2005-1440 | Omnilex

Gesamter Gesetzestext

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
05-1440
PENNINGTON SEED, INC.
and AGRESEARCH LIMITED,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
PRODUCE EXCHANGE NO. 299,
ALLIED SEED, L.L.C., and FFR COOPERATIVE,
Defendants,
and
UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, GARY C. GEORGE, B. ALAN SUGG,
JOHN A. WHITE, and CHARLES P. WEST,
Defendants-Appellees.
Mark Murphey Henry, Henry Law Firm, of Fayetteville, Arkansas, argued for
plaintiffs-appellants. With him on the brief was Nathan P. Chaney.
T. Scott Varady, Office of the General Counsel, University of Arkansas, of
Fayetteville, Arkansas, argued for defendants-appellees. With him on the brief was
William Reid Kincaid.
Appealed from: United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri
Senior Judge Scott O. Wright

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Pennington Seed, Inc. and AgResearch Limited (collectively “Pennington”), the
patentees, originally filed suit against the University of Arkansas (“the University”)1 for
infringement and conversion of U.S. Patent No. 6,111,170 (“the ’170 patent”). The
United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri dismissed the Original
Complaint due to the University’s Eleventh Amendment immunity. Pennington Seed,
Inc. v. Produce Exch. No. 299, No. 04-4194-CV-C (W.D. Mo. Nov. 29, 2004)
(“November Order”). Concurrent with that dismissal, the court granted Pennington’s
motion to file its First Amended Complaint against Gary George, the Chairman of the
Board for the University System; B. Alan Sugg, President of the University System;
John White, Chancellor of the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville; and Charles West,
a professor at the University (collectively “the University Officials”) for infringement of
the ’170 patent, deprivation of federal rights, and conversion. The district court
subsequently dismissed the First Amended Complaint based on Eleventh Amendment
immunity and lack of personal jurisdiction. Pennington Seed, Inc. v. Produce Exch. No.
299, No. 04-4194-CV-C (W.D. Mo. June 1, 2005) (“June Order”). Pennington now
appeals the court’s dismissal of both complaints. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
The ’170 patent claims a type of non-toxic fescue grass that does not adversely
affect livestock that graze upon it. AgResearch developed the grass and received the
’170 patent on August 29, 2000. It then licensed the patent to Pennington, which
markets it as MAXQ.
1 Pennington Seed also filed suit against Produce Exchange No. 299, Allied
Seed, and the FFR Cooperative who have since been dismissed from the suit by
stipulation.
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As alleged in the First Amended Complaint, all the University Officials reside in
Arkansas. Pennington alleged in the Original Complaint and First Amended Complaint
that the University and all four of the University Officials “are actively growing,
marketing, offering for sale, promoting and selling a product containing” Pennington’s
patented product. It further alleged that the University and University Officials “infringed
and continue to infringe . . . the claims of the ’170 patent.” In addition to the
infringement allegations, the First Amended Complaint alleged a deprivation of federal
patent rights against the University Officials in their “capacity as employees of the
University of Arkansas.”
On September 17, 2004, the University filed a motion to dismiss the Original
Complaint pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3) and
(b)(6). The November Order granted the University’s motion and dismissed the
complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted because the
Eleventh Amendment barred the action against the University in federal court.
On February 4, 2005, the University Officials filed another motion to dismiss the
First Amended Complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), (b)(2),
(b)(3) and (b)(6). The June Order granted the motion and dismissed George, Sugg, and
White because Pennington’s First Amended Complaint failed to allege a causal
connection between those “official[s] and the enforcement or threatened enforcement of
an act,” under Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908), and failed to establish personal
jurisdiction by minimum contacts with the State of Missouri. June Order at 5, 7-8. The
court dismissed Pennington’s claims against West because the allegations failed to
establish personal jurisdiction by minimum contacts with the State of Missouri.
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Pennington filed a timely appeal in this court, and we have jurisdiction pursuant
to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
We review personal jurisdiction issues in a patent infringement case under
Federal Circuit law. See Silent Drive, Inc. v. Strong Indus., 326 F.3d 1194, 1201 (Fed.
Cir. 2003). Likewise, questions of Eleventh Amendment immunity for patent
infringement claims are reviewed under Federal Circuit law. See Regents of the Univ.
of N.M. v. Knight, 321 F.3d 1111, 1123-24 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (“[T]he question of Eleventh
Amendment waiver is a matter of Federal Circuit law.”).
A district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction
and personal jurisdiction is a question of law that we review de novo. See Xechem Int’l,
Inc. v. Univ. of Tex. M.D. Anderson Cancer Ctr., 382 F.3d 1324, 1326-27 (Fed. Cir.
2004); Elecs. for Imaging, Inc. v. Coyle, 340 F.3d 1344, 1348-49 (Fed. Cir. 2003). In
reviewing the decision, we accept a plaintiff’s well-pleaded factual allegations as true
and draw all reasonable inferences in its favor. See id. at 1349. In a complaint
involving state officials, we must determine the capacity in which an official has been
sued from the course of proceedings below. See Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159,
167 n.14 (1985).
B. Eleventh Amendment Immunity
1. Abrogation of State Immunity
The Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution limits the judicial
authority of the federal courts and prevents citizens from bringing suit against a state in
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a federal court without its consent. Idaho v. Coeur d’Alene Tribe of Idaho, 521 U.S.
261, 267-68 (1997); see also Hans v. Louisiana, 134 U.S. 1, 17 (1890). While
Congress may abrogate, under certain circumstances, a state’s Eleventh Amendment
immunity under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, see Tennessee v. Lane, 541
U.S. 509, 518 (2004), it may not do so under its Article I Commerce Clause power in
patent cases, see Fla. Prepaid Postsecondary Educ. Expense Bd. v. Coll. Sav. Bank,
527 U.S. 627, 647-48 (1999).
In Florida Prepaid, the Supreme Court held that Congress did not have the
authority under Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution to abrogate state sovereign
immunity. The amendment to the Patent Act that abrogated state sovereign immunity,
35 U.S.C. §§ 271(h), 296(a) (“Act”), did not reflect any Congressional findings upon
which Congress could base the abrogation of the Eleventh Amendment sovereign
immunity of the states pursuant to the Fourteenth Amendment. The Act merely served
as a uniform remedy for patent holders against states instead of a remedy for
constitutional violations, such as where a state provides inadequate or no state court
remedies. Fla. Prepaid, 527 U.S. at 646-47. The infringement of a patent by a state
may be actionable in federal courts “only where the State provides no remedy, or only
inadequate remedies, to injured patent owners for its infringement of their patent.” Id. at
643. The Act’s legislative history in Florida Prepaid, however, provided no factual
premise that Congress was attempting to remedy Fourteenth Amendment violations. Id.
at 642. The Court noted that the State of Florida provided various alternative remedies
to recover for patent infringement, such as a legislative remedy through a claim for
payment or a judicial remedy through a takings or conversion claim against the state.
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Id. at 644 n.9. Congress’s failure to consider these available state remedies and their
constitutional adequacy provided inadequate support for Congressional abrogation of
the state’s Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity under Section 5 of the Fourteenth
Amendment. The Supreme Court has reasoned that Section 5 of the Fourteenth
Amendment is designed to remedy existing and widespread conditions of
unconstitutional behavior by the states and cannot be used to prevent perceived
abuses, absent particularized findings of state violations of constitutionally protected
rights. Id. at 637-41; see also Kimel v. Fla. Bd. of Regents, 528 U.S. 62, 81 (2000)
(rejecting the Age Discrimination in Employment Act’s grant of jurisdiction because
Congress lacked the authority under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment to
abrogate state sovereign immunity where the remedy failed the proportionality and
congruence test of City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507, 520 (1997)).
Pennington submits that the University and the University Officials are subject to
suit under the Eleventh Amendment because “the State of Arkansas provides no
adequate remedies to patent infringement.” Pennington relies on our decision in
Xechem that it purports to be a “template” for our court to abrogate state immunity for
patent infringement under the Fourteenth Amendment.2
2 Pennington argues that it was error to dismiss the complaint against the
University before considering its First Amended Complaint that added an additional
count for deprivation of federal patent rights. In Pure Country, Inc. v. Sigma Chi
Fraternity, the Eighth Circuit held that it was plainly erroneous for the district court to
ignore a motion to amend when it grants a motion to dismiss, then moot the motion to
amend citing its own grant of the motion to dismiss. 312 F.3d 952, 956 (8th Cir. 2002).
The Pure Country court did not establish a rule that amended complaints would
necessarily moot previous motions to dismiss. Regardless, in this case the district court
did reconsider the motion to dismiss, found that it was not moot and reaffirmed its
decision to dismiss on Eleventh Amendment grounds. A motion for reconsideration is a
procedural issue we review under Eighth Circuit law, see Bowling v. Hasbro, Inc., 403
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In Xechem, we noted that Florida Prepaid requires a showing “that the state
action ‘left [the patentee] without a remedy under state law,’” 382 F.3d at 1332;
however, such a showing is predicated upon Congress’s abrogation of Eleventh
Amendment sovereign immunity. As specifically explained in Florida Prepaid, it is the
Congress, not this court, that can abrogate Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity
for patent infringement, pursuant to Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, if there is
a showing that state remedies were insufficient and violated due process. 527 U.S. at
642-43, 646-47; see also Chew v. Cal., 893 F.2d 331, 336 (Fed. Cir. 1990).
Here, Pennington alleged in its complaint that the Arkansas Claims Commission
is the only body allowed to hear claims against the state, but that it could not issue
injunctions, conduct discovery, or issue a monetary award over $10,000. Pennington,
however, fails to allege or explain how Congress made the specific finding that these
state procedures are so inadequate that it abrogated state sovereign immunity to allow
a patent infringement claim to be filed in federal court. Without such a finding,
abrogation would be suspect under Florida Prepaid.
Although the district court found that there was no state forum in which to contest
patent infringement claims, it did not find that other available remedies pursuant to state
law were so insufficient that they violated the Fourteenth Amendment. In fact,
Pennington’s First Amended Complaint inherently recognizes the sufficient state
remedies acknowledged in Florida Prepaid. Namely, the complaint notes that the State
F.3d 1373, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2005), for an abuse of discretion, see Brooks v. Ferguson-
Florissant Sch. Dist., 113 F.3d 903, 904-05 (8th Cir. 1997). Under the circumstances,
the district court did not abuse its discretion by dismissing the motion for
reconsideration.
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legislature may consider claims and appropriate monetary awards greater than $10,000
(a legislative remedy), and it alleges that the state remedy for conversion (a judicial
remedy) may be available. See Fla. Prepaid, 527 U.S. at 644 n.9. Moreover, Arkansas
law allows other forms of relief aside from the Claims Commission. See, e.g., Austin v.
Ark. State Highway Comm’n, 895 S.W.2d 941, 943 (Ark. 1995) (“[L]andowner, claiming
a taking of property, may either seek prospective injunctive relief in chancery court or
damages from the State Claims Commission.”); Cammack v. Chalmers, 680 S.W.2d
689 (Ark. 1984) (allowing injunctive relief for State acts that are illegal, unconstitutional
or ultra vires). While these remedies may be “uncertain” or “less convenient,” or may
“undermine the uniformity of patent law,” these attributes are not sufficient to show that
the patentee’s due process rights have been violated. Florida Prepaid, 527 U.S. at 644-
45; see also Xechem, 382 F.3d at 1332; Jacobs Wind Elec. Co. v. Fla. Dep’t of Transp.,
919 F.2d 726, 728 (Fed. Cir. 1990).
2. Ex parte Young Action Against the University Officials
Next, Pennington argues that the district court improperly dismissed its claims
against George, Sugg, and White, which had been alleged on the basis of the Ex parte
Young doctrine.3 In Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908), railway stockholders filed suit
against the Minnesota State Attorney General complaining that a state statute
establishing railway rates was unconstitutional. Id. at 127-29. After the district court
preliminarily enjoined the enforcement of the statute, the Attorney General violated the
injunction, and the court found him in contempt. Id. at 132-34. The Attorney General
3 Pennington does not address the trial court’s dismissal of any § 1983
claims due to the suit being brought against the University Officials in their official
capacity. As such, we will consider any such claim waived.
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appealed under a writ of habeas corpus arguing that a federal court could not enjoin a
state official from enforcing the laws of a state due to the sovereign immunity granted to
such official derived under the Eleventh Amendment. Id. at 134-36.
The Supreme Court held that if a state official was seeking to enforce an
unconstitutional act, he came into conflict with the supreme authority of the Constitution
and was thereby stripped of his official capacity; consequently, the state’s mantle of
sovereign immunity would not be available to insulate his actions. Id. at 159-60; accord
Green v. Mansour, 474 U.S. 64, 68 (1985). The Supreme Court has also noted that
“[t]o ensure the enforcement of federal law, however, the Eleventh Amendment permits
suits for prospective injunctive relief against state officials acting in violation of federal
law.” Frew v. Hawkins, 540 U.S. 431, 437 (2004); accord Green, 474 U.S. at 68;
Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 102-03 (1984); Ex parte
Young, 209 U.S. at 155-56, 159. But, these remedies for violations of federal law can
only be extended to future injunctive relief, not “retroactive monetary relief.” Pennhurst,
465 U.S. at 102-03. To analyze an Ex parte Young claim, “a court need only conduct a
‘straightforward inquiry into whether [the] complaint alleges an ongoing violation of
federal law and seeks relief properly characterized as prospective.’” Verizon Md., Inc. v.
Pub. Serv. Comm’n of Md., 535 U.S. 635, 645 (2002) (citing Coeur d’Alene Tribe of
Idaho, 521 U.S. at 296).
Thus, continuing prospective violations of a federal patent right by state officials
may be enjoined by federal courts under the Ex parte Young doctrine; however, the
Eleventh Amendment precludes the plaintiff from obtaining monetary damages from
individual defendants in their official capacities. See Graham, 473 U.S. at 169 (“The
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Eleventh Amendment bars a damage action against a State in federal court. . . . This
bar remains in effect when state officials are sued for damages in their official
capacity.”). Moreover, this procedure cannot be applied to an action against any
random state official. As noted in Ex parte Young, there must be a connection between
the state officer and the enforcement of the act or else the suit will merely make him a
representative of the state and therefore improperly make the state a party to the suit.
209 U.S. at 157. A nexus between the violation of federal law and the individual
accused of violating that law requires more than simply a broad general obligation to
prevent a violation. See Shell Oil Co. v. Noel, 608 F.2d 208, 211 (1st Cir. 1979)
(holding the governor or attorney general of a state are not the proper defendants in
every action attacking the constitutionality of a state statute merely because they have a
general obligation to enforce state laws). When a violation of federal law is alleged, as
here, the state official whose actions violate that law is the rightful party to the suit and
prospective injunctive relief can only be had against him. See, e.g., Dairy Mart
Convenience Stores, Inc. v. Nickel (In re Dairy Mart Convenience Stores, Inc.), 411
F.3d 367, 373 (2d Cir. 2005) (State officials were subject to injunction where they
refused to give effect to federal bankruptcy law that extended time deadlines for filing a
reimbursement claim. A sufficient nexus was established because the state officers
oversaw the fund and distribution of claims.).
Here, the district court found that Pennington failed to allege any causal
connection between George, Sugg, or White and the alleged patent infringement. In the
First Amended Complaint, Pennington made allegations that the University Officials
were engaged in marketing the patented product. Pennington, however, failed to
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sufficiently allege how George, White and Sugg were causally connected to the
infringement.
Instead, Pennington asserted in its opposition to the motion to dismiss that
George, White and Sugg were liable for infringement because, due to their positions at
the University, they supervised intellectual property activity. It supported this conclusion
through documents and argument included in its opposition brief.4 Pennington purports
that it developed a sufficient nexus by demonstrating the causal connection between the
University Officials who were responsible for overseeing the University’s patent policy
and the patent infringement. Basically, it was alleged that “[s]imply put, all three
Defendants have the ability to ‘stop an ongoing violation of federal law.’” Plaintiff’s
Suggestions in Opposition to University Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss at 7.
Allegations that a state official directs a University’s patent policy are insufficient
to causally connect that state official to a violation of federal patent law—i.e., patent
infringement. A nexus between the violation of federal law and the individual accused
4 The district court refused to recognize the unsupported assertions of
counsel and dismissed the actions against George, Sugg, and White. Under Rule 10(c)
of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, materials attached to a complaint may be
considered as exhibits that are part of the complaint for determining the sufficiency of
the pleadings. See Meehan v. United Consumers Club Franchising Corp., 312 F.3d
909, 913 (8th Cir. 2002). However, a court is “under no obligation to resolve the issues
in the complaint through materials outside the pleadings.” Id.; see also Palda v. Gen.
Dynamics Corp., 47 F.3d 872, 875 (7th Cir. 1995) (holding that court would not look
beyond the four corners of the complaint to cure defective pleadings). Because, at least
as far as George, White and Sugg were concerned, Pennington’s First Amended
Complaint was inherently defective, the district court properly granted the motion to
dismiss.
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of violating that law requires more than simply a broad general obligation to prevent a
violation; it requires an actual violation of federal law by that individual. See Frew, 540
U.S. at 437 (holding that the Ex parte Young doctrine applies when state officials act in
violation of state law); see also Shell Oil Co., 608 F.2d at 211 (holding that a general
obligation to enforce state laws is not a sufficient nexus). The fact that a University
Official has a general, state-law obligation to oversee a University’s patent policy does
not give rise to a violation of federal patent law.5
Essentially, Pennington asks the federal courts to enjoin the University Officials
from neglecting their job duties established by state law. But, a federal court cannot
enjoin a state official to perform his or her duty under state law. Pennhurst, 465 U.S. at
106. As the Supreme Court has explained,
[a] federal court’s grant of relief against state officials on the basis of
state law, whether prospective or retroactive, does not vindicate the
supreme authority of federal law. On the contrary, it is difficult to think of
a greater intrusion on state sovereignty than when a federal court
instructs state officials on how to conform their conduct to state law. Such
a result conflicts directly with the principles of federalism that underlie the
Eleventh Amendment. We conclude that Young and Edelman are
inapplicable in a suit against state officials on the basis of state law.
Id. A federal court may only enjoin ongoing activity that violates federal law. To hold
otherwise would not only violate the principles of federalism and a state’s sovereign
immunity, but it would also be akin to a suit against the state itself. Thus, Pennington’s
5 This is to be distinguished from the factual situation where a state official’s
refusal to perform a duty is itself a violation of federal law. See, e.g., Dairy Mart, 411
F.3d at 373 (state officials refusal to process a claim was itself a violation of established
federal bankruptcy procedure). Here, allegations that University Officials failed to
supervise intellectual property policy at the school is not an allegation of federal patent
infringement and does not retain a sufficient causal connection to the activity.
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claims against George, White and Sugg were properly dismissed.
C. Personal Jurisdiction
Additionally, the district court found that regardless of Pennington’s insufficient
Ex parte Young claims, the First Amended Complaint lacked allegations that the
University Officials had sufficient minimum contacts that subjected them to the reach of
the Missouri long-arm statute. Pennington argues that it made sufficient allegations to
support a prima facie case of personal jurisdiction that at least entitles it to a
jurisdictional hearing. As in its Ex parte Young claims, Pennington relies on the exhibits
and allegations made in response to the Motion to Dismiss.
We review personal jurisdiction issues in a patent infringement case under
Federal Circuit law. See Silent Drive, Inc. v. Strong Indus., 326 F.3d 1194, 1201 (Fed.
Cir. 2003). To establish specific personal jurisdiction in Missouri, Pennington must meet
two requirements. First, jurisdiction over the University Officials must be allowed under
the Missouri long-arm statute. See Breckenridge Pharm., Inc. v. Metabolite Labs., Inc.,
444 F.3d 1356, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2006); Trintec Indus., Inc. v. Pedre Promotional Prods.,
Inc., 395 F.3d 1275, 1279 (Fed. Cir. 2005); Silent Drive, 326 F.3d at 1200; Hildebrand v.
Steck Mfg. Co., 279 F.3d 1351, 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2002); Deprenyl Animal Health, Inc. v.
Univ. of Toronto Innovations, 297 F.3d 1343, 1349-50 (Fed. Cir. 2002); Inamed Corp. v.
Kuzmak, 249 F.3d 1356, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2001); see also Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 4(k)(1)(A).
Second, if such jurisdiction exists, we must determine whether its exercise comports
with due process. Breckenridge Pharm., Inc., 444 F.3d at 1361. Because both parties
concede that Missouri’s long-arm statute extends to the bounds of the due process
clause, see State ex rel. K-Mart Corp. v. Hollinger, 986 S.W.2d 165, 167-68 (Mo. 1999),
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our inquiry reduces to a due process analysis, see Trintec Indus., Inc., 395 F.3d at
1279.
The due process analysis requires the nonresident defendant to have “certain
minimum contacts with the forum such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend
traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.” Coyle, 340 F.3d at 1350 (citing
Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945)) (quotation marks omitted). A
court’s consideration of minimum contacts generally involves three inquiries: “whether
(1) the defendant purposefully directed its activities at residents of the forum state, (2)
the claim arises out of or relates to the defendant’s activities with the forum state, and
(3) assertion of personal jurisdiction is reasonable and fair.” Id.
In this case, the district court did not hold an evidentiary hearing on the issue of
personal jurisdiction. Therefore, Pennington need only make a prima facie case of
personal jurisdiction, and we “must accept the uncontroverted allegations in [its]
complaint as true.” Coyle, 340 F.3d at 1349.
In Coyle, we held there was a prima facie case of personal jurisdiction against a
Nevada patentee in the State of California. 340 F.3d at 1351. There, we noted that the
patentee purposefully directed his activity toward California when (1) he hired a
California patent lawyer that contacted the opposing party frequently to update them on
the status of the patent application, (2) the patentee telephoned the opposing party
regarding the subject matter of the patent frequently, and (3) two of the patentee’s
representatives visited the opposing party to demonstrate the invention. Id. at 1350-51.
We further held that these contacts with California arose out of the claims underlying the
declaratory judgment action regarding patent validity. Id. at 1351. Last, we held that
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forcing the patentee to litigate in the adjoining state did not impose unreasonable
burdens upon him. Id. at 1351-52.
Here, Pennington has made no allegation that the University Officials had
minimum contacts with the State of Missouri. Notably, the only place the word
“Missouri” is used within the First Amended Complaint is in reference to the Produce
Exchange No. 299 corporation that was organized in Missouri and is no longer a party
to this action. Furthermore, the complaint only alleges that the University Officials
reside in Arkansas, not Missouri. Even if their residence is within 60 miles of the
Missouri border, as Pennington states in its brief to this court, such a fact does not
demonstrate activities directed at Missouri or claims arising out of activities in Missouri.
On its face, the complaint lacks sufficient allegations of minimum contacts to establish
personal jurisdiction. Thus, the district court did not err by dismissing the First
Amended Complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction.
III. CONCLUSION
Pennington appeals to us for review of the district court’s dismissal of
Pennington’s patent infringement and conversion claims against the University and
University Officials. For the reasons we have already stated, the district court properly
found that Pennington’s claims were barred by the Eleventh Amendment and that
Pennington failed to allege personal jurisdiction over the University Officials.
Accordingly, we affirm.
AFFIRMED
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United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
05-1440
PENNINGTON SEED, INC.
and AGRESEARCH LIMITED,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
PRODUCE EXCHANGE NO. 299,
ALLIED SEED, L.L.C., and FFR COOPERATIVE,
Defendants,
and
UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, GARY C. GEORGE, B. ALAN SUGG,
JOHN A. WHITE, and CHARLES P. WEST.
Defendants-Appellees.
SCHALL, Circuit Judge, concurring.
I am in full agreement with, and therefore join, Parts II B1 and II C of the court’s
opinion. In those parts of the court’s opinion, Judge Gajarsa explains in a well-
reasoned fashion (i) why the University’s Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit was
not abrogated and (ii) why the district court lacked personal jurisdiction over the four
University Officials. I would affirm the judgment of the district court on those grounds
and would not reach the question—discussed in Part II B2 of the court’s opinion—of

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whether the doctrine set forth in Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908), applies to
University Officials Gary C. George, B. Alan Sugg, and John A. White.
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PENNINGTON SEED, INC. and AGRESEARCH LIMITED v. PRODUCE EXCHANGE NO. 299, ALLIED SEED, L.L.C., and FFR COOPERATIVE

Gesamter Gesetzestext

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