Jian Jiang v. Attorney General of the United States

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________
No. 09-2152
___________
JIAN JIANG,
Petitioner
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,
Respondent
____________________________________
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
(Agency No. A094-922-373)
Immigration Judge: Honorable Eugene Pugliese
____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
March 4, 2010
Before: SLOVITER, JORDAN and GREENBERG, Circuit Judges
(filed: March 10, 2010 )
___________
OPINION
___________
PER CURIAM
Petitioner, Jian Jiang, seeks review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”)
final order of removal. For the following reasons, we will deny his petition.

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I.
Jiang, a native and citizen of China, entered the United States without inspection
on October 27, 2006. At a credible fear interview several days later, he told an asylum
officer that he left China because he was Catholic, and Catholics are not permitted to
practice their religion, attend high school or university, or earn a decent living in China.
When the asylum officer asked him whether anything in particular happened to convince
him to leave home, he stated as follows: “By then I figured out that I could not make a
living in China. I decided to come to the Untied States. In China the work I can do only
pays minimum money and I cannot make a living there.” (AR 000290.)
On June 7, 2007, Jiang filed an application for asylum and related relief. At his
removal hearing, Jiang testified that he had been arrested, beaten, and detained on two
separate occasions for participating in an underground Catholic church. First, on
November 15, 2000, security officers at his school detained him and accused him of
propagating Catholicism to his classmates. According to Jiang, the officers beat him and
held him for ten hours before releasing him. Next, in December 2004, local officials
raided a youth church gathering he was attending, arrested him, beat him, and detained
him for two days.
Jiang told the court that, after this last incident, village officials went to his home,
where they discovered religious materials. At that time, officials warned Jiang’s parents
that if they caught him, he would be punished and imprisoned. As a result, Jiang fled to

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After Jiang testified, he presented the testimony of Father Andrew Tsi, the1
assistant parish vicar at Jiang’s church in New York, to corroborate his testimony that he
practices Catholicism in this country.
his aunt’s home and arranged to leave the country.1
After the hearing, the IJ found that Jiang was not credible because his testimony
that day was inconsistent with the testimony he gave at his 2006 credible fear interview.
The IJ also found that his story was inconsistent with the background materials submitted
in his case. Therefore, the IJ found that he had failed to demonstrate eligibility for
asylum on the basis of either past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution
under INA § 101(a)(42)(A). See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42). In light of this adverse
credibility determination, the IJ also denied Jiang’s applications for withholding of
removal and relief under the Convention Against Torture. Upon review, the BIA adopted
and affirmed the IJ’s decision and dismissed the appeal. Jiang now petitions for review
of the BIA’s order.
II.
We have jurisdiction to review the BIA’s final order of removal pursuant to 8
U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1). See Abdulai v. Ashcroft, 239 F.3d 542, 548 (3d Cir. 2001). When,
as in this case, the BIA substantially relies on the findings of the IJ, we review the
decisions of both the BIA and the IJ. See Xie v. Ashcroft, 359 F.3d 239, 242 (3d Cir.
2004). We review these findings, including any credibility determinations, under a
substantial evidence standard. See Cao v. Att’y Gen., 407 F.3d 146, 152 (3d Cir. 2005).
An adverse credibility finding must be upheld unless “any reasonable adjudicator would

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Although Jiang refers to his detention by school security officers as an “arrest,”2
the IJ clarified that the individuals who allegedly detained him were not affiliated with the
government.
be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Berishaj v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 314, 322 (3d
Cir. 2004) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)).
On appeal, Jiang first argues that the agency’s adverse credibility determination is
not supported by substantial evidence. We disagree, as the record reveals important
inconsistencies in Jiang’s story. Most significantly, when an asylum officer interviewed
Jiang in 2006, he stated that he left China because he could not earn a living there, and
did not mention to the officer that he had been arrested, beaten, and detained on two2
occasions for practicing Catholicism. Given that these arrests became the heart of his
asylum claim, we cannot disagree with the BIA and IJ that this inconsistency greatly
undermined Jiang’s credibility. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).
Jiang now argues that the BIA and IJ failed to “fairly evaluate” his explanation for
this omission, which—he claims—was that he did not mention the arrests at his credible
fear interview because “there were no governmental law enforcement personnel involved
in the arrest, nor was there any criminal allegation lodged against him.” (Br. 16–17.)
This is not, however, the explanation that Jiang provided to the IJ at his removal hearing.
Rather, at that time, he claimed that the reason he told the asylum officer that he had
never been arrested was because the question had been asked as part of a narrower
inquiry into a specific incident: “At the time I—that was asked when the, the church was
being destroyed the priest and other members were not arrested and I was asked if I was

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also arrested and I said no.” (AR 000119.) Given that the explanation Jiang proposes on
appeal was never proposed to either the IJ or the BIA, we cannot agree that the BIA failed
to “fairly evaluate” it.
On appeal, Jiang also challenges the BIA’s decision insofar as it affirmed the IJ’s
determination that he failed to establish eligibility for asylum on the alternative ground
that he had a well-founded fear of future persecution. In order to establish a well-founded
fear of persecution, an applicant must first demonstrate a subjective fear of persecution
through credible testimony that his fear is genuine. Zubeda v. Ashcroft, 333 F.3d 463,
469 (3d Cir. 2003). Second, the applicant must show that “a reasonable person in the
alien’s circumstances would fear persecution if returned to the country in question.” Id.
In this case, the BIA found that Jiang had failed to make the requisite
showing—apparently under the first prong—because, as discussed above, it did not credit
his testimony that he was “ever even . . . a member of an unregistered Catholic Church.”
(AR 000004.) The BIA also noted that Jiang’s parents have remained in China without
meeting harm, implying that, even if Jiang were able to demonstrate a subjective fear of
returning, this fact would undermine the objective reasonableness of that fear. See Lie v.
Ashcroft, 396 F.3d 530, 537 (3d Cir. 2005).
In his brief, Jiang argues that there was no basis for the BIA to infer that he would
not be harmed if forced to return to China from the fact that his parents have remained in
China unharmed because there is no evidence in the record that his parents’ religious
activities were as extensive or as public as his. As noted above, however, the BIA’s brief

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The BIA construed a document that Jiang submitted in conjunction with his3
administrative appeal as a motion to remand, and consolidated it with his appeal pursuant
to 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(4). Jiang does not challenge the Board’s construction of this
document, or its decision to consolidate it with his administrative appeal, in his appeal to
this Court.
discussion of his parents’ recent experience in China was not the primary basis for its
decision to affirm the IJ’s conclusion that Jiang failed to establish a well-founded fear of
future persecution. Therefore, even assuming that the BIA erred in this respect, we see
no reason to disturb the BIA’s determination that Jiang failed to meet his burden of proof
on his future persecution claim.
We have considered Jiang’s remaining arguments and conclude that they are
without merit. Therefore, we will deny the petition for review.3

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