Carnell Draughn, Jr v. GENE M. JOHNSON, Acting Director of the Virginia Department of Corrections

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 03-7394
CARNELL DRAUGHN, JR.,
Petitioner - Appellee,
versus
GENE M. JOHNSON, Acting Director of the
Virginia Department of Corrections,
Respondent - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Virginia, at Norfolk. Rebecca Beach Smith, District
Judge. (CA-02-646-2)
Argued: September 29, 2004 Decided: January 14, 2005
Before WILLIAMS, KING, and DUNCAN, Circuit Judges.
Reversed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
ARGUED: Donald E. Jeffrey, III, Assistant Attorney General, OFFICE
OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF VIRGINIA, Richmond, Virginia, for
Appellant. G. Arthur Robbins, CHESAPEAKE MERIDIAN, Annapolis,
Maryland, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Jerry W. Kilgore, Attorney
General of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellant.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
See Local Rule 36(c).

-- 1 of 17 --

1At the time Draughn filed his habeas corpus petition in the
Virginia courts, Ronald Angelone was the named respondent. (J.A.
at 260.) Gene Johnson was substituted as the named party when
Draughn filed his § 2254 petition in the district court. (J.A. at
347.) To remain consistent, the opinion refers to “the state” as
the party in interest.
2
PER CURIAM:
Gene M. Johnson, Acting Director of the Virginia Department of
Corrections (the state), 1 appeals the district court’s conditional
grant of Carnell Draughn’s § 2254 petition for writ of habeas
corpus. The district court ruled that Draughn’s trial counsel
rendered ineffective assistance of counsel because, during a motion
to withdraw from the case, he revealed confidential client
communications. Specifically, Draughn’s counsel informed the trial
court that Draughn wanted to move for the trial judge’s recusal on
the ground that the judge was biased against African-Americans. In
the opinion of the district court, counsel’s behavior failed the
standard set by Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), and
the state habeas court was objectively unreasonable in concluding
otherwise. Because, even assuming Draughn’s counsel was
constitutionally deficient, Draughn cannot show that his counsel’s
actions resulted in actual prejudice, we reverse the conditional
grant of Draughn’s § 2254 petition.

-- 2 of 17 --

3
I.
At approximately 8:40 p.m. on the evening of March 31, 1997,
an African-American male entered a Blockbuster Music store in
Newport News, VA. The individual approached the front register,
placed his hand on the counter, and told the employee working at
the register, William Workinger, that he had “30 mother-f***king
seconds to clear that register before I pop a cap in your ass.”
(J.A. at 39.) After Workinger removed the cash from the front
register and then opened the next register for the individual only
to find that it was empty, the individual ordered Workinger to take
him to the room where the night deposit was kept. Workinger and
the individual went to the back of the store and knocked on the
door where Heather Shaffer, another employee, was putting together
the night deposit. Workinger told Shaffer to open the door because
there was a problem. Shaffer did so, and the individual stood in
the doorway and told Shaffer that she had “20 mother-f***king” or
“15 mother-f***king seconds to put the money in the bag.” (J.A. at
45, 68.) Shaffer complied, turning over somewhere between $1500.00
and $2000.00 to the individual. The individual then had Workinger
follow him to the door. Once outside, the individual ran towards
a Firestone Tire establishment.
Workinger testified that the individual was approximately his
height, around 5'7" to 5'9", and that the individual had a mustache
but no other facial hair. Shaffer testified that the robber was

-- 3 of 17 --

2Draughn is approximately six feet tall and testified that he
had a full beard as of March 31, 1997. (J.A. at 115.)
4
also about 5'7", the same height as Workinger.2 Workinger
initially told police that the robber was wearing a black baseball
cap, but he testified at trial that the individual was wearing a
black stocking cap. Workinger blamed the discrepancy on the fact
that he first thought the robber was simply wearing a baseball cap
with the bill turned backwards. In contrast, Shaffer testified
that the individual wore a baseball cap with the bill in front.
Both Workinger and Shaffer testified that the individual wore a
dark, bulky jacket, and that the robber did not produce a gun but
kept his right hand in his jacket pocket, where there was a
noticeable bulge.
After the robbery, Workinger immediately called the police,
who responded within five minutes. Later that evening, at
approximately 1:00 a.m., the police showed Workinger a page from a
high school yearbook and asked Workinger if he could identify the
individual who robbed the Blockbuster. Workinger, after four or
five minutes, picked out Carnell Draughn as the robber. Several
days later, the police showed Shaffer a spread of approximately ten
photos and she also picked Carnell Draughn as the robber.
On the basis of these eyewitness identifications, the
Commonwealth of Virginia indicted Draughn on June 9, 1997, for two
counts of robbery and two counts of use of a firearm during the

-- 4 of 17 --

5
commission of a felony. A one-day bench trial was conducted on
January 28, 1998 in the Circuit Court for the City of Newport News
(trial court). Draughn took the stand in his own defense,
maintaining his innocence. He testified that he and a friend went
to the Blockbuster Music at 8 p.m., he had left the store shortly
thereafter, and he was on the telephone with two female
acquaintances at the time the robbery took place. Draughn also
testified that, while driving his friend home between 10:30 p.m.
and 11:00 p.m., he passed the Blockbuster Music but did not notice
any police vehicles there. Draughn had earlier told police,
however, that he passed the Blockbuster Music after the robbery and
saw the police cars in front of the store. The trial court found
Draughn guilty on all counts.
On April 21, 1998, following Draughn’s conviction but prior to
his sentencing, Draughn moved for a new trial based on newly
discovered evidence. In support of this motion, Draughn argued
that Workinger testified falsely at trial when he stated that he
had never seen Draughn before that evening. Draughn presented
evidence that he and Workinger had attended the same high school
and that Draughn was a well-known basketball star at the school.
The trial court heard arguments on the motion on April 21, 1998,
and at one point stated, “if that’s the only thing you base it on,
I’m prepared to go forward with sentencing.” (J.A. at 162.)
Draughn’s counsel, Larry King, continued pressing the matter,

-- 5 of 17 --

6
however, and the trial court then stated, “I’ll give you an
opportunity to get him in here to testify whether or not he knew
him or not . . . but I think the testimony would reveal he just
simply said he had not seen him previously.” (J.A. at 163-64.)
The case was continued to June 10, 1998, for further consideration
of Draughn’s motion for new trial.
In the interim, however, Draughn requested that King withdraw
as his counsel. On May 21, the trial court held a hearing on
King’s motion to withdraw. During that hearing, the following
exchange took place:
The Court: Give this Court, whoever wants to testify,
give me a reason why you should withdraw or why I should
allow you to withdraw, then I’ll do it.
Mr. King: I think some of the reasons would be
prejudicial to Mr. Draughn if I tell the Court some of
the reasons.
The Court: Well, I have a decision right on my desk that
came in yesterday that says allowing withdrawal is within
the discretion of the Court and unless you give me a
reason to allow you to withdraw, I’m not going to do it.
Mr. King: First of all, they want a guarantee I can win
the case.
The Court: Go ahead.
Mr. King: Secondly, they question the Court’s prejudicial
attitude towards black defendants. They want me to press
that matter.
(J.A. at 172.)
The trial court denied the motion to withdraw but permitted
Draughn to have substitute counsel appear on record at the motion
for new trial and sentencing. (J.A. at 175.) During that hearing,
the trial court also reversed its earlier ruling that Draughn could

-- 6 of 17 --

3At the beginning of the hearing on the motion for a new
trial, the trial court ruled that the motion would be limited to
the question of whether another individual had, in fact, confessed
to the crime. Counsel for both parties then reminded the trial
court that the individual who “confessed” was in jail at the time
of the robbery.
4The high school Draughn and Workinger attended had
approximately 2,000 students.
7
question Workinger during the hearing on the motion for a new
trial.3 Instead, the trial court said, “I am not going to extend
this case now for additional evidence. . . . This is not new,
something new that he couldn’t have produced at the time of trial.”
(J.A. at 174.)
At the hearing on the motion for a new trial, the trial court
did not permit Draughn to question Workinger. The court explained,
“I made it plain to Mr. King when he came before me that I would
not hear any further evidence in this case.” (J.A. at 181.) “I
told you you could put it on the record for whatever good, but I
was not going to hear the evidence.” (J.A. at 181.) “I am not
reopening this case for a new trial. There is no new evidence
that’s been presented to the Court.” The trial court did permit
Draughn’s new counsel to proffer, for the record, that Workinger
was one year ahead of Draughn in high school, and that Draughn was
well known in high school because he was a standout basketball
player.4 Counsel also proffered that a different Blockbuster
Music was robbed the day before the one in question by an
individual also wearing a black jacket and black baseball cap;

-- 7 of 17 --

5Draughn’s sentence was imposed as follows: 3 years
imprisonment for the first use of firearm during the commission of
a felony conviction; 5 years for the second firearm conviction; and
15 years each, suspended to one year, for the two robbery counts.
The sentences ran concurrently, resulting in a total of ten years
imprisonment. The trial court also ordered Draughn to pay
$3,600.00 in restitution to Blockbuster.
6Draughn’s petition for writ of habeas corpus in Virginia was
heard by the trial court. For ease of nomenclature, we will refer
to the trial court as the “state habeas court” when referencing its
analysis of Draughn’s habeas corpus petition.
8
although Draughn’s photograph was shown to eyewitnesses to that
crime, the did not identity Draughn as the perpetrator. The trial
court denied the motion for a new trial and later sentenced Draughn
to a total of ten years imprisonment. 5
Draughn appealed the denial of the motion for new trial, but
the Court of Appeals of Virginia affirmed the trial court’s ruling,
finding that the evidence Draughn proffered during that motion
failed to meet the standard for granting a motion for a new trial.
The Supreme Court of Virginia declined to hear Draughn’s direct
appeal.
On July 25, 2000, Draughn filed a petition under Virginia law
for habeas corpus in the state habeas court.6 Draughn contended
that King provided ineffective assistance of counsel by (1) failing
to advise him of his right to a jury trial; and (2) mishandling the
motion for withdrawal by violating Draughn’s attorney-client
privilege. The state filed a motion to dismiss the petition,
arguing that Draughn could not meet either prong of the Strickland

-- 8 of 17 --

9
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984) test. Included with the motion
to dismiss was an affidavit from King. King stated that, following
the trial “Mr. Draughn and his father began expressing views
regarding a corrupt and biased judge, police department, witnesses,
and criminal justice system.” (J.A. at 280.) According to King,
Draughn and his father “wanted me to ask [the trial judge] to
remove himself from the case because of the trial judge’s alleged
prejudicial beliefs against African-American defendants.” (J.A. at
281.) After King refused to make such a motion, “Mr. Draughn, and
his father, told me to withdraw from the case. I explained to Mr.
Draughn that, at that stage, the court would require good reason
for me to withdraw. Mr. Draughn told me to do what was necessary
to withdraw from his case, and that he would find another lawyer to
do things his way.” (J.A. at 281.)
The state habeas court heard arguments on Draughn’s habeas
corpus petition on September 27, 2001. Following oral argument,
that court dismissed Draughn’s petition “for the reasons stated in
the motion to dismiss.” (J.A. at 306.) On July 18, 2002, the
Supreme Court of Virginia summarily declined to hear Draughn’s
appeal.
Following the exhaustion of his state court remedies, on
August 14, 2002, Draughn filed a 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254 petition in the
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia,

-- 9 of 17 --

7Draughn raised a total of three ineffective assistance of
counsel claims. The magistrate judge recommended denying the §
2254 petition as to the first two claims, and the district court
adopted that recommendation. In addition, the district court then
declined to grant Draughn a certificate of appealability (COA) as
to those claims. Draughn failed to request a COA in this court as
to those two claims, so the denial of relief on those claims is not
before us. See Manokey v. Waters, No. 03-6932 (4th Cir. Dec. 2,
2004) (holding that a habeas petitioner must obtain a COA before an
appellate court can review alternate theories supporting a grant of
habeas relief.)
10
reasserting his ineffective assistance of counsel claims.7
Draughn’s § 2254 petition was referred to a magistrate judge, who,
on June 10, 2003, issued a report and recommendation concluding
that Draughn’s § 2254 petition should be granted as to the claim
that King was constitutionally deficient in handling the motion to
withdraw from the case because the disclosure of Draughn’s
confidential conversations “fell below the range of competence that
the United States Constitution demands.” (J.A. at 401.) The
magistrate judge found that Draughn suffered actual prejudice
because, following the denial of the motion to withdraw, the trial
court reversed its earlier ruling and refused to permit Draughn to
question Workinger as part of his motion for a new trial. The
magistrate judge’s report concluded that “[t]he findings and
statements by the state court judge gave the appearance of anger
and support Draughn’s contention that the state court judge became
hostile and did not properly consider his post trial motion.”
(J.A. at 404.) Accordingly, in the magistrate judge’s view,
Draughn established that “the outcome of his motion for a new trial

-- 10 of 17 --

8Because the state, and not the habeas petitioner, is
appealing the ruling of the district court, we do not require a
certificate of appealability. See Fed. R. App. P. 22(b)(3) (“A
certificate of appealability is not required when a state or its
representative or the United States or its representative
appeals.”)
11
and sentencing may have been different.” (J.A. at 404) (emphasis
added). To remedy the ineffective assistance of counsel, the
magistrate judge recommended a conditional grant of habeas corpus
requiring Virginia to appoint a new state trial judge to hear
Draughn’s motion for new trial.
The state filed objections to the magistrate judge’s report,
and on August 5, 2003, the district court adopted the magistrate
judge’s recommendation conditionally granting Draughn’s § 2254
petition. The state filed a notice of appeal on September 3, 2003,
and we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.A. § 1291. 8
II.
We review de novo the district court’s decision to grant a
habeas petition based on a state court record, applying the same
standards as the district court. Whittlesey v. Conroy, 301 F.3d
213, 216 (4th Cir. 2002). Pursuant to the Anti Terrorism and
Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, the scope of our review, and
that of the district court, is highly constrained. Under 28
U.S.C.A. § 2254(d)(1), we may grant a petition for habeas corpus,
with respect to any claim adjudicated on the merits in state court,

-- 11 of 17 --

9Draughn does not suggest that the state habeas court’s
decision was contrary to clearly established federal law.
12
if the state court decision was contrary to clearly established
federal law or the decision was an unreasonable application of
federal law as determined by the Supreme Court.
A decision of a state court is contrary to clearly established
federal law if “the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to
that reached by [the Supreme] Court on a question of law or if the
state court decides a case differently than [the Supreme] Court has
on a set of materially indistinguishable facts.” Williams v.
Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 413 (2000). 9 A state court adjudication is
an unreasonable application of federal law when “the state court
identifies the correct governing legal principle from [the Supreme
Court’s] decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the
facts of the prisoner’s case.” Id. The state court’s application
of clearly established federal law must be “objectively
unreasonable,” and “a federal habeas court may not issue the writ
simply because that court concludes in its independent judgment
that the relevant state-court decision applied clearly established
federal law erroneously or incorrectly.” Id. at 411.
Although the state habeas court did not offer an independent
rationale in denying Draughn’s habeas corpus petition, that court’s
ruling is still “an ‘adjudication’ of the merits of the claim and
must be reviewed under the deferential provisions of 2254(d)(1).”

-- 12 of 17 --

13
Bell v. Jarvis, 236 F.3d 149, 158 (4th Cir. 2000) (en banc). “In
such cases, we conduct an independent examination of the record and
the clearly established Supreme Court law, but we must still
confine our review to whether the court’s determination resulted in
a decision that . . . involved an unreasonable application of[]
clearly established Federal law.” Id. (internal citations and
quotation marks omitted).
Draughn’s § 2254 petition alleged that his counsel provided
ineffective assistance, in violation of his Sixth Amendment rights.
Under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), a criminal
defendant must make two showings to prove that his counsel’s
deficient performance deprived the defendant of his Sixth Amendment
right to counsel.
First, the defendant must show that counsel’s performance
was deficient. This requires showing that counsel made
errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the
“counsel” guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth
Amendment. Second, the defendant must show that the
deficient performance prejudiced the defense. This
requires showing that counsel’s errors were so serious as
to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose
result is reliable.
Id. at 687.
We do not address whether Draughn’s counsel’s performance was
deficient because we hold that, even assuming King’s representation

-- 13 of 17 --

10Strickland permits reviewing courts to address the prejudice
prong of the inquiry first in appropriate cases. Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 697 (1984) (“[i]f it is easier to dispose
of an ineffectiveness claim on the ground of lack of sufficient
prejudice . . . that course should be followed.”) We briefly note,
however, that it is not at all clear that the state habeas court
was objectively unreasonable in concluding that Draughn’s counsel
was not constitutionally deficient. First, Draughn’s principal
argument is that King’s performance was deficient because he
violated Virginia’s Professional Code of Responsibility by
revealing a confidential communication. See Rules of the Supreme
Court of Virginia, Pt. 6 § II Canon 4 (1997). The Supreme Court
has cautioned “breach of an ethical standard does not necessarily
make out a denial of the Sixth Amendment guarantee.” Nix v.
Whiteside, 475 U.S. 157, 165 (1986). “[A] court must be careful
not to narrow the wide range of conduct acceptable under the Sixth
Amendment so restrictively as to constitutionalize particular
standards of professional conduct.” Id. Furthermore, the alleged
confidence, that Draughn believes the trial judge was biased, was
communicated to King with the intent that it would be disclosed in
open court as a motion requesting the trial judge’s recusal. Thus,
it is far from clear that King revealed a confidential
communication to the court.
14
was constitutionally deficient, Draughn cannot prove that counsel’s
errors resulted in actual prejudice. 10
The Strickland Court explained that “[i]t is not enough for
the defendant to show that the errors had some conceivable effect
on the outcome of the proceeding. Virtually every act or omission
of counsel would meet that test.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693.
Instead, “[t]he defendant must show that there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694.
“A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome.” Id. In making that determination,
courts must “presume . . . that the judge or jury acted according

-- 14 of 17 --

11The state argues that Draughn was not prejudiced because
Draughn cannot show either a reasonable probability that the motion
for a new trial would have been granted or that Draughn would have
prevailed at a new trial. We need not decide which is the proper
“proceeding” with the meaning of Strickland because Draughn cannot
show a reasonable probability that the motion for a new trial would
have been granted but for King’s performance.
15
to law.” Id. Thus, to prevail under this prong of Strickland,
Draughn must show at least that, but for King’s disclosure, there
was a reasonable probability that the trial court would have
granted the motion for a new trial. 11 And, in order to grant
Draughn’s habeas petition, we must find that the state habeas court
was objectively unreasonable in concluding otherwise.
Applying this deferential standard of review, we conclude that
the state habeas court was not objectively unreasonable in finding
that Draughn did not suffer any prejudice, because the trial
court’s ruling on the motion for a new trial was correct as a
matter of Virginia law.
Under Virginia law, motions for new trial based upon newly
discovered evidence are “not looked upon with favor” and are
“awarded with great reluctance.” Odum v. Commonwealth, 301 S.E.2d
145, 149 (Va. 1983). The defendant
bears the burden to establish that the evidence (1)
appears to have been discovered subsequent to the trial;
(2) could not have been secured for use at the trial in
the exercise of reasonable diligence by the movant; (3)
is not merely cumulative, corroborative or collateral;
and (4) is material, and such as should produce opposite
results on the merits at another trial.
Id. at 149.

-- 15 of 17 --

16
Draughn cannot show a reasonable likelihood that the trial
judge would have granted the motion for a new trial but for King’s
performance because Draughn’s evidence fails to meet the standard
announced above. The evidence Draughn wished to press as newly
discovered, that Workinger and Draughn attended the same high
school and that another Blockbuster was robbed the night before,
fails at least the second, and arguably the fourth, requirement
under Odum. That was the conclusion drawn by the Court of Appeals
of Virginia on Draughn’s direct appeal. Evidence that Workinger
and Draughn attended the same large high school could have been
discovered prior to trial with reasonable diligence, especially
given that Draughn’s high school record and athletic prowess were
mentioned several times during the trial. Moreover, it is not
clear that the evidence was of the type that should change the
result at trial. At most, the fact that the two attended the same
high school permits the impeachment of Workinger’s statement that
he had never seen Draughn before. It does not mean that Workinger
did not see Draughn that evening in the store. Such evidence also
does not cast doubt on Shaffer’s positive identification of
Draughn. Likewise, evidence that another Blockbuster was robbed
the night before by an individual wearing a black jacket and
baseball cap also could have been discovered by diligence before
trial and, again, does not tend to disprove that Draughn robbed the
Blockbuster in question.

-- 16 of 17 --

12We further note that the trial court sentenced Draughn to a
total of two years imprisonment out of a possible thirty years on
the robbery counts – hardly the picture of a vindictive judge.
17
Thus, even assuming King was deficient in handling the motion
to withdraw, Draughn cannot show that he was prejudiced by the
deficiency because the trial judge’s ruling on the motion for new
trial was correct. There is no reasonable probability that, but
for King’s errors, the result of the motion for new trial would
have been different.
The district court concluded that the trial judge’s anger with
Draughn after the motion to withdraw was denied met the Strickland
prejudice inquiry. The district court’s approach presupposes the
inability of trial judges to separate personal feelings from their
judicial duties. We will not lightly assume that a trial judge,
faced with an allegation of racial bias, will shirk his duties to
apply the law to the case before him. As the record here
indicates, the trial judge performed his duties properly in
refusing to grant Draughn’s motion for a new trial on the basis of
newly discovered evidence. 12
III.
The decision of the district court, conditionally granting
Draughn’s § 2254 petition, is reversed.
REVERSED

-- 17 of 17 --