17670/21
Athletics South Africa c. Switzerland
Décision no. 17670/21, 05 octobre 2021
(4. Quartalsbericht 2021)
Recht auf Achtung des Privatlebens (Art. 8 EMRK); Diskriminierungsverbot (Art. 14 in Verbindung mit Art. 8 EMRK und Art. 14 in Verbindung mit Art. 1 des Protokolls Nr. 1); Recht auf Eigentum (Art. 1 des Protokolls Nr. 1); Reglement der International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), nach dem Athletinnen mit Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung (differences of sex development, DSD) Verhütungsmittel zur Senkung ihres Testosteronspiegels einnehmen müssen, um an bestimmten Wettkämpfen teilnehmen zu können.
Die Beschwerdeführerin ist die Leitungsorganisation für Leichtathletik in Südafrika. Ihre Beschwerde steht in engem Zusammenhang mit der Beschwerde Semenya gegen die Schweiz, die am 18. Februar 2021 eingereicht worden und derzeit vor dem Gerichtshof anhängig ist. Frau Semenya ist eine südafrikanische Leichtathletin von internationalem Rang, die sich auf Mittelstreckenläufe spezialisiert hat. Im April 2018 veröffentlichte die IAAF ihr neues Reglement mit dem Titel «Reglement zur Qualifikation in der Kategorie Damen (für Athletinnen mit Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung)» (DSD-Reglement). Die Beschwerdeführerin weigerte sich, diese Regelung zu akzeptieren, die sie ihrer Meinung nach dazu zwang, sich einer Hormonbehandlung mit noch nicht vollständig bekannten Nebenwirkungen zu unterziehen, um ihren natürlichen Testosteronspiegel als Voraussetzung für die Teilnahme an einem internationalen Wettbewerb in der Frauenklasse zu senken. Mit Schiedsspruch vom 30. April 2019 lehnte der CAS den Antrag auf ein Schiedsverfahren, mit dem die Gültigkeit des genannten Reglements angefochten werden sollte, ab. Am 28. Mai 2019 reichte die Beschwerdeführerin beim Bundesgericht eine Beschwerde in Zivilsachen ein. Mit Urteil vom 25. August 2020 wies das Bundesgericht die Beschwerde mit der Begründung ab, dass das IAAF-Reglement eine geeignete, notwendige und verhältnismässige Massnahme im Hinblick auf die legitimen Ziele der sportlichen Fairness und der Wahrung der «geschützten Wettkampfklasse» darstelle. Das Bundesgericht erkannte dem beschwerdeführenden Verband zudem die Legitimation zur Beschwerde zu. Vor dem Gerichtshof machte die Beschwerdeführerin geltend, dass das DSD-Reglement einen ungerechtfertigten und unverhältnismässigen Eingriff in die durch Artikel 8 der Konvention geschützte körperliche, seelische und psychologische Integrität der Athletin darstelle. Im Lichte dieser Bestimmung machte sie auch geltend, dass Frau Semenya eine ungerechtfertigte Einschränkung des Rechts auf Ausübung ihres Berufs erfahre. Sie machte eine Verletzung von Artikel 14 in Verbindung mit Artikel 8 EMRK geltend, mit der Begründung, dass das DSD-Reglement nur für weibliche Athletinnen mit DSD gelte. Schliesslich machte sie eine Verletzung von Artikel 1 des Protokolls Nr. 1, sowohl einzeln als auch in Verbindung mit Artikel 14, geltend. Der Gerichtshof befand, dass, obwohl dem beschwerdeführenden Verband vom Bundesgericht die Legitimation zur Beschwerde gegen das DSD-Reglement zuerkannt wurde, dies nicht ausreicht, um als Opfer im Sinne von Artikel 34 der Konvention angesehen zu werden. Der beschwerdeführende Verband ist als juristische Person kein direktes und persönliches Opfer der behaupteten Verstösse gegen Artikel 8 und 14 in Verbindung mit Artikel 8 der Konvention. Darüber hinaus hat die Schweiz das Protokoll Nr. 1 nicht ratifiziert. Daher kann sich der beschwerdeführende Verband nicht auf dessen Artikel 1 berufen. Dasselbe gilt für den Beschwerdegrund aus Artikel 14 in Verbindung mit Artikel 1 des Protokolls Nr. 1. Unzulässig (einstimmig).
THIRD SECTION
DECISION
Application no. 17670/21
ATHLETICS SOUTH AFRICA
against Switzerland
The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting on 5 October 2021 as a Committee composed of:
Dmitry Dedov, President,
Peeter Roosma,
Andreas Zünd, judges,
and Olga Chernishova, Deputy Section Registrar,
Having regard to the above application lodged on 8 March 2021,
Having deliberated, decides as follows:
THE FACTS
The circumstances of the case
The facts of the case, as submitted by the applicant association, may be summarised as follows.
The applicant association is the regulatory authority of athletics in South Africa. Its application is closely linked to the case Semenya
v.
Switzerland , cited above, currently pending before the Court. Mokgadi Caster Semenya ("M.C. Semenya"), is a South African national. She is an international athlete, specialising in middle-distance races (800 to 3 000 metres). She has won several gold medals at Olympic Games and World Championships.
Having carried out a sex verification test after M.C. Semenya's victory in the women's 800 metre race at the 2009 World Championships in Berlin, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) informed her that she was henceforth required to reduce her testosterone levels to below a certain threshold if she wished to continue competing in her preferred events at international athletics competitions.
M.C. Semenya stopped taking hormonal treatment following an interim ruling issued in the Dutee Chand case on 24 July 2015, [1] in which the Court of Arbitration for Sport (the "CAS") temporarily suspended the IAAF regulation then in force.
In April 2018 the IAAF issued new regulations entitled "Eligibility Regulations for the Female Classifications (Athletes with differences of sex development)" (the so-called "DSD Regulations"). These regulate the conditions that an implicated female athlete must meet in order to be able to participate in international running competitions in the "protected class women", over distances of 400 metres up to 1 mile.
M.C. Semenya contested the validity of the regulations before the CAS, jointly with the applicant association. The CAS dismissed both arbitration claims in a ruling of 30 April 2019.
The applicant association and M.C. Semenya then submitted a civil-law appeal to the Swiss Federal Supreme Court, alleging, in particular, discrimination on the grounds of sex and of sexual characteristics against female athletes with DSD compared to female and male athletes who do not have DSD.
This appeal was dismissed on 25 August 2020. The Swiss Federal Tribunal recognized the applicant association's standing to appeal. It held, in this regard, that as a member federation of IAAF, it was not only bound by the DSD Regulations but also had to cooperate with and support IAAF in implementing these regulations. It also had the obligation to inform the IAAF Medical Manager if it was aware or believed that a sportswoman was a "relevant athlete". In these conditions, it was necessary to recognise that the association had an interest worthy of protection distinct from that of the athlete. On the merits, the tribunal held, inter alia , that fairness in sport was a legitimate concern and a central principle of sporting competitions. It was one of the pillars on which competitions were based.
COMPLAINTS
The applicant association argues that the DSD Regulations impose an unjustified and disproportionate interference with the core of the right to the physical, moral and psychological integrity of the athlete, protected under Article 8 of the Convention. In light of that provision, the applicant association also argues that M.C. Semenya suffers from an unjustified restriction on exercising her profession due to the DSD Regulations that preclude her from competing at an international level.
Invoking Article 14, combined with Article 8, the applicant association observes that the DSD Regulations only apply to elite athletes who are women with a DSD. Insofar as they do apply neither to male athletes nor to elite female athlete without a DSD, the targeted group was discriminated against.
The applicant association finally argues that the more medal-winning athletes it licenses, the more funding it will receive from IAAF to train and develop its teams. Under the DSD Regulations, however, it cannot licence a targeted athlete unless that athlete complies with the medical treatment required. For these reasons, there has been a violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, taken alone as well as combined with Article 14.
THE LAW 13. Regarding the complaints under Article 8, taken alone and combined with Article 14 of the Convention, the Court reiterates that under Article 34 of the Convention it may receive applications from any person, non-governmental organisation or group of individuals claiming to be the victim of a violation by one of the High Contracting Parties of the rights set forth in the Convention or the Protocols thereto. For an applicant to be able to claim to be a victim of a violation, there must be a sufficiently direct link between the applicant and the alleged violation. The concept of "victim" must be interpreted autonomously and irrespective of rules of domestic law such as those concerning an interest or capacity to act (see, in particular, Association de défense des intérêts du sport v. France (dec.), no. 36178/03, 10 April 2007; and Tunnel Report Limited v. France , no. 27940/07 , § 24, 18 November 2010).
Furthermore, according to the Court's settled case-law, "victim" status may be granted to an association or trade union only if it is directly affected by the measure complained of (see Winterstein and Others v. France, no. 27013/07 , § 108, 17 October 2013, and Syndicat CFDT des services de santé et des services sociaux de Côtes d'Or and Others v. France (dec.), no. 11052/06 , 21 October 2008).
In the instant case the Court observes that, although the applicant association was recognised by the Federal Tribunal as having standing to challenge the DSD Regulations, this is not sufficient to be considered as victim for the purposes of Article 34 of the Convention. The applicant association, as a legal entity, is not a direct and personal victim of the alleged violations of Articles 8 and 14, combined with Article 8 of the Convention (see, National Federation of Sportspersons' Associations and Unions (FNASS) and Others v. France , nos. 48151/11 and 77769/13 , § 95, 18 January 2018). The mere fact that it was, as a member federation of IAAF, bound by the DSD Regulations and had certain duties with a view to implanting them, is not sufficient to confer such status on it.
Furthermore, and in so far as the applicants' complaints under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 may be considered raising issues in respect of its own situations, the Court observes that Switzerland has not ratified Protocol No. 1. Therefore, the applicant association cannot rely on its Article 1. The same applies to the complaint under Article 14, combined with Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, considering that Article 14 has no independent existence and has effect solely in relation to "the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms" safeguarded by the other substantive provisions of the Convention and the Protocols (see, among many others, Sahin
v. Germany [GC], no. 30943/96 , § 85, ECHR 2003-VIII, or Khamtokhu and Aksenchik v. Russia [GC], nos. 60367/08 and 961/11 , § 53, 24 January 2017).
Accordingly, the application is incompatible ratione personae with the provisions of the Convention and Protocols and must be rejected pursuant to Article 35 §§ 3 (a) and 4 of the Convention.
For these reasons, the Court, unanimously, Declares the application inadmissible.
Done in English and notified in writing on 4 November 2021.
Olga Chernishova Dmitry Dedov
Deputy Registrar President