPDNH
DQ\ VHWWOHPHQW RIIHUV SULRU WR WULDO 2XU UHYLHZ RI WKH
HYLGHQFH FRQYLQFHV XV WKDW WKH FRXUW GLG QRW DEXVH LWV
GLVFUHWLRQE\PDNLQJWKLVILQGLQJDQGRQFHWKLVILQGLQJZDV
PDGH2KLRODZPDQGDWHGDQDZDUGRISUHMXGJPHQWLQWHUHVW
6HH2KLR5HY&RGH$QQ &
)RUWKHIRUHJRLQJUHDVRQVZHDIILUPWKHMXGJPHQWRIWKH
GLVWULFWFRXUWLQLWVHQWLUHW\
1R &OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO
VWDELOLW\SUREOHPVWKDWWKH%URQFR,,KDGGXULQJSURGXFWLRQ
DQGGHYHORSPHQWDUHUHOHYDQWWRWKHIRUHVHHDEOHULVNIDFWRUV
LQFOXGLQJWKHQDWXUHDQGPDJQLWXGHRIWKHULVNVLQOLJKWRIWKH
YHKLFOH V LQWHQGHG XVHV DQG WKH OLNHOLKRRG WKDW LWV GHVLJQ
ZRXOGFDXVHKDUP
-DPHV 0F&OXUH D )RUG HQJLQHHU WHVWLILHG WKDW GXULQJ
SURGXFWLRQ RI WKH %URQFR ,, )RUG FHDVHG UHDO OLIH -WXUQ
WHVWLQJLQIDYRURIFRPSXWHUVLPXODWLRQV$-WXUQPDQHXYHU
WHVWV D YHKLFOH DW LWV OLPLW E\ GULYLQJ LW VWUDLJKW DW D JLYHQ
VSHHGDQGWKHQWXUQLQJWKHVWHHULQJZKHHOWRDFHUWDLQSRVLWLRQ
DQGKROGLQJLWLQWKDWSRVLWLRQ)RUGXVHGDQGGHJUHH
VWHHULQJZKHHOLQSXWVZKHQFRQGXFWLQJ-WXUQWHVWV'XULQJ
RQHVXFKPDQHXYHUD%URQFR,,ZHQWXSRQWZRZKHHOVDQG
IOLSSHGDIWHULWVRXWULJJHUDVDIHW\GHYLFHXVHGZKHQWHVWLQJ
YHKLFOHVIDLOHG%HFDXVHRIDFRQFHUQIRUWKHVDIHW\RILWVWHVW
GULYHUV)RUGVZLWFKHGWRFRPSXWHUVLPXODWLRQV
0F&OXUH IXUWKHU WHVWLILHG WKDW WKH %URQFR ,,V VROG WR WKH
SXEOLFKDGDUHYLVHGVWDELOL]HUEDUGHVLJQWKDWLPSURYHGWKHLU
KDQGOLQJDQGVWDELOLW\DQGWKDWWKLVGHVLJQZDVQRWSUHVHQWLQ
WKHYHKLFOHVWHVWHGHDUOLHU)RUGQHYHUGLGDFWXDO-WXUQWHVWV
RQWKH%URQFR,,VWKDWKDGWKHUHYLVHGVWDELOL]HUEDUGHVLJQ
&RQVWUXLQJ WKLV HYLGHQFH PRVW VWURQJO\ LQ IDYRU RI WKH
DSSHOOHHVUHDVRQDEOHPLQGVFRXOGFRQFOXGHWKDWWKH%URQFR
,, VGHVLJQVWLOOSRVHGDIRUHVHHDEOHULVNRIIOLSSLQJGXULQJD-
WXUQ
)RUG DOVR DUJXHV WKDW HYLGHQFH SUHVHQWHG UHJDUGLQJ WKH
%URQFR,, VVWDELOLW\LQGH[GRHVQRWSURYHDGHVLJQGHIHFW$W
WULDO)RUGSUHVHQWHGVWDWLVWLFDOHYLGHQFHVKRZLQJWKDWYHKLFOHV
ZLWKVLPLODUVWDELOLW\LQGH[HVKDYHGLIIHUHQWUROORYHUUDWHVDQG
YHKLFOHVZLWKGLIIHUHQWVWDELOLW\LQGH[HVKDYHVLPLODUUROORYHU
UDWHV)UHG3DUULOOD)RUGHQJLQHHUWHVWLILHGWKDWWKHUHLVQR
GLUHFW FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH VWDWLF VWDELOLW\ LQGH[ DQG D
YHKLFOH V G\QDPLF SHUIRUPDQFH 0F&OXUH WHVWLILHG WKDW
VWDELOLW\LQGH[KDVOLWWOHHIIHFWRQRYHUDOOYHKLFOHSHUIRUPDQFH
)RUG V FKDOOHQJH WR WKH YDOLGLW\ RI VWDELOLW\ LQGH[ DV D
SUHGLFWRU RI YHKLFOH EHKDYLRU LV FRXQWHUHG E\ D )RUG
SURJUDPUHSRUWLQZKLFKLWVHQJLQHHUVUHFRPPHQGZD\VWR
-- 11 of 14 --
&OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO 1R
LQFUHDVH WKH VWDELOLW\ LQGH[ RI WKH %URQFR ,, ,Q DGGLWLRQ
3DUULOO WHVWLILHG WKDW D KLJKHU VWDELOLW\ LQGH[ PHDQW WKDW D
YHKLFOHZRXOGKDYHOHVVSURSHQVLW\WRUROO7KLVLVVXEVWDQWLDO
HYLGHQFH XSRQ ZKLFK UHDVRQDEOH PLQGV FRXOG FRPH WR
GLIIHUHQWFRQFOXVLRQVLQFOXGLQJWKDWDUHODWLYHO\ORZVWDELOLW\
LQGH[LQGLFDWHGDIRUHVHHDEOHULVNRIUROORYHU
8QGHU WKH ULVNEHQHILW WHVW WKH EHQHILWV RI D GHVLJQ DUH
GHWHUPLQHGE\FRQVLGHULQJWKHIROORZLQJQRQFRPSUHKHQVLYH
OLVWRIIDFWRUVWKHSURGXFW VXWLOLW\LQFOXGLQJSHUIRUPDQFHRU
VDIHW\DGYDQWDJHVWKHWHFKQLFDODQGHFRQRPLFIHDVLELOLW\RI
XVLQJDQDOWHUQDWLYHGHVLJQDQGWKHQDWXUHDQGPDJQLWXGHRI
DQ\IRUHVHHDEOHULVNVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDQDOWHUQDWLYHGHVLJQ
6HH2KLR5HY&RGH$QQ &
7RVKRZWKHEHQHILWVRIWKHGHVLJQRIWKH%URQFR,,)RUG
SXWRQHYLGHQFHRILWVXWLOLW\$FFRUGLQJWRWKH)RUGHQJLQHHU
ZKRVXSHUYLVHGYHKLFOHG\QDPLFVDWWKHWLPHWKHWZRZKHHO
GULYH%URQFR,,ZDVDSSURYHGIRUSURGXFWLRQDVSRUWXWLOLW\
YHKLFOH KDV VHYHUDO GLVWLQFWLYH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV ILUVW WKH
RFFXSDQWVVLWUHODWLYHO\KLJKIRUJRRGYLVLELOLW\VHFRQGWKH
YHKLFOHLVPDQHXYHUDEOHLQWLJKWVSDFHVWKLUGLWKDVFDUJR
FDUU\LQJ FDSDELOLW\ DQG ILQDOO\ LW KDV VXIILFLHQW JURXQG
FOHDUDQFHWRXVHRQDOOURDGFRQGLWLRQVLQFOXGLQJRIIURDG
7KHDSSHOOHHVSUHVHQWHGHYLGHQFHUHJDUGLQJWKHIHDVLELOLW\
RIDOWHUQDWLYHGHVLJQVE\SRLQWLQJRXWRSWLRQVWKDW)RUGKDG
FRQVLGHUHGDQGUHMHFWHGGXULQJWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH%URQFR
,,)RUGFRQVLGHUHGWKUHHIURQWVXVSHQVLRQVIRUWKHYHKLFOH
WKH7ZLQ,EHDPWKH0DF3KHUVRQVWUXWDQGWKHVKRUWORQJ
DUP)RUGFKRVHWKH7ZLQ,EHDPZKLFKFDXVHGWKHHQJLQH
WREHORFDWHGKLJKHULQWKHYHKLFOHWKDQLIHLWKHURIWKHRWKHU
VXVSHQVLRQVKDGEHHQFKRVHQ%HFDXVHWKHHQJLQHLVRQHRI
WKHKHDYLHVWSDUWVRIWKHYHKLFOHWKHXVHRIWKH7ZLQ,EHDP
VXVSHQVLRQZRUVHQHGWKHVWDELOLW\LQGH[RIWKH%URQFR,,
7KH)RUGSURJUDPUHSRUWUHJDUGLQJWKHVWDELOLW\LQGH[
RIWKH%URQFR,,OLVWHGILYHDOWHUQDWLYHVWRLQFUHDVHWKHLQGH[
7KUHHRIWKHSURSRVDOVWKDW)RUGGLGQRWFKRRVHSURYLGHGIRU
DZLGHUWUDFNDQGDKLJKHUVWDELOLW\LQGH[WKDQWKHSURSRVDO
FKRVHQ7KHLQFUHDVHGWUDFNZLGWKZDVDSUREOHPEHFDXVHLW
1R &OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO
$OO WKUHH DSSHOOHHV VRXJKW SUHMXGJPHQW LQWHUHVW DQG WKH GLVWULFW
FRXUW GHQLHG 6ORQVN\ V PRWLRQ 6ORQVN\ GLG QRW ILOH D FURVVDSSHDO RQ WKLV
LVVXH
VHWWOHPHQW2Q$XJXVW+HLVNHOOVHQWDSDFNDJHRI
PDWHULDOV WR )RUG UHJDUGLQJ WKH FODLPV DQG UHTXHVWHG
PLOOLRQRQEHKDOIRIHDFKHVWDWH+HVHQWDGGLWLRQDOPDWHULDOV
WRFRPSOHWHWKHSDFNDJHIRXUGD\VODWHU2Q$XJXVW
+HLVNHOOID[HGDPHVVDJHUHJDUGLQJVHWWOHPHQWRIKLVHQWLUH
LQYHQWRU\RIFODLPVDJDLQVW)RUGDQGUHTXHVWHGIRU
HDFKHVWDWH2Q-DQXDU\+HLVNHOOVHQWDOHWWHUWR)RUG
LQ DQRWKHU DWWHPSW DW D JOREDO VHWWOHPHQW DQG UHTXHVWHG
IRU HDFK HVWDWH )LQDOO\ DIWHU WKH VHFRQG GD\ RI
WULDO+HLVNHOOUHTXHVWHGPLOOLRQIRUHDFKHVWDWH
7KH HVWDWHV GLG QRW FKDOOHQJH )RUG V FRRSHUDWLRQ GXULQJ
GLVFRYHU\ RU FODLP WKDW )RUG XQQHFHVVDULO\ GHOD\HG WKH
SURFHHGLQJV 7KH\ DUJXHG WKDW )RUG QHLWKHU UDWLRQDOO\
HYDOXDWHGLWVSRWHQWLDOOLDELOLW\QRUUHVSRQGHGLQJRRGIDLWKWR
WKHLUVHWWOHPHQWRIIHUV
2Q6HSWHPEHU)RUGVHQWZKDWDSSHDUHGWREHD
IRUPOHWWHUWR+HLVNHOOUHTXHVWLQJVRPHRIWKHPDWHULDOVWKDW
LWKDGUHFHLYHGZLWKWKHILUVWVHWWOHPHQWGHPDQGDORQJZLWK
DGGLWLRQDOPDWHULDOVWKDW+HLVNHOOKDGQRWLQLWLDOO\SURYLGHG
2Q-XO\(G6WHZDUWD)RUGDWWRUQH\VHQWDOHWWHUWR
+HLVNHOO WKDW GLVFXVVHG )RUG V DVVHVVPHQW RI WKH PHULWV RI
HDFKRI KLVFDVHVDQGLWVUHIXVDOWRSD\H[RUELWDQWVXPVWR
VHWWOHFDVHVZLWKQRPHULW7KHOHWWHUGLGQRWVSHFLILFDOO\UHIHU
WRWKH&OD\DQG6WURPPDWWHUV6WHZDUWWHVWLILHGWKDWKHDQG
+HLVNHOOVSRNHRQWKHWHOHSKRQHDVRIWHQDVZHHNO\UHJDUGLQJ
WKH%URQFR,,FDVHV$IWHU6WHZDUWUHTXHVWHGDSURSRVDOWR
VHWWOHDOORI+HLVNHOO VSHQGLQJFDVHV+HLVNHOOUHVSRQGHGZLWK
WKH$XJXVWID[)RUG VILUVWDQGRQO\VHWWOHPHQWRIIHULQ
WKLVFDVHFDPHDIWHUWKHMXU\KDGGHWHUPLQHGOLDELOLW\DQGSULRU
WR WKH GDPDJHV SRUWLRQ RI WKH WULDO ZKHQ LW RIIHUHG
PLOOLRQWRVHWWOHWKHWKUHHFODLPV
+HLVNHOO WHVWLILHG WKDW LQ ODWH 6HSWHPEHU )RUG V
JHQHUDOFRXQVHOWROGKLPWKDW)RUGZDVQRWJRLQJWRVHWWOHDQ\
-- 12 of 14 --
&OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO 1R
IDYRUDQGWKDWWKHYHUGLFWZDVQRWDJDLQVWWKHFOHDUZHLJKWRI
WKHHYLGHQFH2XUGLVFXVVLRQRIZKHWKHU)RUGZDVHQWLWOHGWR
MXGJPHQWDVDPDWWHURIODZLOOXVWUDWHVWKDWWKHMXU\ VYHUGLFW
ZDVUHDVRQDEOH%HFDXVHWKHUHLVQRLQGLFDWLRQWKDWWKHFRXUW
DEXVHGLWVGLVFUHWLRQRUHUUHGLQDSSO\LQJWKHVWDQGDUGIRUWKH
JUDQWRIDQHZWULDOZHDIILUPLWVGHQLDORI)RUG VQHZWULDO
PRWLRQ
,9
:HUHYLHZDGLVWULFWFRXUW VJUDQWRISUHMXGJPHQWLQWHUHVW
IRUDEXVHRIGLVFUHWLRQ6HH6WDOOZRUWKY&LW\RI&OHYHODQG
)G WK&LU 8QGHU2KLRODZDQDZDUG
RISUHMXGJPHQWLQWHUHVWPXVWEHPDGHLIWKHFRXUWILQGVWKDW
WKHSDUW\UHTXLUHGWRSD\WKHPRQH\IDLOHGWRPDNHDJRRG
IDLWKHIIRUWWRVHWWOHWKHFDVHDQGWKDWWKHSDUW\WRZKRPWKH
PRQH\LVWREHSDLGGLGQRWIDLOWRPDNHDJRRGIDLWKHIIRUWWR
VHWWOH WKH FDVH 2KLR 5HY &RGH $QQ &
$QGHUVRQ 7KHSDUW\UHTXHVWLQJSUHMXGJPHQWLQWHUHVW
KDVWKHEXUGHQRISURYLQJWKDWLWPDGHDJRRGIDLWKHIIRUWWR
VHWWOH DQG WKDW WKH RWKHU SDUW\ IDLOHG WR PDNH D JRRG IDLWK
HIIRUWWRVHWWOH6HH0RVNRYLW]Y0W6LQDL0HG&WU
1(G 2KLR
,I D SDUW\ KDV IXOO\ FRRSHUDWHG GXULQJ GLVFRYHU\
UDWLRQDOO\HYDOXDWHGLWVULVNVDQGSRWHQWLDOOLDELOLW\ QRW
DWWHPSWHGWRXQGXO\GHOD\WKHSURFHHGLQJVDQG LQJRRG
IDLWKPDGHDVHWWOHPHQWRIIHURUUHVSRQGHGWRWKHRWKHUSDUW\ V
RIIHUWKDWSDUW\KDVQRWIDLOHGWRPDNHDJRRGIDLWKHIIRUWWR
VHWWOHWKHFDVH6HH.DODLQY6PLWK1(G
2KLR ,I D SDUW\ KDV D JRRG IDLWK REMHFWLYHO\
UHDVRQDEOHEHOLHIWKDW>LW@KDVQROLDELOLW\>LW@QHHGQRWPDNH
DPRQHWDU\VHWWOHPHQWRIIHU,G3ODFLQJWKHEXUGHQRISURRI
RQWKHSDUW\VHHNLQJSUHMXGJPHQWLQWHUHVWFUHDWHVGLIILFXOWLHV
IRUWKDWSDUW\VLQFHPXFKRIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQQHHGHGWRPDNH
D FDVH IRU SUHMXGJPHQW LQWHUHVW LV LQ WKH SRVVHVVLRQ RI WKH
SDUW\UHVLVWLQJDQDZDUG0RVNRYLW]1(GDW
7RSURYHWKDWWKH\PDGHDJRRGIDLWKRIIHUWRVHWWOHWKH
&OD\ DQG 6WURP HVWDWHV SUHVHQWHG WKH WHVWLPRQ\ RI WKHLU
DWWRUQH\ (GJDU +HLVNHOO ZKR GHWDLOHG WKHLU RIIHUV RI
1R &OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO
ZRXOG KDYH UHTXLUHG D VKHHW PHWDO GHVLJQ FKDQJH ZLWK D
PLQLPXP RQH\HDU GHOD\ LQ SURGXFWLRQ DQG EHFDXVH )RUG
SODQQHG WR VHOO WKH YHKLFOH LQ -DSDQ ,I UHDVRQDEOH PLQGV
FRXOG FRQFOXGH WKDW VWDELOLW\ LQGH[ LV UHOHYDQW WR UROORYHU
SURSHQVLW\ WKH\ FRXOG DOVR FRQFOXGH WKDW WKHVH DOWHUQDWLYH
GHVLJQVZRXOGSRVHOHVVULVNWKDQWKHGHVLJQ)RUGDGRSWHG
%HIRUH)RUGFHDVHG-WXUQWHVWLQJLWVHQJLQHHUVFRQFOXGHG
WKDWDQLPSURYHPHQWLQWKH%URQFR,, V-WXUQKDQGOLQJFRXOG
EH DFKLHYHG E\ UHGXFLQJ LWV ZKHHO VL]H E\ RQH LQFK RU
LQFUHDVLQJLWVWUDFNZLGWKE\WKUHHWRIRXULQFKHV$OWKRXJK
WKHVH VXJJHVWLRQV ZHUH WHFKQLFDOO\ IHDVLEOH WKH\ ZHUH QRW
LPSOHPHQWHG 5HDVRQDEOH PLQGV FRXOG UHDFK GLIIHUHQW
FRQFOXVLRQVRQZKHWKHUWKHIRUHVHHDEOHULVNVRIWKH%URQFR
,, VGHVLJQRXWZHLJKHGLWVEHQHILWV
%
(YHQLIWKHMXU\GLGQRWFRQFOXGHWKDWWKH%URQFR,,KDGD
GHVLJQGHIHFWXQGHUWKHULVNEHQHILWDQDO\VLVLWFRXOGKDYH
IRXQGDGHVLJQGHIHFWLIWKHYHKLFOHZDVPRUHGDQJHURXVWKDQ
DQ RUGLQDU\ FRQVXPHU ZRXOG H[SHFW ZKHQ XVHG LQ D
UHDVRQDEO\ IRUHVHHDEOH PDQQHU 7KH % 5ROO YLGHRWDSH
LQWURGXFHG E\ WKH DSSHOOHHV VKRZV WKH %URQFR ,, OLIW ERWK
ULJKWZKHHOVRIIWKHJURXQGGXULQJDQDYRLGDQFHPDQHXYHU
GRQHDWPLOHVSHUKRXU)RUGDUJXHVWKDWWKHWDSHVKRZV
WKH GULYHU UDSLGO\ WXUQLQJ WKH VWHHULQJ ZKHHO LQ D UDGLFDO
PDQHXYHU WKDW IHZ SHRSOH ZRXOG KDYH WKH FRXUDJH WR
DWWHPSW 7KLV LV HYLGHQFH XSRQ ZKLFK UHDVRQDEOH PLQGV
FRXOGFRPHWRGLIIHUHQWFRQFOXVLRQVLQFOXGLQJWKDWWKHYHKLFOH
ZDVEHLQJXVHGLQDUHDVRQDEO\IRUHVHHDEOHZD\DQGWKDWWKH
UHVXOWLQJWZRZKHHOOLIWZDVPRUHGDQJHURXVWKDQDQRUGLQDU\
FRQVXPHUZRXOGH[SHFW
:KHQGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUDSURGXFWLVPRUHGDQJHURXV
WKDQDQRUGLQDU\FRQVXPHUZRXOGH[SHFWHYLGHQFHRIXQVDIH
XQH[SHFWHG SURGXFW SHUIRUPDQFH LV VXIILFLHQW WR LQIHU WKH
H[LVWHQFHRIDSURGXFWGHIHFW6WDWH)DUP)LUH &DV&R
Y&KU\VOHU&RUS1(G 2KLR 2QWKH
QLJKW RI WKH DFFLGHQW 6ORQVN\ PDGH ZKDW VHHPHG WR EH D
W\SLFDOODQHFKDQJHPDQHXYHU+HWHVWLILHGWKDWKHIHOWWKH
-- 13 of 14 --
&OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO 1R
%URQFR ,, RYHUFRUUHFW KH FRXOG QRW UHJDLQ FRQWURO RI WKH
YHKLFOH DQG LW VWDUWHG WR UROO 7KHUH LV QR HYLGHQFH WKDW
6ORQVN\ZDVVSHHGLQJRUGULYLQJHUUDWLFDOO\7KHGULYHURID
YHKLFOH WKDW ZDV EHKLQG WKH %URQFR ,, RQ WKH KLJKZD\
FRQILUPHGWKHODQHFKDQJHV6ORQVN\PDGHDQGWHVWLILHGWKDW
6ORQVN\ZDVGULYLQJDWDQRUPDOUDWHRIVSHHGSULRUWRWKH
DFFLGHQW 7KLV UROORYHU²DQ XQVDIH XQH[SHFWHG HYHQW²LV
HYLGHQFH WKDW VXSSRUWV D ILQGLQJ WKDW WKH %URQFR ,, KDV D
GHVLJQGHIHFWXQGHUWKHFRQVXPHUH[SHFWDWLRQVWHVW$ODQH
FKDQJHRQDKLJKZD\ZKLOHWUDYHOLQJDWDQRUPDOUDWHRIVSHHG
LVDUHDVRQDEO\IRUHVHHDEOHXVHRIWKHSURGXFWDQGUHDVRQDEOH
PLQGVFRXOGILQGWKHUHVXOWLQJDFFLGHQWPRUHGDQJHURXVWKDQ
DQRUGLQDU\FRQVXPHUZRXOGH[SHFW
&
)RUGDUJXHVWKDWHYHQLIWKH%URQFR,,KDVDGHVLJQGHIHFW
WKH DSSHOOHHV GLG QRW SURYH WKDW LW ZDV WKH FDXVH RI WKLV
DFFLGHQW>/@LDELOLW\IRUDGHVLJQGHIHFWLVQRWSURYHQDEVHQW
SURRI RI FDXVDWLRQ UHODWLQJ VRPH DVSHFW RI WKH FKDOOHQJHG
GHVLJQWR WKH LQMXU\ 6WDWH)DUP1(GDW,Q
6WDWH)DUPDFRXSOH VDXWRPRELOHFDXJKWILUHZKLOHLWZDV
SDUNHGLQWKHLUJDUDJHDQGWKH\VXHGLWVPDQXIDFWXUHUDOOHJLQJ
WKDWDGHVLJQGHIHFWFDXVHGWKHILUH6HHLGDW7KH
FRXUWXSKHOGDGLUHFWHGYHUGLFWIRUWKHPDQXIDFWXUHURQWKLV
FODLPEHFDXVHWKHUHZDVQRSURRIRIFDXVDWLRQ
:KLOHSURFHHGLQJWRH[FOXGHSRVVLEOHFDXVHVRIWKHILUH
RWKHUWKDQGHVLJQGHIHFWVSODLQWLIIVSUHVHQWHGQRH[SHUW
DQDO\VLV RU RWKHU HYLGHQFH GHPRQVWUDWLQJ WKDW VRPH
DVSHFWRIWKHGHVLJQRIWKH&KU\VOHU.FDUZRXOGRUFRXOG
UHVXOW LQ HOHFWULILFDWLRQ RU RYHUKHDWLQJ RI FRPSRQHQWV
DQGRUZLULQJVXIILFLHQWWRFDXVHDQDXWRILUHZKHQWKH
LJQLWLRQZDVWXUQHGRII
,GDW,QFRQWUDVWWKHDSSHOOHHVSUHVHQWHGHYLGHQFHWKDW
FHUWDLQDVSHFWVRIWKH%URQFR,, VGHVLJQLQFOXGLQJLWVQDUURZ
WUDFNZLGWKDQGKLJKFHQWHURIJUDYLW\FRXOGUHVXOWLQZKHHO
OLIW DQG UROORYHU ZKLOH WKH YHKLFOH ZDV LQ RSHUDWLRQ ,Q
DGGLWLRQ5LFKDUGVRQWHVWLILHGWKDW6ORQVN\ VGHVFULSWLRQRIWKH
%URQFR,, VEHKDYLRUZDVFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKHDOOHJHGRYHUVWHHU
1R &OD\HWDOY)RUG0RWRU&RHWDO
WHQGHQFLHVRIWKHYHKLFOHDQG WKDWLQKLVRSLQLRQRQFHWKH
%URQFR,,ZDVVLGHZD\VLWUROOHGEHFDXVHRIDVWDELOLW\GHIHFW
5HDVRQDEOH PLQGV FRQVLGHULQJ WKLV HYLGHQFH FRXOG UHDFK
GLIIHUHQWFRQFOXVLRQVRQZKHWKHUWKHDOOHJHGGHVLJQGHIHFWV
FDXVHGWKHDFFLGHQW
&RQVWUXLQJ WKH HYLGHQFH PRVW VWURQJO\ LQ IDYRU RI WKH
DSSHOOHHV WKHUH ZDV VXEVWDQWLDO FRPSHWHQW HYLGHQFH XSRQ
ZKLFKUHDVRQDEOHPLQGVFRXOGUHDFKGLIIHUHQWFRQFOXVLRQV
LQFOXGLQJ WKDW WKH %URQFR ,, V GHVLJQ ZDV GHIHFWLYH XQGHU
2KLR V VWDWXWRU\ GHILQLWLRQ DQG WKDW D GHIHFW FDXVHG WKH
DFFLGHQW$FFRUGLQJO\ZHDIILUPWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW VGHQLDORI
)RUG VPRWLRQIRUMXGJPHQWDVDPDWWHURIODZ
,,,
:HUHYLHZDGHQLDORIDPRWLRQIRUDQHZWULDOIRUDEXVHRI
GLVFUHWLRQDSSO\LQJWKHIHGHUDOVWDQGDUGUDWKHUWKDQ2KLRODZ
6HH$QFKRUY2 7RROH)G WK&LU
,QGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUWRJUDQWDQHZWULDOZKHQWKHFODLPLV
WKDWWKHYHUGLFWLVDJDLQVWWKHZHLJKWRIWKHHYLGHQFHDGLVWULFW
FRXUWPXVWFRPSDUHDQGZHLJKWKHRSSRVLQJHYLGHQFHDQGLW
PXVWVHWDVLGHWKHYHUGLFWLILWGHWHUPLQHVWKDWWKHYHUGLFWLV
DJDLQVWWKHFOHDUZHLJKWRIWKHHYLGHQFH6HH-&:\FNRII
$VVRFVY6WDQGDUG)LUH,QV&R)G WK
&LU 7\SLFDOO\ZHZLOOILQGDEXVHRIGLVFUHWLRQRQO\LI
ZHKDYHDGHILQLWHDQGILUPFRQYLFWLRQWKDWWKHWULDOFRXUW
FRPPLWWHGDFOHDUHUURURIMXGJPHQW$QGLQUHYLHZLQJ
DWULDOFRXUW VGHQLDORIDQHZWULDOPRWLRQRQWKHJURXQG
WKDW WKH YHUGLFW LV DJDLQVW WKH FOHDU ZHLJKW RI WKH
HYLGHQFHZHDFFHSWWKHMXU\ VYHUGLFWLILWZDVUHDVRQDEO\
UHDFKHG
$QFKRU )G DW FLWDWLRQV DQG LQWHUQDO TXRWDWLRQV
RPLWWHG
:H KDYH FDUHIXOO\ UHYLHZHG WKH UHFRUG DQG WKH GLVWULFW
FRXUW VRSLQLRQDQGRUGHU7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWFRQVLGHUHGWKH
HYLGHQFHWKDWWKHSDUWLHVSUHVHQWHGDWWULDODQGFRQFOXGHGWKDW
LWZDVSRVVLEOHWRILQGWKDWWKHVFDOHWLSSHGLQWKHDSSHOOHHV
-- 14 of 14 --
Verbinden Sie Omnilex, um den Rechtskorpus über Ihren KI-Assistenten zu durchsuchen.