Dolores Rose Peers v. James Martin Brown, et al

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-13089
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
DOLORES ROSE PEERS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
JAMES MARTIN BROWN,
Esquire,
ASHLEY M. AULLS,
Esquire,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
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2 Opinion of the Court 21-13089
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 8:20-cv-01619-MSS-AEP
____________________
Before WILSON, ANDERSON, and J ULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Dolores Rose Peers, proceeding pro se, appeals the district
court’s order dismissing her amended complaint with prejudice. In
the district court, Peers asserted that Defendants, James Martin
Brown and Ashley M. Aulls, committed professional negligence
and crimes against humanity during their legal representation of
her former spouse. After careful review, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
I. Factual Background1
Defendants provided legal representation to Peers’s former
spouse, Harold Scism, between March 2007 and December 2008,
defending him against criminal charges for allegedly sexually abus-
ing his nieces. Peers paid $20,000 to Defendants for Scism’s legal
fees, and Peers notes that she “signed a contract in relation to Mr.
Scism’s case with the defendants.” In a signed statement, Scism
1 We accept the complaint’s allegations as true and view them in the light
most favorable to the plaintiff. See Karantsalis v. City of Miami Springs, 17 F.4th
1316, 1319 (11th Cir. 2021); Carmichael v. Kellogg, Brown & Root Servs., Inc., 572
F.3d 1271, 1279 (11th Cir. 2009).
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21-13089 Opinion of the Court 3
declared that he asked Defendants to give Peers all authority and
access to all information in his case. Scism was convicted of the
crimes in 2009 and received a life sentence in prison.
In her complaint, Peers asserted that Defendants owed her
a duty to represent Scism but breached that duty by failing to ad-
vocate zealously on Scism’s behalf. She contended that Defendants
failed to correct the dates during which Scism’s alleged conduct oc-
curred in his indictment, failed to seek important information
about his niece’s foster care history, and were otherwise hostile,
cruel, inhumane, and abusive to her. Peers further asserted that
Defendants ignored Scism for nearly two years by failing to per-
form investigative work or “push for the release of the [foster care]
files,” and instead aggressively pursued additional funds from
Peers. Finally, Peers noted that Defendants never released Scism’s
client file, and that the statute of limitations should not commence
until such release.
II. Procedural History
On August 25, 2020, Peers filed her amended complaint
against Defendants in the Middle District of Florida, claiming di-
versity jurisdiction as a New York citizen against Defendants, both
Florida citizens. Peers alleged professional negligence by Defend-
ants and also asserted that they had committed crimes against hu-
manity. Defendants each moved to dismiss Peers’s amended com-
plaint under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6), asserting a statute
of limitations defense, along with a “lack of diversity jurisdiction,
lack of standing and privity, . . . and failure to allege the elements
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4 Opinion of the Court 21-13089
of negligence . . . .” The district court determined that complete
diversity existed in the matter, serving as a sufficient basis for sub-
ject matter jurisdiction. The district court concluded, however,
that Peers could not bring a claim of professional negligence
against Defendants because she lacked privity of contract with
them. Further, the district court concluded that the two-year stat-
ute of limitations barred Peers’s claims even if she could demon-
strate contractual privity. As such, the district court granted De-
fendant’s motions and dismissed Peers’s complaint with prejudice.
This timely appeal follows.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo a district court’s grant of a Rule 12(b)(6)
motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. Newbauer v. Carnival
Corp., 26 F.4th 931, 934 (11th Cir. 2022). “We also review de novo
the district court’s dismissal of the complaint for failure to satisfy
the statute of limitations.” Karantsalis, 17 F.4th at 1319 (citing Fe-
dance v. Harris, 1 F.4th 1278, 1283 (11th Cir. 2021)).
We liberally construe pro se pleadings and hold such plead-
ings to “a less stringent standard than pleadings drafted by attor-
neys.” Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir.
1998) (per curiam). However, “this leniency does not give a court
license to serve as de facto counsel for a party, or to rewrite an oth-
erwise deficient pleading in order to sustain an action.” GJR Invs.,
Inc. v. Cnty. of Escambia, 132 F.3d 1359, 1369 (11th Cir. 1998) (cita-
tions omitted), overruled on other grounds.
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21-13089 Opinion of the Court 5
DISCUSSION
To the extent that we can discern Peers’s enumerations of
error on appeal, Peers argues that the district court erred in finding
that she was not in contractual privity with Defendants, primarily
because she paid Defendants for Scism’s legal fees. Peers further
argues that the district court erred in finding that her claims were
time-barred because Defendants’ refusal to release Scism’s client
file tolled the applicable statute of limitations.2 We address subject
matter jurisdiction at the outset before disposing of Peers’s enu-
merations of error in turn.
I. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
Defendants did not file a response brief, and thus do not
challenge the district court’s finding of subject matter jurisdiction
based on complete diversity of citizenship. We are nevertheless
“obligated to inquire into subject matter jurisdiction sua sponte
whenever it may be lacking.” Univ. of S. Ala. v. Am. Tobacco Co., 168
F.3d 405, 410 (11th Cir. 1999). We review de novo whether the dis-
trict court properly interpreted and applied the provisions of 28
U.S.C. § 1332 in determining whether the parties established diver-
sity jurisdiction. Life of the S. Ins. Co. v. Carzell, 851 F.3d 1341, 1343–
44 (11th Cir. 2017) (citing Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London v. Osting-
Schwinn, 613 F.3d 1079, 1085 (11th Cir. 2010)). “We review the
2 Peers attempts to assert both equitable tolling and the delayed-discovery
doctrine. For clarity’s sake, we note that the delayed-discovery doctrine does
not toll the applicable statute of limitations; rather, it prevents a cause of action
from accruing. See Raie v. Cheminova, Inc., 336 F.3d 1278, 1280 (11th Cir. 2003).
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6 Opinion of the Court 21-13089
district court’s jurisdictional fact-findings, however, for clear er-
ror.” Osting-Schwinn, 613 F.3d at 1085; see also MacGinnitie v. Hobbs
Grp., LLC, 420 F.3d 1234, 1239 (11th Cir. 2005) (“Factual findings
regarding the citizenship of a party are subject to a clearly errone-
ous standard of review.”). The clearly erroneous standard is highly
deferential and requires that we uphold the district court’s factual
determinations so long as they are plausible in light of the record
viewed in its entirety. See Carmichael, 572 F.3d at 1280.
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1332, federal courts may exercise diversity
jurisdiction in cases between citizens of different states when the
amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. “Diversity jurisdiction, as
a general rule, requires complete diversity—every plaintiff must be
diverse from every defendant.” Palmer v. Hosp. Auth. of Randolph
Cnty., 22 F.3d 1559, 1564 (11th Cir. 1994). “[T]he party invoking
the court’s jurisdiction bears the burden of proving, by a prepon-
derance of the evidence, facts supporting the existence of federal
jurisdiction.” McCormick v. Aderholt, 293 F.3d 1254, 1257 (11th Cir.
2002).
In their motions to dismiss, Defendants asserted that Peers
resided in Florida rather than New York, thereby defeating diver-
sity. Peers had a Florida driver’s license, was registered to vote in
Florida, and owned real property there, but the district court noted
that Peers had provided an internet bill for her property in New
York, a copy of her temporary New York driver’s license and a re-
ceipt of her submission to register to vote in New York. Peers had
also asserted that her property in Florida was uninhabitable, and
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21-13089 Opinion of the Court 7
that the COVID-19 pandemic had caused delays in securing docu-
mentation to verify her residency. The district court found that
Peers had established herself as a New York citizen “[b]ased on her
allegations and the totality of the evidence.”
Peers did not apply for her temporary driver’s license or reg-
ister to vote in New York until after Defendants challenged her cit-
izenship in their motions to dismiss. Peers’s timing in pursuing this
substantiating evidence casts some doubt on the legitimacy of her
New York citizenship, but the fact that she was able to obtain the
temporary license makes it at least plausible that she was indeed a
New York citizen. Therefore, the district court’s jurisdictional fact-
findings as to the diversity or amount in controversy requirements
were not clearly erroneous, and we decline to upset the district
court’s determination of subject matter jurisdiction.
II. Crimes Against Humanity
As an initial matter, we dispose of Peers’s claim that Defend-
ants’ failure to release Scism’s file constitutes a crime against hu-
manity. Courts typically only recognize crimes against humanity
in the war crimes context, in suits for violations of international
norms. See Doe v. Drummond Co., Inc., 782 F.3d 576, 580 (11th Cir.
2015); see also Aldana v. Del Monte Fresh Produce, N.A., Inc., 416 F.3d
1242, 1247 (11th Cir. 2005) (affirming dismissal of a crimes against
humanity claim because the complaint did not supply facts indicat-
ing “widespread or systematic attack” against civilian populations).
The facts of this case simply do not implicate crimes against hu-
manity.
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8 Opinion of the Court 21-13089
III. Professional Negligence - Statute of Limitations
In diversity cases, federal courts apply the forum state’s sub-
stantive law—here, Florida law applies. See Mesa v. Clarendon Nat’l
Ins. Co., 799 F.3d 1353, 1358 (11th Cir. 2015); see also Erie R.R. Co. v.
Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78 (1938). Under Florida law, plaintiffs must
bring professional negligence or legal malpractice3 actions within
two years from the time the cause of action is discovered or should
have been discovered with the exercise of due diligence. See Larson
& Larson, P.A. v. TSE Indus., Inc., 22 So. 3d 36, 41 (Fla. 2009); Fla.
Stat. § 95.11(4).4 Additionally, “[f]or statute of limitations
3 Florida courts have treated professional negligence claims against attorneys
and legal malpractice claims interchangeably. See Perez-Abreu, Zamora & De La
Fe, P.A. v. Taracido, 790 So. 2d 1051, 1053–54 (Fla. 2001); Espinosa v. Sparber,
Shevin, Shapo, Rosen and Heilbronner, 612 So. 2d 1378, 1380 (Fla. 1993) (“[T]he
estate may maintain a legal malpractice action against [the attorney] for any
acts of professional negligence committed by him during his representation of
[the client].”); see also Dingle v. Dellinger, 134 So. 3d 484, 487 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.
2014) (“Because the party who retains an attorney is in privity with that attor-
ney, that party may bring a negligence action for legal malpractice.”).
4 At all times relevant to this case prior to March 24, 2023, Fla. Stat.
§ 95.11(4)(a) provided that the two-year period of limitations applied to actions
for professional malpractice, other than medical malpractice. Effective March
24, that provision moved, without substantive modification, to § 95.11(4)(b).
The new § 95.11(4)(a) provides that a two-year period of limitations applies to
“an action founded on negligence.” We simply cite to § 95.11(4) for clarity—
regardless, a two-year period of limitations applies to either subsection. More-
over, even if amendment of this section purported to modify the applicable
length of time to bring a claim, Florida courts apply statutes of limitations pro-
spectively “unless the legislative intent to provide retroactive effect is express,
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21-13089 Opinion of the Court 9
purposes, a cause of action for legal malpractice does not accrue
until the underlying adverse judgment becomes final, including ex-
haustion of appellate rights.” Law Office of David J. Stern, P.A. v. Sec.
Nat’l Servicing Corp., 969 So. 2d 962, 966 (Fla. 2007); see also Silves-
trone v. Edell, 721 So. 2d 1173, 1175 n.2 (Fla. 1998) (outlining the
process for full exhaustion of appellate rights, after which “the final
judgment becomes final”). The district court noted that Scism was
convicted in 2009 and determined that the statute of limitations
likewise began to run in 2009. There is no evidence in the record
explicitly confirming that Scism exhausted his appellate rights in
2009, but Peers does not contest the district court’s finding that the
underlying adverse judgment became final that year anywhere in
her brief. As such, we are left to presume that the underlying judg-
ment against Scism did in fact become final in 2009, and thus, ab-
sent an exception, the two-year statute of limitations began to run
that year.
Peers asserts, or attempts to assert, equitable tolling and the
delayed-discovery doctrine as exceptions to the statute of limita-
tions, but we find no grounds to apply either exception in this case.
With respect to equitable tolling, Peers waived that argument by
not first asserting it properly before the district court. See Access
Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004)
(“This Court has repeatedly held that an issue not raised in the dis-
trict court and raised for the first time in an appeal will not be
clear and manifest.” Homemakers, Inc. v. Gonzales, 400 So. 2d 965, 967 (Fla.
1981); see also Arrow Air, Inc. v. Walsh, 645 So. 2d 422, 424 (Fla. 1994).
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10 Opinion of the Court 21-13089
considered in this court.” (internal quotations omitted)). In her
complaint, Peers excerpted a portion of Machules v. Department of
Administration, 523 So. 2d 1132, 1133–34 (Fla. 1988), that defined
and clarified the doctrine. Meanwhile, she did not mention equita-
ble tolling at all in her memorandum opposing Defendants’ mo-
tions to dismiss, other than perhaps alluding to it by declaring that
“[i]f a defendant has caused a plaintiff not to file until after the stat-
ute expired, the court usually will automatically waive the statute
and allow the plaintiff to file.” Peers cites no authority for this as-
sertion. Neither cut-and-paste reasoning from an opinion, nor in-
accurate, bare assertions that may implicate a helpful legal doctrine
adequately raise an argument to a district court, especially without
explanation of why such doctrine should apply to the case at bar.5
Even if we found that the vague references to equitable toll-
ing in her complaint and memorandum in opposition sufficiently
raised the argument in the district court, Peers has abandoned the
argument on appeal. See Access Now, 385 F.3d at 1330 (“[T]he law
is by now well settled in this Circuit that a legal claim or argument
that has not been briefed before the court is deemed abandoned
5 The prohibition on considering issues first raised on appeal is not absolute.
We have identified five exceptional circumstances “in which it may be appro-
priate to exercise this discretion and deviate from [the standard] rule of prac-
tice,” such as when failure to consider a new argument would result in a mis-
carriage of justice. See Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Fernandez, 741 F.2d 355,
360–61 (11th Cir. 1984); Blue Martini Kendall, LLC v. Miami Dade Cnty. Fla., 816
F.3d 1343, 1349 (11th Cir. 2016). Peers, however, does not argue that any of
the exceptional circumstances exist here, and we do not find that any such
exceptional circumstances are present in this case.
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21-13089 Opinion of the Court 11
and its merits will not be addressed.”). Peers offhandedly notes in
the Statement of the Proceedings section of her brief that Defend-
ants’ “refusal to release Mr. Scism’s client file has placed a toll on
the statute of limitations.” Later in her brief, Peers similarly states
that “[t]he time has tolled to December of 2008, and we cannot
move forward without the former client files,” but fails to elaborate
further. Peers includes the same excerpt from Machules, 523 So. 2d
at 1133–34, that she included in her complaint, but also cites two
cases from the Ninth Circuit which provide that an attorney’s egre-
gious misconduct can warrant equitable tolling.
These perfunctory references to tolling without supporting
arguments or authority are not enough to save the issue from aban-
donment, nor are references to authority addressing tolling (partic-
ularly mere persuasive authority) without further discussion or ci-
tation to facts in the record on which Peers might rely. “We have
long held that an appellant abandons a claim when he either makes
only passing references to it or raises it in a perfunctory manner
without supporting arguments and authority.” Sapuppo v. Allstate
Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 681 (11th Cir. 2014); see also Singh v.
U.S. Att’y Gen., 561 F.3d 1275, 1278 (11th Cir. 2009) (explaining that
“an appellant’s brief must include an argument containing appel-
lant’s contentions and the reasons for them, with citations to the
authorities and parts of the record on which the appellant relies,”
and that “simply stating that an issue exists, without further argu-
ment or discussion, constitutes abandonment of that issue and pre-
cludes our considering the issue on appeal”) (quotation omitted).
Appellants can also abandon an issue by merely making passing
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12 Opinion of the Court 21-13089
references to it in the “statement of the case” section without elab-
orating further in the argument section. See Sapuppo, 739 F.3d at
681–82; see also Kelliher v. Veneman, 313 F.3d 1270, 1274 n.3 (11th
Cir. 2002) (holding that mentioning a claim in the summary of the
argument section is not enough to raise the issue for appeal and
that the claim is deemed abandoned).
Finally, even if we found that Peers sufficiently raised the
equitable tolling argument in the district court and maintained it
on appeal, the doctrine simply does not apply to the facts of this
case. Defendants’ failures to correct the dates in the first count of
Scism’s indictment or to “argue[] and persuade[] the judge” to re-
lease the foster care files “for verification purposes” both occurred
during their representation of Scism, prior to his conviction. De-
fendant Aulls’s attempt to obtain more money from Peers via
threats and Defendants’ disregard of Scism likewise occurred prior
to Scism’s conviction. As such, Peers was aware of the key facts
underlying her claims against Defendants by the time Scism was
convicted in 2009 at the latest, and thus cannot contend that she
could not have discovered the basis of her claims with reasonable
diligence. Consequently, Peers cannot establish the necessary fac-
tual predicate for applying equitable tolling. See Arce v. Garcia, 434
F.3d 1254, 1261 (11th Cir. 2006) (“Equitable tolling is appropriate
when a movant untimely files because of extraordinary circum-
stances that are both beyond his control and unavoidable even with
diligence.” (quotation omitted)).
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21-13089 Opinion of the Court 13
Defendants’ failure to release Scism’s case file does not
change the fact that Peers knew or reasonably should have known
of Defendants’ tortious acts by 2009, meaning her reliance on the
delayed-discovery doctrine also fails. See Raie, 336 F.3d at 1280
(“The ‘delayed discovery’ doctrine generally provides that a cause
of action does not accrue until the plaintiff either knows or reason-
ably should know of the tortious act giving rise to the cause of ac-
tion.” (quoting Hearndon v. Graham, 767 So. 2d 1179, 1184 (Fla.
2000)). Because neither equitable tolling nor the delayed-discovery
doctrine apply here, the two-year statute of limitations began to
run on Peers’s claims in 2009 and expired in 2011. Therefore, we
agree with the district court that Peers’s claims were time-barred
in 2020. Because we conclude that the applicable statute of limita-
tions barred Peers’s complaint, we need not reach the merits of her
professional negligence claim.6
6 We do not mean to imply that Peers would have established the necessary
privity for this claim. Espinosa, 612 So. 2d at 1380. Peers potentially could
have shown that she was directly party to a legal representation contract with
Defendants, for which Scism would have been a third-party beneficiary. Even
liberally construed, however, Peers does not plead specific facts about the na-
ture of her agreement with Defendants sufficient for such an inference. Mean-
while, the argument section of Peers’s brief contains several sections copied
and pasted from the district court’s order, and otherwise contains conclusory
or irrelevant statements without cognizably citing to the record or explaining
why the district court erred.
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14 Opinion of the Court 21-13089
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s
dismissal of Peers’s claims with prejudice.
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