St Luke's Cataract and Laser Institute, P.A. v. Zurich America Insurance Company, et al

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 11-11050
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:09-cv-01755-SDM-AEP
ST. LUKE’S CATARACT AND LASER INSTITUTE, P.A.,
Intervenor Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
ZURICH AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY,
a New York corporation,
MARYLAND CASUALTY COMPANY,
a Maryland corporation,
ASSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA,
a New York corporation,
Defendants - Appellees.
________________________
No. 11-11051
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:09-cv-01755-SDM-AEP
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JAMES C. SANDERSON,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
ST. LUKE’S CATARACT AND LASER
INSTITUTE, P.A.,
Intervenor Plaintiff,
versus
ZURICH AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY,
a New York corporation,
MARYLAND CASUALTY COMPANY,
a Maryland corporation,
ASSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA,
a New York corporation,
Defendants - Appellees.
____________________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
________________________
(February 7, 2013)
Before HULL, MARCUS and HILL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Appellants St. Luke’s Cataract and Laser Institute, P.A. and Dr. James C.
Sanderson appeal the district court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of
Zurich American Insurance Company, Maryland Casualty Company, and
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Assurance Company of America on Sanderson’s breach of contract claim. For the
following reasons, we shall reverse the summary judgment and remand for further
proceedings.
I.
St. Luke’s Cataract and Laser Institute, P.A. (“St. Luke’s”), a privately
owned eye care clinic and ambulatory surgery center, employed Dr. James C.
Sanderson as an oculoplastic surgeon. In 1995, Sanderson started St. Luke’s
oculoplastic surgery practice, which was called the St. Luke’s Cosmetic Laser
Center. In 1998, Sanderson worked with St. Luke’s webmaster, Mark Erickson, to
create a website to promote St. Luke’s oculoplastic surgery practice. Erickson
registered the domain names LASERSPECIALIST.com and LASEREYELID.com
to use for the website. These websites contained information about St. Luke’s,1
Sanderson’s education and training, and the surgical procedures that Sanderson
performed; before and after photographs of patients; surgical videos; and other
information for prospective patients. Each page of the website contained a
copyright notice stating “Copyright © [Year] St. Luke’s Cosmetic Laser Center,
All Rights Reserved.”
The two websites contained the same information and will be referred to as1
LASERSPECIALIST.com
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About five years later, Sanderson resigned from St. Luke’s and opened his
own oculoplastic surgery practice. Sanderson relaunched the2
LASERSPECIALIST.com website using the LASERSPECIALIST.com and
LASEREYELID.com domain names. The website content was virtually identical
to the content of the site created by Sanderson and Erickson for St. Luke’s. The
copyright disclaimer, however, had been changed to state that the website was
copyrighted by Sanderson, not St. Luke’s.
Some time after Sanderson resigned, St. Luke’s realized that Sanderson was
using the domain names and website content for his private practice. St. Luke’s
applied to register a copyright in its LASERSPECIALIST.com website, and in
January 2006 the Copyright Office registered St. Luke’s copyright in the February
2003 version of the website.3
Shortly thereafter, St. Luke’s filed a complaint against Sanderson (“St.
Luke’s I”). The amended complaint alleged, inter alia, that Sanderson infringed
St. Luke’s copyright in the LASERSPECIALIST.com website, in violation of the
Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 501(a) and also that he removed St. Luke’s copyright
The name of the practice is James C. Sanderson M.D., LLC. Sanderson and the2
practice will be referred to as “Sanderson.”
St. Luke’s later registered the June 2000 version of the LASERSPECIALIST.com3
website as well.
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notice from the LASERSPECIALIST.com website, in violation of the Digital
Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”), 17 U.S.C. § 1202(b).4
Sanderson sought coverage and a defense under his liability insurance
policies with Zurich American Insurance Company, Maryland Casualty Company,
and Assurance Company of America (the “Insurance Companies”). Each of the
policies provided identical coverage to Sanderson for “advertising injury liability”
defined as injury that arises out of, among other things, copyright infringement in
the insured’s advertisement. In response to his request to the Insurance
Companies for a defense, Sanderson received a letter from Assurance Company of
America (“Assurance”) that discussed the policy, coverage, and exclusions; raised
potential coverage defenses; reserved the right to deny coverage; and assigned
counsel to defend Sanderson.
After a three-week trial, the jury returned a verdict in favor of St. Luke’s on
all of its claims except for the copyright infringement claim. Although the jury
found that Sanderson infringed St. Luke’s copyright, the jury also found that St.
The amended complaint also alleged that Sanderson infringed St. Luke’s4
LASERSPECIALIST.com service mark, in violation of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a);
committed cyberpiracy by registering and using the LASERSPECIALIST.com and
LASEREYELID.com domain names, in violation of the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection
Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(d); violated the Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act
(“FDUTPA”), Fla. Stat. § 501.201-213; participated in unfair competition under Florida common
law; and misappropriated and converted St. Luke’s domain names under Florida common law.
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Luke’s copyright registrations were invalid. The district court entered judgment
for Sanderson on St. Luke’s copyright infringement claim. Both Sanderson and
St. Luke’s appealed. We affirmed the judgment. St. Luke’s Cataract & Laser
Inst., P.A. v. Sanderson, 573 F.3d 1186 (11 Cir. 2009).th
In February 2008, St. Luke’s filed a revised copyright registration on the
LASERSPECIALIST.com website and then filed a new, one-count lawsuit against
Sanderson seeking to recover on the copyright claim (“St. Luke’s II”). Assurance
sent a letter stating that it would provide Sanderson a defense in this second case
as well, but reserved its right to deny coverage, noting that the copyright
infringement claim might be excluded from coverage under the unauthorized use
exclusion or other provisions.
In August 2009, Sanderson discharged counsel provided to him by the
Insurance Companies and obtained substitute counsel. Sanderson attempted to
mediate the copyright infringement claim and requested the Insurance Companies’
attendance. The Insurance Companies did not settle the claim. Sanderson and St.
Luke’s subsequently entered into an agreement resolving both the judgment in St.
Luke’s I and the copyright infringement claim in St. Luke’s II for a $2.4 million
final judgment against Sanderson.
On August 26, 2009, Sanderson and St. Luke’s (as the assignee of
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Sanderson’s claim) brought this action against the Insurance Companies, alleging
breach of contract by wrongful denial of coverage and failure to indemnify
Sanderson. The Insurance Companies moved for summary judgment, arguing5
that although the policies may provide coverage for copyright infringement, such6
claims are not covered when they:
Aris[e] out of the unauthorized use of another’s name or product in
your e-mail address, domain name or metatag, or any other similar
tactics to mislead another’s potential customers.
The district court agreed, holding that this “unauthorized use exclusion”
eliminates Sanderson’s coverage for St. Luke’s copyright claims against him. This
appeal followed.
Plaintiffs also alleged that the Insurance Companies failed to provide a mutually5
agreeable defense; failed to settle St. Luke’s claims against Sanderson; failed to satisfy the
judgments against Sanderson; and failed to post a supersedeas bond when the first suit was on
appeal.
Specifically, the policies provided coverage for “those sums that the insured becomes6
legally obligated to pay as damages because of ‘personal and advertising injury,’” defined as
injury “arising out of” any one or more listed offenses, including “[i]nfringing upon another’s
copyright, trade dress or slogan in your ‘advertisement.’” This is the basis for Sanderson’s claim
for coverage.
However, the policies contained a number of exclusions from “personal and advertising
injury” coverage. Exclusion 12 excluded coverage for personal and advertising injuries
“[a]rising out of the infringement of copyright, patent, trademark, trade secret or other
intellectual property rights,” although this exclusion specifically did not apply “to infringement,
in your ‘advertisement,’ of copyright, trade dress or slogan.” Exclusion 13, which is at issue in
this case, also excluded certain advertising injuries as stated above.
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II.
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.
Holloman v. Mail-Well Corp., 443 F.3d 832, 836 (11th Cir. 2006). The
interpretation of a provision in an insurance contract is a question of law that is
also reviewed de novo. James River Ins. Co. v. Ground Down Eng’g, Inc., 540
F.3d 1270, 1274 (11th Cir. 2008).
The issue before us is whether the district court erred in holding that St.
Luke’s copyright infringement and DMCA claims against Sanderson, which were
based on Sanderson’s use of the content of a website owned by St. Luke’s, were
excluded from coverage under the policies’ unauthorized use exclusion. The7
district court reasoned that “each of [St. Luke’s claims] arises from Sanderson’s
unauthorized use of the St. Luke’s domain name [or other similar tactic] to mislead
. . . potential St. Luke’s customers.” Since the unauthorized use of another’s
domain name is excluded from coverage under the policies, the district court
concluded that there was no coverage under the policies. We disagree.
As an initial matter, the parties agree that Florida law governs this contract.
Thus, “[o]ur objective is to determine the issues of state law as we believe the
The plaintiffs also assert that summary judgment was prematurely entered in this case7
because the Insurance Companies “have refused to provide any discovery in this matter.” This
matter is mooted by our holding in this case.
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Florida Supreme Court would.” State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Steinberg, 393
F.3d 1226, 1231 (11 Cir. 2004). This court looks first to the Florida Supremeth
Court’s decisions and, “in the absence of definitive guidance . . . , we follow
relevant decisions of Florida’s intermediate appellate courts.” Id. Under Florida
law, insurance contract interpretation is a matter of law, and such “contracts are
construed in accordance with the plain language of the policy as bargained for by
the parties.” Fayad v. Clarendon Nat’l Ins. Co., 899 So. 2d 1082, 1086 (Fla.
2005) (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted).
If the language “is susceptible to two reasonable interpretations, one
providing coverage and the other excluding coverage, the policy is considered
ambiguous,” and “ambiguous exclusionary clauses are construed even more
strictly against the insurer than coverage clauses.” Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted). However, “an ambiguity is not invariably present when a contract
requires interpretation.” Gas Kwick, Inc. v. United Pac. Ins. Co., 58 F.3d 1536,
1539 (11 Cir. 1995); accord State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Pridgen, 498 So.th
2d 1245, 1248 (Fla. 1986) (“[E]xclusionary provisions which are ambiguous or
otherwise susceptible to more than one meaning must be construed in favor of the
insured. . . . However, only when a genuine inconsistency, uncertainty, or
ambiguity in meaning remains after resort to the ordinary rules of construction is
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the rule apposite.” (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted)); State Farm
Fire & Cas. Co. v. Metro. Dade Cnty., 639 So. 2d 63, 66 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994)
(“The fact that an insurance policy requires analysis to comprehend its scope does
not mean it is ambiguous.”).
After applying ordinary rules of construction to the policies at issue in this
case, we hold that the relevant provisions are unambiguous and cover appellants’
claims. We address each of appellants’ claims in turn.
1. Whether Sanderson’s copyright infringement constituted the “unauthorized
use of another’s name or product in your e-mail address, domain name or
metatag”?
The insurance policies exclude coverage for any claim that “arises out of the
unauthorized use of another’s name or product in your e-mail address, domain
name or metatag, or any other similar tactics to mislead another’s potential
customers.” The district court erred in concluding that coverage for St. Luke’s
copyright claims is excluded by this provision.
First, St. Luke’s copyright claim is based on Sanderson’s wrongful use of
the contents, layout, and design of St. Luke’s LASERSPECIALIST.com website.
This use of the website’s content, however, is not the same thing as the use of
“another’s name or product.” Furthermore, Sanderson used the content for display
on his own website, rather than in an “e-mail address, domain name or metatag.”
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Therefore, the copyright infringement claim against Sanderson does not itself
allege “the unauthorized use of another’s name or product in your e-mail address,
domain name or metatag.”
Nor does this copyright infringement constitute a “similar tactic” within the
meaning of the unauthorized use exclusion. The exclusion enumerates three
specific places in which a name or product might be used without authorization:
an email address, a domain name, or a metatag. The three enumerated locations
are very specific; a website is not included among them. Furthermore, if the
exclusion were meant to include websites generally, it would be odd to enumerate
two constituent elements of a website (its domain name and metatags) but neglect
to mention the website itself. To conclude otherwise would allow the “similar
tactics” language to swallow the narrow language used in the exclusion and turn it
into a catch-all exclusion for the use on the internet in any way of material
belonging to another.8
Similarly, the exclusion discusses the use of another’s “name or product,”
not any material belonging to another. Reading “similar tactics” to extend “name
Applying the rule of ejusdem generis, the Florida Supreme Court has cautioned against8
allowing such generic catch-alls in insurance policy exclusions to swallow their more specific
antecedents. See Fayad, 899 So. 2d at 1088-89 (“Distilled to its essence, this rule provides that
where general words follow an enumeration of specific words, the general words are construed as
applying to the same kind or class as those that are specifically mentioned.”).
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or product” to “any protected material” would go well beyond the narrow terms
specifically mentioned.
Such a broad reading of “similar tactics” would also go well beyond the
type of conduct that the exclusion’s specific language is meant to target. The
exclusion mentions the use of another’s name or product in an email address,
domain name, or metatag. Using a term in a metatag or domain name can be a
way to attempt to attract people searching for that term via a search engine. Thus,9
using someone else’s name or product in a metatag or domain name might be an
attempt to divert their customers to a different website. Using another’s name or
product in an email address raises similar concerns about implying a false
affiliation.
Sanderson’s unauthorized use of St. Luke’s website content, standing alone,
does not implicate these same concerns. Indeed, his website did not even mention
St. Luke’s. We will not read the “similar tactics” language as sweeping into the
exclusion a broad range of conduct that does not implicate the same concerns as
Metatags are words and phrases that describe a website’s content. The metatags do not9
show up on the website itself, only in the source code. The web designer can include whatever
metatags he desires. Many search engines use metatags as one way to determine the content of a
website. Thus, for example, if you designed a website to advertise your electronics store, you
might include keyword metatags such as “computers,” “cameras,” and “televisions,” and a
content metatag such as “We sell electronics at the best prices.” If, however, you wanted to
attract customers searching for better known electronics stores by name, you might also include
metatags such as “Best Buy” and “Circuit City.”
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the tactics specifically mentioned.
The Insurance Companies drafted the exclusion using restrictive language
directed at a particular set of concerns that are not implicated by the use of
another’s copyrighted content on a website. If they had intended the exclusion to
apply to any unauthorized use on the internet, they could have drafted the
exclusion to say so. Cf. Berkshire Life Ins. Co. v. Adelberg, 698 So. 2d 828, 830
(Fla. 1997) (“If this was [the insurance company’s] intent, the company should
have so stated in unambiguous language.”); Davis v. Nationwide Life Ins. Co., 450
So. 2d 549, 550 (Fla. 5th DCA 1984) (“If an insurer intends to restrict coverage, it
should use language clearly stating its purpose.”). We should not read the
exclusion’s “similar tactics” language to expand a list of three specific, narrow
uses to the point where any unauthorized use on a website is excluded from
coverage.10
In sum, the copyright infringement claim against Sanderson does not itself
constitute the “unauthorized use of another’s name or product in [an] e-mail
address, domain name or metatag, or any other similar tactic to mislead another’s
Our narrow reading of this exclusion is consistent with Florida law’s directive that we10
apply ejusdem generis to such provisions. We stress that our decision is based upon the “plain
language of the policy,” see Fayad, 899 So. 2d at 1086, as clarified through ordinary rules of
contract construction, and not on the rule that ambiguous exclusionary provisions must be
construed in favor of the insured.
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potential customers.”
2. Whether St. Luke’s copyright infringement claim arises out of Sanderson’s
unauthorized use of the LASERSPECIALIST.com domain name?
If the copyright claims are not excluded as the unauthorized use of St.
Luke’s name or product in an e-mail address, domain name or metatag or other
similar tactic to mislead, they can only be excluded from coverage if they arise out
of such use.
No Florida court has construed “arising out of” in the context of this
particular exclusion. However, the Florida Supreme Court has provided some
guidance on the meaning of “arising out of” in insurance policies. In Taurus
Holdings, Inc. v. U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co., 913 So. 2d 528 (Fla. 2005), the Florida
Supreme Court held that the phrase “arising out of” in policy exclusions is
unambiguous and should be interpreted broadly. The court explained:
The term “arising out of” is broader in meaning than the term “caused
by” and means “originating from,” “having its origin in,” “growing
out of,” “flowing from,” “incident to” or “having a connection with.”
Id. at 539 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
Nonetheless, the Florida Supreme court affirmed that the term “requires
more than a mere coincidence between the conduct . . . and the injury. It requires
some causal connection, or relationship. But it does not require proximate cause.”
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Id. at 539-40.
In this case, we cannot say that Sanderson’s use of St. Luke’s website
content “flows from” or “grows out of” his use of St. Luke’s domain name.
Rather, Sanderson’s use of the website content merely coincided with his use of
the LASERSPECIALIST.com domain name. Sanderson could have committed
either of these thefts without committing the other. That is, he could have taken
the LASERSPECIALIST.com website content and put it up at
SandersonEyes.com, or he could have used LASERSPECIALIST.com as the
domain name for a website with completely new content describing his solo
practice. There is no causal connection between Sanderson’s use of St. Luke’s11
domain name and his posting of its website content on his website.
The Insurance Companies assert that Sanderson used St. Luke’s website content in an11
attempt to mislead St. Luke’s potential customers. This may be true, but it is not relevant to the
applicability of the unauthorized use exclusion. As discussed above, the exclusion for
misleading another’s customers extends only to conduct similar to the use of another’s name or
product in an email address, domain name or metatag. Sanderson’s use of St. Luke’s website
content is not similar to his use of their domain name.
Nor is it enough to say that the copyright infringement was “part of a coordinated and
comprehensive scheme to mislead and misdirect St. Luke’s potential customers.” The
unauthorized use exclusion applies only to copyright violations if they “arise out of” an
unauthorized use. The Insurance Companies repeated assertions that the copyright infringement
was part of an overall scheme to mislead do not demonstrate the causal connection required for
“arising out of.” The copyright infringement must itself constitute a tactic similar to using a
name or product in an email address, domain name, or metatag, or it must be “caused” by the use
of such a tactic. See Amco Ins. Co. v. Lauren-Spencer, Inc., 500 F. Supp. 2d 721 (S.D. Ohio
2007) (policy language targets misleading email addresses, domain names or metatags, used to
obscure identity and draw customer traffic).
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The Insurance Companies assert that the copyright infringement clearly
arose out of Sanderson’s theft and use of St. Luke’s domain name, as this was a
mechanism which guided St. Luke’s customers to view the copyrighted materials.
But the fact that using St. Luke’s domain name made the copyright infringement
more effective does not demonstrate that the copyright infringement was “caused”
by the domain name theft. It would be just as reasonable to say that the domain
name theft arose out of the copyright infringement, in that Sanderson’s theft of the
website content led him to also steal the domain name to ensure more traffic for
his website. That the domain name directed internet traffic to Sanderson’s pilfered
web site does not mean that the infringing web site content was “caused” by
clicking on the domain name, only that the website was located in this way. The
content, placed on the website prior to such clicking, constituted a copyright
violation upon the posting, not the clicking.
Neither the district court nor the Insurance Companies point to any causal
connection between Sanderson’s copyright infringement and his use of St. Luke’s
domain name as required by Florida law. St. Luke’s copyright claim may be
related to – but it does not arise out of – Sanderson’s use of the
LASERSPECIALIST.com domain name.
The district court’s application of the unauthorized use exclusion to the
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copyright infringement claim in this case permits a narrow exclusion to swallow
the clear coverage provisions for copyright and website claims. We will not
rewrite the policies in this way. The Insurance Companies wrote the policies.
Had they wanted such a broad exclusion, they could have drafted one. But the
language of this exclusion as written requires some causal connection between the
copyright infringement and the unauthorized use of the domain name, which is
lacking here.
2. The DMCA Claim
For reasons similar to those already discussed with respect to the copyright
claim, the district court erred when it held that St. Luke’s DMCA claim against
Sanderson was excluded from coverage under the unauthorized use exclusion.
The DMCA violation does not itself constitute either (i) unauthorized use of
another’s name or product in an email address, domain name or metatag, or (ii) a
similar tactic to mislead another’s customers. Nor can it be said to arise out of
such conduct.
First, the DMCA claim arises out of Sanderson’s removal of St. Luke’s
copyright notice from the LASERSPECIALIST.com website. The removal of
another’s copyright notice from a website clearly does not entail “the unauthorized
use of another’s name or product in [an] e-mail address, domain name or metatag.”
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Nor can the DMCA claim constitute a “similar tactic[]” within the meaning
of the unauthorized use exclusion for the same reasons discussed in connection
with the copyright claim. It cannot fairly be said that removing another’s name
from a website is similar to using another’s name in an email address, domain
name, or metatag. Such a reading would allow “similar tactics” to swallow the
otherwise narrow language used in the unauthorized use provision.
Thus, as with the copyright claim, the DMCA violation is not excluded from
coverage unless it ‘arises out of’ Sanderson’s use of the LASERSPECIALIST.com
domain name. And, just as with the copyright infringement claim, the requisite
causal connection is lacking. Removing a copyright notice from a website cannot
be said to “flow from” or “grow out of” using another’s domain name. The two
acts are coincidentally, not causally, related.12
The Insurance Companies assert that the DMCA violation, like the copyright violation,12
was “inextricably intertwined” with the cyberpiracy and trademark infringement claims, and was
“done for the purpose of misleading potential customers and arose out of the same scheme to
promote Sanderson’s competing practice.” Even if this were true, it is not enough to establish
that the DMCA violation “arose out of” the properly excluded claims, for the reasons discussed
above. The fact that Sanderson’s DMCA violation may have been related in some way to his
use of St. Luke’s domain name does not establish the necessary causal connection to conclude
that the DMCA claim “aris[es] out of the unauthorized use of another’s name or product in [an]
e-mail address, domain name or metatag, or any other similar tactics to mislead another’s
potential customers.” In sum, the plain language of the unauthorized use exclusion does not
contemplate the DMCA claim against Sanderson.
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III.
The district court’s order granting summary judgment to the Insurance
Companies is
REVERSED. The case is REMANDED.
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