Jamie Passmore v. State of Arkansas

Cite as 2024 Ark. App. 425
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION III
No. CR-24-9

JAMIE PASSMORE Opinion Delivered September 18, 2024

APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM THE CRAIGHEAD
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT,
V. WESTERN DISTRICT
[NO. 16JCR-20-476]
STATE OF ARKANSAS
APPELLEE HONORABLE CHRIS THYER, JUDGE

AFFIRMED

ROBERT J. GLADWIN, Judge

This is an appeal from the Craighead County Circuit Court’s revocation of appellant

Jamie Passmore’s (“Passmore’s”) probation. After revoking his probation, the circuit court

sentenced Passmore to four years’ imprisonment in the Arkansas Division of Community

Correction to be followed by two years’ suspended imposition of sentence (“SIS”). Passmore

argues on appeal that the circuit court erred by denying her motion for directed verdict

because there was insufficient evidence to connect the new charges alleged in the revocation

to her because there were other individuals in proximity to the contraband. We affirm.1

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We note that Passmore’s statement of the case and facts does not meet the
requirements set out in Arkansas Supreme Court Rule 4-2(a)(6) (2023), which provides that
the appellant’s brief “shall contain a concise statement of the case and the facts without
argument” and “shall identify and discuss all material factual and procedural information
contained in the record on appeal.” Here, the statement of the case consists of one paragraph
stating that Passmore was charged, pled guilty, and sentenced to probation, which was
I. Background Facts

On July 16, 2021, Passmore entered a negotiated plea of guilty to possession of drug

paraphernalia with the purpose to use it to “inject, ingest, inhale” or otherwise consume a

controlled substance. As a result, the circuit court ordered her to serve three years’ probation.

On May 10, 2023, the State filed a petition to revoke Passmore’s probation, alleging

that she “failed to live a law-abiding life, to be of good behavior, and not violate any federal,

state, or municipal laws.” The petition further alleged that “on or about April 12, 2023,

[Passmore] was in possession of [methamphetamine] and drug paraphernalia including a

glass

pipe and a water bong.” On August 18, 2023, the State filed a supplemental petition for

revocation alleging additional drug offenses and that Passmore had failed to pay court costs

and was behind in paying her supervision fees.

The circuit court held the revocation hearing on September 14, 2023. Officer Zach

Williamson (“Officer Williamson”) with the Jonesboro Police Department testified that on

April 12, 2023, he responded to a call of a woman in mental distress, and when he made

contact with the woman she “advised that she wanted to leave the residence and go to an

address [on] Allen Street.” Officer Williamson testified that he recognized the address on

Allen Street because its owner had been recently placed into custody and had requested that

subsequently revoked. Rule 4-2(b) allows an appellee’s brief to supplement an insufficient
statement of the case, which the State did in this case. While we are not ordering rebriefing
this time because it is not in the interest of judicial economy to do so, we strongly caution the
parties to read the rules applicable to appeals and follow them to avoid a rebriefing order.

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“there be nobody at that residence.” The officer drove the woman to the house on Allen

Street, and there he made contact with Passmore, who answered the door of the residence.

Officer Williamson testified that Passmore “advised that she had been staying at that address

for the past week or so” because her known address did not have water. Passmore also told

Officer Williamson that she was on probation.

Officer Williamson testified that he then called Passmore’s probation officer, who

“advised that since [Passmore’s] residence did not have water, it was technically not a livable

residence, which would make [Allen Street] her legal residence at that point.” The probation

officer also informed Officer Williamson that Passmore had a search waiver on file.

Accordingly, Officer Williamson conducted a probation search of the Allen Street residence.

Officer Williamson testified that during the search, the only other individual in the house

was a male teenager. The common areas of the residence were searched as well as the back

bedroom. Officer Williamson testified that they searched the back bedroom because the

juvenile told them that Passmore had been staying in the back bedroom. Passmore testified

that she primarily stayed in the living room.

On a shelf in the back bedroom, officers located a black container, and inside the

container was a small bag with a “white, crystal substance” and a “methamphetamine pipe

with residue inside of it.” A field test was conducted and confirmed that the crystal substance

and pipe residue was methamphetamine. In the bedroom, Officer Williamson also found a

“water bong used for smoking marijuana.” As a result, Passmore was placed into custody

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and charged with the offenses of misdemeanor possession of drug paraphernalia, possession

of drug paraphernalia, and possession of less than two grams of methamphetamine.

At the revocation hearing, Passmore testified that she went to the Allen Street

residence “to see [her] grandkids and [her] son-in-law,” and when Officer Williamson arrived,

there were five adults present as well as Passmore’s son and her grandchildren. She explained

that her boyfriend—Philip Hanley—owns the Allen Street residence but that Scott Ballenger

(“Ballenger”) was living in the house while Mr. Hanley is in prison. Passmore alleged that

Ballenger was lying on the couch when Officer Williamson arrived. Passmore acknowledged

that Ballenger had previously been involved in drugs, and she testified further that “there

[were] four adults in the back bedroom when the police went inside the house.” Passmore

denied having told Officer Williamson that she had been staying at Allen Street for a week

or that her legal residence did not have water. According to Passmore, she had not been

“doing any drugs in the house,” and she was in only the living room with her son and her

grandchildren while the other adults were in the back bedroom. Passmore did acknowledge,

however, that a term and condition of her probation was that she not associate with

individuals involved with drug activities or convicted felons.

Defense counsel moved for a dismissal of the revocation petition at the close of all

the evidence, arguing that the State failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that

the methamphetamine and drug paraphernalia belonged to Passmore. The circuit court

denied the motion, finding that Passmore had inexcusably violated the terms and conditions

of her probation. Specifically, the court found Officer Williamson’s testimony “very

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credible” and further stated, “I don’t believe your client,” and held that Passmore’s testimony

was not credible. Accordingly, the court held that “there was certainly constructive

possession” by Passmore in light of Officer Williamson’s testimony.

On September 19, 2023, the circuit court entered an order revoking Passmore’s

probation and sentenced her to four years’ imprisonment followed by two years’ SIS.

Passmore filed a timely notice of appeal; this appeal followed.

II. Standard of Review

In a revocation proceeding, the circuit court must find by a preponderance of the

evidence that the defendant has inexcusably failed to comply with a condition of his or her

suspension or probation, and on appellate review, we do not reverse the circuit court’s

decision unless it is clearly against the preponderance of the evidence. Flemons v. State, 2014

Ark. App. 131; Ark. Code Ann. § 16-93-308(d) (Supp. 2023). Because the burdens are

different, evidence that is insufficient for a criminal conviction may be sufficient for a

probation or suspended-sentence revocation. Bradley v. State, 347 Ark. 518, 65 S.W.3d 874

(2002). Circumstantial evidence may be sufficient to warrant revocation. See Needham v. State,

270 Ark. 131, 640 S.W.2d 118 (Ark. App. 1980).

Appellate courts review the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a revocation by

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State. See, e.g., Sisk v. State, 81 Ark.

App. 276, 280, 101 S.W.3d 248, 251 (2003). Since the determination of a preponderance

of the evidence turns on questions of credibility and weight to be given testimony, we defer

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to the circuit court’s superior position. Turner v. State, 2019 Ark. App. 534, at 4, 590 S.W.3d

158, 161.

III. Discussion

For her sole point on appeal, Passmore argues that the circuit court erred by denying

her motion for directed verdict. Specifically, Passmore contends that the State failed to prove

by a preponderance of the evidence that she possessed the contraband because other

individuals had access to the methamphetamine and drug paraphernalia found during the

search of the residence. In response, the State maintains that a preponderance of the

evidence supports the circuit court’s finding that Passmore had knowledge and control of

the contraband, and this court should defer to the circuit court’s determination that Officer

Williamson was the more credible witness.

In drug cases, it is not necessary that the State prove literal, physical possession of the

contraband; possession of contraband can be proved by constructive possession, which is the

control or right to control the contraband. Szczerba v. State, 2017 Ark. App. 27, at 6–7, 511

S.W.3d 360, 365. Constructive possession may be established by circumstantial evidence. Id.

at 7, 511 S.W.3d at 365. Constructive possession can be inferred where the contraband is

found in a place immediately and exclusively accessible to the defendant and subject to his

or her control. Id. The improbable nature of the accused’s explanations can also be

considered a sufficient linking factor to support constructive possession Terry v. State, 2018

Ark. App. 435, at 5, 559 S.W.3d 301, 304.

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Constructive possession may also be inferred when the contraband is in the joint

control of the defendant and another person. Palmer v. State, 2023 Ark. App. 178, 663

S.W.3d 436. In joint-occupancy cases, the State must prove two elements: (1) that the accused

exercised care, control, or management over the contraband and (2) that the accused knew

the matter possessed was contraband. Szczerba, 2017 Ark. App. 27, at 7, 511 S.W.3d at 365.

Additionally, when there is joint occupancy of the premises where the contraband is found,

some additional factor must be present to link the accused to the contraband. Id. This

control and knowledge can be inferred from circumstances, such as the proximity of the

contraband to the accused, whether the contraband was in plain view, and ownership of the

property where the contraband is found. Id. Control can also be inferred from the accused’s

suspicious behavior as well as “the improbability that anyone other than the defendant

placed the contraband in the location and the improbable nature of the defendant’s

explanations.” Block v. State, 2015 Ark. App. 83, at 6, 455 S.W.3d 336, 340 (internal citations

omitted).

Applying these principles, we hold that the circuit court did not err in finding that

Passmore constructively possessed the contraband and thus violated a condition of her

probation. Officer Williamson testified that Passmore answered the door to the Allen Street

residence and told him that she had been living there for approximately one week because

the water at her legal residence had been disconnected; the Allen Street residence was owned

by Passmore’s boyfriend, who was currently incarcerated; Passmore and a teenage male were

the only people present when he arrived at the residence; and the teenager stated that

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Passmore used the bedroom where the contraband was located. Furthermore, the

methamphetamine and drug paraphernalia were located in plain sight, and the circuit court

did not believe Passmore’s testimony, which almost entirely contradicted the testimony of

Officer Williamson.

IV. Conclusion

Therefore, in light of the lesser burden of proof required in revocation hearings, the

evidence presented, and the circuit court’s credibility determinations, we affirm the circuit

court’s revocation of Passmore’s probation.

Affirmed.

VIRDEN and MURPHY, JJ., agree.

Terry Goodwin Jones, for appellant.

Tim Griffin, Att’y Gen., by: Lauren Elizabeth Heil, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.

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