United States of America v. John Edward Goodnight

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
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No. 02-2083
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
JOHN EDWARD GOODNIGHT
Appellant.
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On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Pennsylvania
(Criminal No. 01-00166)
District Judge: The Honorable Donetta W. Ambrose
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Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
March 6, 2003
Before: ROTH, BARRY, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges
(Opinion Filed: April 29, 2003)
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OPINION OF THE COURT
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FUENTES, Circuit Judge:
Defendant John Edward Goodnight appeals the judgment of conviction and sentence

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entered by the District Court after a jury trial on Counts One and Two of his Indictment.
Goodnight asserts: (1) that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to prove that he
used or carried a firearm during a drug trafficking crime or possessed a firearm in furtherance
of a drug trafficking crime; (2) that the District Court improperly refused to instruct the jury
that the gun could not be considered as evidence of the drug charge; (3) that the District
Court’s method of computing his guidelines offense range resulted in double counting; and,
(4) that 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) is unconstitutional because it exceeds the scope of Congress’s
regulatory authority under the Commerce Clause. We will affirm.
I. Facts and Procedural Background
The facts are fairly straightforward. In response to complaints that open air drug deals
were occurring on Pittsburgh’s North Side, four members of the Pittsburgh Police
Department’s Narcotics Task Force took part in an undercover drug suppression detail on the
evening of July 18, 2001. The officers secreted themselves near the lower end of St. Ives
Street, a reported area of drug activity. Officer Anthony Moreno, who was hiding behind
bushes bordering the fence of a parking lot, watched as a white pickup truck slowly drove
up Morrison Street to the intersection of St. Ives Street. Officer Moreno testified that
defendant, dressed all in black, then started to run up the street, waiving his arm, yelling
“Hey yo; hey yo.” App. at 170. The driver stopped, put the truck in reverse and turned down
St. Ives Street. Officer Moreno further testified that defendant walked up to the driver’s
window of the truck, engaged in a short conversation with the two white males inside the
truck, then reached into the window with one hand and gave something to the driver.

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According to the officer, the driver looked at what he had been handed and gave something
to defendant in return. When defendant pulled his hand out of the truck, Officer Moreno
observed that he had a handful of money. The truck turned up Lamont Street and drove
away. Officer Moreno saw defendant counting United States currency. He then radioed his
partners that he had just observed a drug transaction and described what he had seen and
which way the buyers had gone. The three other officers, who were in the unmarked car,
pulled the truck over. The officers removed the driver and the passenger from the truck and
placed them under arrest. The officers found a plastic bag in the truck containing 16 small
blue glassine packets of heroin. Testing of the contents revealed that they contained 1.81
grams of heroin.
While the stop of the truck was underway, Officer Moreno continued to watch
defendant, who was counting his money. Defendant turned and started walking up St. Ives
Street while he was counting. Then he stopped, ran up to the corner, and looked down
Morrison Street. Defendant then ran up Morrison Street and disappeared. Officer Moreno
radioed the other officers and they told him about the traffic stop.
Ten minutes or so after defendant disappeared, Officer Moreno again saw him,
dressed in the same clothing, walking toward the corner of St. Ives and Lamont Streets.
Officer Moreno radioed his partners. The other officers drove slowly up Lamont Street
toward St. Ives Street. When defendant saw the officers, he turned and ran down St. Ives
Street. When the officers sped up to chase him, the car they were in hit a curb and blew out
a tire. Police Detective Brian Daley left the car and began chasing defendant up St. Ives

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Street on foot, yelling “Come here, Pittsburgh Police; Pittsburgh Police.” App. at 177.
Detective Daley testified that defendant made “a motion with his left hand[,]” that he
could not see what was thrown because the area was dark, but that he “heard the metallic
click when the object hit the sidewalk.” App. at 203. He kept yelling for defendant to stop
and, eventually, defendant stopped running and put his hands in the air. Officer Moreno told
the others “Yeah, that’s him. That’s the guy.” App. at 179. After defendant was arrested,
he was searched by Detective Daley, who found $137 and no drugs on him.
The police returned to the area where defendant had made a throwing gesture. Upon
canvassing the scene, they found a black Colt .32 caliber handgun by the porch steps of an
abandoned house. The gun had six rounds in the magazine and one round in the chamber.
Defendant was arrested on state charges that evening. On July 30, 2001, defendant
was arrested on federal drug and firearms offenses. The state charges were nolle prossed.
Agent Edwin Whitteaker, a special agent with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms,
read Goodnight his rights after he was arrested. Defendant waived his rights and spoke with
Agent Whitteaker. Defendant told him that, on the night in question, he was over at a
friend’s house watching a movie. He said that, when he left his friend’s house, he saw the
car coming toward him and ran because he thought it was a drive-by shooting. He explained
that, when he saw that it was a white male chasing him, he figured it was the police and put
his hands up. He admitted that he had the firearm that night, explaining that the reason he
had it was because the prior night he had gotten shot in the Brighton Ridge area. Defendant
said “he threw the gun because he wasn’t the type of person to shoot someone.” App. at 222.

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The driver of the pickup truck, Brent Lauffler, testified that the drug sale occurred
through the passenger side of his truck, which conflicted with Officer Moreno’s testimony.
Lauffler testified that he “assumed” that he and the passenger, Eric Bosch, had paid $380,
but was not sure of the amount because some time had elapsed since that night. App. at 236.
Defendant asserts in his brief that, although Lauufler indicated in a previous statement that
the purchase price was actually $460, he had never said that the purchase price was $137, the
amount of cash found on him when he was arrested.
Goodnight was indicted for distribution and possession with intent to distribute heroin
in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(C) (Count One); carrying a firearm
during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime and possessing a firearm in furtherance of
a drug trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i) (Count Two); and
possession of a firearm by a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (Count
Three). Goodnight entered a plea of guilty to Count Three of the Indictment. Following a
jury trial, Goodnight was convicted on Counts One and Two. The District Court sentenced
Goodnight to a 37 month term of imprisonment on each of Counts One and Three, with the
sentences to run concurrently, and to a 60 month term of imprisonment on Count Two, with
the sentence to be served consecutively to the sentences on Counts One and Three, for a total
sentence of 97 months. Goodnight filed a timely notice of appeal.
II. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review
The District Court exercised jurisdiction over this matter under 18 U.S.C. §3231. We
have appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

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When assessing whether a jury verdict is based on legally sufficient evidence, we
“consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and affirm the judgment
if there is substantial evidence from which any rational trier of fact could find guilt beyond
a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Brown, 3 F.3d 673, 680 (3d Cir. 1993), cert. denied,
510 U.S. 1017 (1993). We exercise plenary review over whether the District Court gave a
correct statement of the law in its jury instructions. See United States v. Urban, 140 F.3d
229, 231-32 (3d Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 850 (1998). We also exercise plenary
review over challenges to the District Court’s legal interpretation of a statute or a sentencing
guidelines provision, see United States v. Dorsey, 166 F.3d 558, 560 (3d Cir. 1999), and over
challenges to the constitutionality of statutes, see United States v. Singletary, 268 F.3d 196,
198 (3d Cir. 2001).
III. Discussion
A
In order for a jury to find defendant guilty of violating 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1), the
government had to prove either that: (1) the defendant “during and in relation to any crime
of violence or drug trafficking crime . . . use[d] or carrie[d] a firearm” or (2) the defendant
“in furtherance of any such crime, possesse[d] a firearm.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1). Defendant
asserts that there was no evidence presented that a gun was actively employed in the drug
sale and, therefore, the government did not prove that he “used” a firearm. He also asserts
that there was no evidence he “carried” the gun “during and in relation to” a drug sale.
Defendant argues that this is so because Officer Moreno did not testify that he saw any

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evidence of a gun during the drug sale and also because Officer Moreno lost sight of the drug
seller after the sale took place. Therefore, defendant posits, it is possible that he obtained the
gun after the sale but before he was apprehended. He also asserts that no evidence was
presented from which a jury could conclude that he possessed the gun “in furtherance of” a
drug sale because the gun was not observed during the drug sale.
The government counters that defendant’s arguments are flawed because they presume
that the firearms conviction in this case is valid only if supported by direct evidence that
defendant was seen with a gun at the time of the drug dealing offense. Indeed, it is a basic
principle of criminal law that a conviction may rest entirely upon circumstantial evidence.
See, e.g., United States v. Torres, 862 F.2d 1025, 1027 (3d Cir. 1988). In this case, ample
circumstantial evidence supports the jury’s finding that defendant carried a firearm during
and in relation to drug trafficking or possessed it in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime.
Agent Whitteaker testified that defendant admitted to having a gun that evening for
personal protection. The government correctly points out that, based on this statement, the
jury could have reasonably inferred that defendant carried the gun at all times, including
during the drug sale itself. Also, Lauffler testified that he had never seen defendant before
he bought the heroin from him and that there were other dealers on the streets of the North
Side soliciting customers that night. From this testimony, the jury could have reasonably
inferred that defendant kept the gun on him that night for protection from buyers unknown
to him and from other dealers. We conclude that the jury was presented with substantial

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1Defendant notes that, because the sale of drugs was an essential element of Count Two,
the § 924(c) count, his guilt on Count Two was dependent, in part, on his conviction on this
count.
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evidence supporting a finding that defendant either carried a firearm during and in relation
to a drug trafficking crime or possessed a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime.
We therefore affirm defendant’s conviction on Count Two.
B
Defendant asserts that the District Court diluted the burden of proof on Count One of
the Indictment by refusing to instruct the jury that the gun, which defendant admitted
possessing, could not be considered as evidence of the drug charge. Defendant requested the
following instruction: “The fact that Mr. Goodnight possessed a pistol on the night in
question may not be considered by you as evidence that he also sold the drugs as charged in
the indictment.” App. at 118. The Court considered whether to include the requested
instruction during the charge conference and decided against its inclusion, based in part on
this Court’s decision in United States v. Russell, 134 F.3d 171 (1998).
Thereafter, the government argued in closing that the jury should consider that “the
Defendant was out on the street that night, past midnight, with a loaded handgun . . . why did
the Defendant have the gun on him? Again, there’s no dispute here. The parties have
stipulated he possessed the gun that evening, and his possession was unlawful.” App. at 281,
283. Defendant argues that the government’s closing argument further diluted the burden
of proof on the drug count.1

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Additionally, defendant asserts that the defense successfully presented reasonable
doubt as to whether he sold heroin to the men in the pickup truck because Lauffler testified
that defendant was not the seller. Also, defendant argues that reasonable doubt was created
by the fact that Officer Moreno lost sight of him after the sale and because police found only
$137 on him while the purchase price of the heroin was at least $380. Defendant asserts that,
in light of the foregoing, the question of his guilt on the drug charge was a close one, as
evidenced by the jury being deadlocked at one point.
Our review of the record shows that Lauffler testified that he “assumed” that he and
Bosch had paid $380 for the heroin. App. at 236. Therefore, the disparity between the
amount found in defendant’s possession when he was arrested and the purported purchase
price of the drugs is not dispositive. As to the identity of the dealer, the jury was not required
to believe Lauffler and disbelieve Officer Moreno. As the Supreme Court has explained,
“[t]he Anglo-Saxon tradition of criminal justice, embodied in the United States Constitution
and in federal statutes, makes jurors the judges of the credibility of testimony offered by
witnesses. It is for them, generally, and not for appellate courts, to say that a particular witness
spoke the truth or fabricated a cock-and-bull story.” United States v. Bailey, 444 U.S. 394,
414-15 (1980). Moreover, gun possession may serve as circumstantial evidence from which
a jury can infer drug activity. See United States v. Russell, 134 F.3d at 183 (“it has long been
recognized that firearms are relevant evidence in the prosecution of drug-related offenses,
because guns are tools of the drug trade.”). Therefore, we conclude that the District Court
properly denied defendant’s requested instruction and that the record does not support

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defendant’s contention that he necessarily created reasonable doubt of his guilt on the drug
charge.
C
Defendant next asserts that the District Court’s method of computing his guideline
offense range resulted in impermissible double counting. He asserts that the possession of the
same gun on the same occasion should not have been used twice in the computation of his
sentence–once to compute the guidelines offense level for Counts One and Three, and a
second time to yield a consecutive five-year sentence on Count Two. Defendant proposes two
alternative sentencing scenarios: (1) grouping the two gun sentences, Counts Two and Three
or (2) grouping Count Three (the felon in possession count) with Count One (the drug count)
as did the District Court, but having his base offense level reflect the lesser drug guideline (21
to 27 months) rather than the gun guideline (37 to 46 months, with acceptance of
responsibility). Either scenario would have yielded an outcome of 81-87 months
imprisonment.
Section 924(c)(1)(D)(ii) provides:
no term of imprisonment imposed on a person under this
subsection shall run concurrently with any other term of
imprisonment imposed on the person, including any term of
imprisonment imposed for the crime of violence or drug
trafficking crime during which the firearm was used, carried, or
possessed.
18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(D)(ii) (emphasis added). The statute expressly bars the running of
concurrent sentences, even for conduct occurring during the same occasion. U.S.S.G. §

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5G1.2(a) applies to § 924(c). See U.S.S.G. § 5G1.2(a), Application Note 2. U.S.S.G. §
5G1.2(a) provides, in pertinent part:
the sentence to be imposed on a count for which the statute (1)
specifies a term of imprisonment to be imposed; and (2) requires
that such term of imprisonment be imposed to run consecutively
to any other term of imprisonment shall be determined by that
statute and imposed independently.
U.S.S.G. § 5G1.2(a) (emphasis added). Defendant argues, notwithstanding the plain language
of the statute and guideline emphasized above, that when a statute requires a term of
imprisonment, the term of imprisonment should be imposed independently of the sentence for
other offenses, but not independently of another term of imprisonment for the same conduct,
which happens to violate two different statutes. Defendant concedes that his interpretation
of the guidelines is not the only one and that the statute could be read differently, but asserts
that his proposed interpretation makes for better policy because consecutive sentences should
not be imposed for possession of the same firearm that merely violates different statutes. The
interpretation advanced by defendant has been rejected by case law interpreting § 924(c) and
the guideline provisions governing it. See, e.g., United States v. Lawrence, 928 F.2d 36, 38-
39 (2d Cir. 1991); United States v. Hunter, 887 F.2d 1001, 1003 (9th Cir. 1989). Moreover,
application of the lesser drug guidelines, under defendant’s second sentencing scenario,
contravenes U.S.S.G. § 3D1.3(a), which provides that “[i]n the case of counts grouped
together pursuant to § 3D1.2(a)-(c), the offense level applicable to a Group is the offense
level, determined in accordance with Chapter Two and Parts A, B, and C of Chapter Three,
for the most serious of the counts comprising the Group, i.e., the highest offense level of the

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counts in the Group.” U.S.S.G. § 3D1.3(a).
We therefore reject defendant’s argument that the District Court’s method of
computing his guidelines offense range resulted in double counting.
D
Defendant acknowledges that this Court has held that 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) does not
exceed the scope of Congress’s authority under the Commerce Clause. See United States v.
Singletary, 268 F.3d 196 (3d Cir. 2001); United States v. Gateward, 84 F.3d 670 (3d Cir.
1996). Defendant explains in his brief that he raises this issue in order to preserve it for en
banc consideration or for review by the Supreme Court. Because defendant’s conviction at
Count Three comports with the current state of the law, we will uphold it.
IV. Conclusion
After carefully considering the arguments discussed above and all other arguments
advanced by the defendant in support of his assertion that the District Court erred with respect
to his conviction and sentencing, we affirm the District Court’s decision.
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TO THE CLERK OF THE COURT:
Kindly file the foregoing Opinion.
By the Court,
/s/ Julio M. Fuentes
Circuit Judge

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